municipal corporations and other positions. For example, ten Aldermen and ten Burgesses had to resign from Londonderry Corporation. Section 17 required that, within three months of appointment, any person appointed to a civil or military office must take the same oath and sacrament as in section 16. Section 18 provided that failure to comply with sections 16 or 17 would vacate the office and void acts done by the official, who would be fined £500 and subject to civil penalties. Section 19 provided for rolls of those subscribing to the oaths under section 15 to 17 be kept at the Four Courts. The surviving "convert roll" details are a valuable primary source for historians of 18th-century Ireland. Section 20 empowered the Four Courts to administer the prescribed oaths Section 21 allowed someone disabled under section 18 to be rehabilitated by subsequent conformity. Section 22 allowed Irish people in England to take the equivalent oath and sacrament under the equivalent English laws (the Test Acts) and allowed those abroad elsewhere to do so when next in Ireland or England Section 23 prohibited Catholics from moving to Galway or Limerick, and required those already living there to deposit bonds with the corporations as proof of their loyalty. Section 24 required Catholics voting in elections for the Irish House of Commons to take oaths of allegiance and abjuration Section 25 provided that any advowsons of the Church of Ireland owned by Catholics would vest in the Crown Section 26 declared that "superstitious" gatherings at Saint Patrick's Purgatory or holy wells were punishable as unlawful assembly Section 27 declared that, for an assembly under section 26, the punishment for attending was a fine of 10 shillings, or public whipping in default; the punishment for hawking was a fine of 20 shillings by distraint, or debtor's prison in default Section 28 made an exception to section 23 for "seamen, fishermen, and day labourers" in houses worth under "forty shillings the year". A forty-shilling freehold qualified for the parliamentary franchise in a county borough constituency. Effect Charles Ivar McGrath says that while the Popery Act had "evident ... negative effects", specific research is lacking, and that it was intended more to prevent an increase in Catholic landholding than encourage further decrease: the Catholic share of land had already fallen from 60% before the 1641 Rebellion to 22% before the Williamite War to 14% in 1704. The