in large law firms, which resulted in lower wages. By the 1990s, the numbers of Jews and non-Jews employed in large firms had more or less equalized. Economics According to a 2018 study of the Canadian Jewish community by the Environics Institute for Survey Research, annual household income was reported as follows: Wealth While the majority of Canadian Jews fall into the middle class (defined as an income between $45,000 and $120,000) or upper-middle class, some Canadian Jewish families have achieved extraordinary economic success. Prominent Canadian Jewish families such as the Bronfmans, the Belzbergs, the Diamonds, the Reichmanns, and the Shermans represent the pinnacle of extreme wealth among Jews in Canada. Canadian Jews comprise roughly 17% of Canadian Business's list of the 100 Richest Canadians. Poverty Poverty exists in the Canadian Jewish community. As of 2015, the median income among Canadian Jews over the age of 15 years is $30,670, and 14.6% of Canadian Jews live below the poverty line, with poverty concentrated among Jews in the Toronto area. (By comparison, the percentage of non-Jewish Canadians living below the poverty line is 14.8%.) Slightly more Jewish women than Jewish men live in poverty, and poverty is most concentrated among Canadian Jews ages 15–24 and those over the age of 65. There is a strong correlation with level of education attained, with poverty most concentrated among Canadian Jews who had only a secondary education, and the lowest levels of poverty among those who had attained a postgraduate degree. See also Middle Eastern Canadians Historic Jewish Quarter, Montreal Israeli Canadians List of Orthodox Jewish communities in Canada List of Canadian Jews Antisemitism in Canada Religion in Canada References Notes Data based on a study by Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI). Data based on a study by Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI). Bibliography Brown, Michael. Jew or Juif? Jews, French Canadians, and Anglo-Canadians, 1759–1914 Jewish Publication Society, 1987 Brym, Robert J., William Shaffir, and Morton Weinfeld. The Jews in Canada (1993) Davies, Alan T. Antisemitism in Canada : history and interpretation, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, (1992) Goldberg, David Howard. Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel (1990) Greenstein, Michael ed. Contemporary Jewish Writing in Canada: An Anthology (2004). 233 pp. Primary sources Greenstein, Michael. "How They Write Us: Accepting and Excepting 'the Jew' in Canadian Fiction," Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, Volume 20, Number 2,