been entered into in a condition of moral indignation without the resources to fight it" and that it had been "providential good fortune which had placed the burden of fighting on the Russians and the Americans". He disapproved of the fact that the war was followed by a Labour electoral landslide, a greatly expanded welfare state and the liquidation of the British Empire. The policy making process for Cowling is heavily influenced by party politics. Cowling was well known for his Primat der Innenpolitik ("primacy of domestic politics") explanations for British foreign policy; for example, he argued that the British "guarantee" of Poland issued on 31 March 1939 was advanced to improve the Conservatives' chances against Labour, and had nothing to do with foreign policy considerations. Cowling's approach is the opposite of the Primat der Außenpolitik ("primacy of foreign politics") thesis. Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England In 1980, 1985 and 2001 appeared the three volumes of Cowling's Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. The political history books required "tiring archival visits"; Cowling much preferred writing these. In researching for these books "He spent his days in his college rooms, muscularly grappling with books, indeed often physically ripping them apart. Made up of hundreds of essays on the thought of individuals, the work neither engaged with other scholarship nor developed an interpretative model for understanding modern Britain". Cowling placed Christianity squarely at the centre of English culture post-1840 and claimed that anti-Christians more often than not held traditional religious assumptions and prejudices. Secularisation was not so fast or complete as had been previously argued, but "defenders of orthodoxy as well as their assailants were subjected to pithy, provocative irony" by Cowling. Writings Books The Nature and Limits of Political Science (Cambridge University Press, 1963). Mill and Liberalism (Cambridge University Press, 1963). 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution. The Passing of the Second Reform Bill (Cambridge University Press, 1967). Selected Writings of John Stuart Mill (editor) (New American Library, 1968) The Impact of Labour. 1920–1924. The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1971). The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policy. 1933–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 1975). Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England Volume I (Cambridge University Press, 1980). Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume II: Assaults (Cambridge University Press, 1985). A Conservative Future (Politeia, 1997). Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume III: