in very fine-grained dithering. Minimized average error dithering by Jarvis, Judice, and Ninke diffuses the error also to pixels one step further away. The dithering is coarser but has fewer visual artifacts. However, it is slower than Floyd–Steinberg dithering, because it distributes errors among 12 nearby pixels instead of 4 nearby pixels for Floyd–Steinberg. Stucki dithering is based on the above, but is slightly faster. Its output tends to be clean and sharp. Burkes dithering is a simplified form of Stucki dithering that is faster, but is less clean than Stucki dithering. Error-diffusion dithering (continued): Sierra dithering is based on Jarvis dithering, but it's faster while giving similar results. Two-row Sierra is the above method but was modified by Sierra to improve its speed. Filter Lite is an algorithm by Sierra that is much simpler and faster than Floyd–Steinberg, while still yielding similar results. Atkinson dithering was developed by Apple programmer Bill Atkinson, and resembles Jarvis dithering and Sierra dithering, but it's faster. Another difference is that it doesn't diffuse the entire quantization error, but only three quarters. It tends to preserve detail well, but very light and dark areas may appear blown out. Gradient-based error-diffusion dithering was developed in 2016 to remove the structural artifact produced in the original FS algorithm by a modulated randomization, and to enhance the structures by a gradient-based diffusion modulation. Dithering methods based on physical models: Lattice-Boltzmann Dithering is based on Lattice Boltzmann methods and was developed to provide a rotationally invariant alternative to Error-diffusion dithering Electrostatic Halftoning is modeled after the principles of Electrostatics, which has a low approximation error and creates few visual artifacts Other applications Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a nonlinear optical effect that limits the launched optical power in fiber optic systems. This power limit can be increased by dithering the transmit optical center frequency, typically implemented by modulating the laser's bias input. See also polarization scrambling. Phase dithering can be used to improve the quality of the output in direct digital synthesis. Another common application is to get through EMC tests by using spread spectrum clock dithering of frequency to smear out single frequency peaks. Another type of temporal dithering has recently been introduced in financial markets, in order to reduce the incentive to engage in high-frequency trading. ParFX, a London foreign exchange market that began trading in 2013, imposes brief random delays on all incoming orders; other