Hopcalite is the trade name for a number of mixtures that mainly consist of oxides of copper and manganese, which are used as catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide when exposed to the oxygen in the air at room temperature. The name "hopcalite" is derived from Johns Hopkins University - "Hop" and the University of California - "Cal", where basic research into carbon monoxide was carried out during the First World War and these catalysts were discovered in 1918. A variety of compositions are known, such as "hopcalite II" that is approximately 60% manganese dioxide and 40% copper oxide (the MnO2 : CuO molar ratio is 1.375) and "hopcalite I" that is a mixture of 50% MnO, 30% CuO, 15% Co2O3, and 5% Ag2O. Hopcalite has the properties of a porous mass and resembles activated carbon in its appearance. Preparation While typically hopcalite catalysts are prepared by calcining intimate mixtures of oxides and carbonates, various techniques have been employed for producing hopcalites in the laboratory and on an industrial scale, such as physical mixing of the (finely divided) metal oxides, co-precipitation of the metal oxides from metal salt solutions (see salts), thermal decomposition of mixtures of metal nitrates (see nitrate) and metal carbonates (see carbonate), one-step synthesis via flame spray pyrolysis from organic and inorganic precursor systems, e.g. Nanophase hopcalite catalysts have also been described. Although hopcalite-based catalysts have been used in practice for decades, many questions regarding their mode of action are still open. This is due to their complex structures, which make it difficult to obtain information about the active centers and the mechanisms of catalysis and deactivation. Applications Hopcalite is widely used in personal respiratory protective equipment (RPE) and collective protective equipment, among others. Different uses of hopcalite catalysts are listed below: in some types of gas mask filters designed to protect from carbon monoxide (Soviet-made DP-1, combined filters VK-450, SX (CO) filters, e.g.) in air filtration systems and breathing apparatus to purify breathing air supplies, for example those utilised in scuba diving, and firefighting. used as the main filtration ingredient in the self rescue respirators issued to miners (SPP-4) filtering self-rescuers designed for use in fire conditions (GDZK-EN, GDZK-U, GDZK-A, e.g.) in devices for monitoring the content of carbon monoxide (CO) in rooms used as a precaution with submersible air compressors, if they are driven by internal combustion engines (like on ships)