no apology was forthcoming, did so. Sher Ali died while fleeing to Russian territory, and his son Yakub succeeded him. On May 26, 1879, Amir Yakub signed the Treaty of Gandamak, whereby Afghanistan surrendered its foreign policy to India, which in turn promised protection from aggression. Afghanistan ceded some territory and accepted a British Resident in Kabul. In September 1879, some six weeks after establishing his residency, Sir Louis Cavagnari and his escort were murdered. Hostilities promptly resumed. Yakub's army was defeated in September 1880, and his throne was offered to, and accepted by, Abdur Rahman, who agreed to surrender all claims on the Khyber, the Kurram, Sibi, and Pishin. Second Afghan War (1878–1880) Zakka Khel Expeditions (1878–9) Operations against the Mohmands (1878–80) Operations against the Zaimukht (1878–9) Operations against the Marris (1880) Mahsud-Waziri Expedition (1881) Expedition to the Takht-i-Suliman (1883) Third Black Mountain Expedition (1888) Operations in the Zhob Valley (1890–1) Fourth Black Mountain Expedition (1891) Miranzai Expeditions (1891) Hunza-Nagar Expedition (1891) Mahsud Expedition (1894–5) Chitral expedition (1895) Tochi Valley Expedition (1897) Siege of Malakand (1897) Operations of the Buner Field Force (1897-1898) Tirah Campaign (1897) First Mohmand campaign (1897-1898) 1898–1914 (Frontier Revolt to Great War) Mahsud Waziri blockade (1900–1902) Kabul Khel Expedition (1902) Bazar Valley campaign (1908) Mohmand Expedition of 1908 1914–1918 (First World War) In support of the British war effort, the Indian Army deployed expeditionary forces to the Western Front, East Africa, Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Sinai and Palestine. India was thus vulnerable to hostile attention from Afghanistan. A Turco-German mission arrived in Kabul in October 1915 with obvious strategic purpose. However, Amir Habibulla abided by his treaty obligations and maintained Afghanistan's neutrality, in the face of internal opposition from factions keen to side with the Ottoman Sultan. Hostilities on the frontier remained local. Operations in the Tochi (1914–15) Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis (1915) Kalat Operations (1915-16) Mohmand Blockade (1916–17) Operations against the Mahsuds (1917) Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes (1918) 1919–39 (between the wars) Having upheld Afghan neutrality while India was engaged in the Great War, Habibulla sought full independence for Afghanistan in February 1919. Such a reward might have consolidated his rule, but later that month he was murdered. His successor Amanullah pursued a similar policy by different means. With India's Army de-mobilising, and its Government preoccupied with violent unrest in western India, Amanullah sent his troops across the Frontier in