of Jesus, though miraculous, was still a human birth, which would contradict docetism. It is also probable that Ignatius of Antioch who opposed docetism (or vice versa) made use of the Odes of Solomon. Ode 8:5-6 have also been argued to refer to the resurrection of Christ. Additionally the strong ties of the Odes to Johannine works suggests against docetism. The Odes of Solomon mention Christ as the Logos and that he is pre-existent. The Odes contain many common Christian teachings, such as the Messiah is the Son of God and the atonement of Jesus. The Odist calls Jesus both the son of Man and son of God. The Odes possibly contain the earliest non-biblical attestation of the virgin birth, depending on the date of writing. The book mentions the mother of the Messiah, he alludes to his death by crucifixion and his descent into Hades. Trinity The book mentions the "Father, Son and the Holy Spirit" and seem to have trinitarian theology without any indications of subordinationism unlike later Tertullian and Origen would have. Baptism The book also apparently makes allusions to baptism but not to the Eucharist. Possible baptismal themes include renewal (Ode 36:5), new creation (Ode 15:8, 21:3), the sealing of the Holy Spirit (Ode 4:7), entry into paradise (Ode 11:16), the Trinitarian formula (Ode 23:22), and circumcision (Ode 11). The presence of these themes has led some scholars to argue that the Odes are a collection of baptismal hymns. The writer seems to have been influenced by Jewish apocalyptic thought and mysticism. Other The Odist perhaps has an understanding of "priesthood of all believers", seeing himself as an individual priest offering spiritual sacrifices. The Odes says that Mary had no pain during childbirth and the midwife was absent, which suggests the doctrine of virginitas in partu meaning that Mary was still a virgin after childbirth. The statement could also be an allusion to the Exodus story, where Jewish women had very quick childbirth, which is why the Egyptian midwives could not come fast enough. Relation to the Psalms of Solomon Technically the Odes are anonymous, but in many ancient manuscripts, the Odes of Solomon are found together with the similar Psalms of Solomon, and Odes began to be ascribed to the same author. Unlike the Psalms of Solomon, however, Odes is much less clearly Jewish, and much more Christian in appearance. Odes explicitly refers not only