governance networks. The overall goal is set by government but the route for how to achieve it is left open, so stakeholders can coordinate and decide how best to reach it. Zero Waste is a strategy promoted by environmental NGOs but the waste industry is more in favor of the capital intensive option of energy from waste incineration. Research often highlights public support as the first requirement for success. In Taiwan, public opinion was essential in changing the attitude of business, who must transform their material use pattern to become more sustainable for Zero Waste to work. California is a leading state in the United States for having zero-waste goals. California is the state with the most cities in the Zero Waste International Alliance. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, multiple cities have defined what it means to be a Zero Waste community and adopted goals to reach that status. Some of these cities include Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, San Francisco, Pasadena, Alameda, and San Jose. San Francisco has defined zero waste as "zero discards to the landfill or high-temperature destruction." Here, there is a planned structure to reach Zero Waste through three steps recommended by the San Francisco Department of the Environment. These steps are to prevent waste, reduce and reuse, and recycle and compost. Los Angeles defines zero waste as "maximizing diversion from landfills and reducing waste at the source, with the ultimate goal of striving for more-sustainable solid waste management practices." Los Angeles plans to reach this goal by the year of 2025. To reach this goal, major changes will have to be made to product creation, use, and disposal. Zero-waste stores Retail stores specializing in zero-waste products have opened in various countries, including Spain and the United States. See also Bea Johnson Composting Environmentalism Nursery pots Miniwaste Paul Connett Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags Precycling Source reduction Sustainable packaging Throwaway society Waste Whole-life cost Zero waste agriculture Zero-waste fashion Waste management References Further reading Mauch, Christof, ed. "A Future without Waste? Zero Waste in Theory and Practice," RCC Perspectives: Transformations in Environment and Society 2016, no. 3. doi.org/10.5282/rcc/7540. External links Advocacy organizations Zero Waste Institute Zero Waste Network Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA) Zero Waste Alliance Waste management concepts Industrial ecology Waste minimisation