Minh Mang. Muang Phuan was annexed into Vietnam in 1832 as Tran Ninh prefecture. Minh Mạng enacted the final conquest of the Champa Kingdom after the centuries long Cham–Vietnamese wars. He aggressively repressed culture of the Cham and indigenous highland peoples. The Cham Muslim leader Katip Sumat was educated in Kelantan and came back to Champa to declare a Jihad against the Vietnamese after Emperor Minh Mạng's annexation of Champa. The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture. The Chinese or Hoa particularly concentrated in urbanized areas such as Saigon, Cho Lon, and Hanoi. They organized themselves into bang or 'congregations.' Two groups of Chinese that people tended to distinct, known as Minh Hương and Thanh nhân. The Minh hương were Chinese refugees that had migrated and settled down in Vietnam earlier during the 17th century, who married with Vietnamese women, had been substantially assimilated to local Vietnamese and Khmer populaces, and loyal to the Nguyen, compared to the Thanh nhân that recently arrived in Southern Vietnam, who dominated the grain trade. During the reign of Minh Mạng, a restriction against the Thanh nhân was issued in 1827, which prohibits the Thanh nhân access to the state bureaucracy, rice monopoly and foreign trade. Their alternate option was having themselves to be adjusted and integrated into Vietnamese society like the Minh Hương. During this time from 1820s to 1830s, for unknown reasons, French geographers and mapmakers was tending in incorporating whole Laos into Vietnam on their maps. Other contemporary geography authors, such as Aaron Arrowsmith (fl. 1780–1823) and Conrad Malte-Brun (fl. 1800–1826), claimed a bloating Empire of Annam consisted of several states, including Laos, either being conquered or vassal. Later, Paul Doumer (fl. 1897–1902) admitted the cartographic error that during the apogee of Minh Mang's empire, the Vietnamese court could only have exerted its control or influence over Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, and Cambodia, but not Laos. The Lao Kingdoms of Mekong Basin in fact still maintained their independence in diplomacy with Vietnam. Minh Mang sent troops to crushed a rebellion in Cambodia in 1820, then incorporated Cambodia into Vietnam in 1834 as the new Tây Thành province. Since then, until his death, Minh Mang had been trying to force the Cambodians to adopt Vietnamese culture by the cultural assimilation progress