sharp curves and costly deep cuttings, embankments and viaducts, to comply with the agreed upon gradient of 1 in 50 (2%), or a shorter section, which would entail a gradient of 1 in 20 (5%) over a distance of in one place, as well as a tunnel. The shorter and steeper route was selected. While a gradient of 1 in 20 (5%) is not insurmountable by light trains with orthodox adhesion locomotives, safety and economical considerations led to the decision to install a rack track on the section up the escarpment between Waterval Onder and Waterval Boven. The rack track was built to the Riggenbach system which was in use on European mountain railways, with the rack laid between the rails. The line, also known as the Oosterlijn (East Line) from Pretoria to Lourenço Marques had a total length of 562 kilometres (ca. 350 miles), of which 472 kilometres (ca. 293 miles) formed part of the Oosterlijn. The full line followed the following route:* Pretoria (start) Bronkhorstspruit East Rand Middelburg Waterval Boven Nelspruit Komatipoort (last stop in South Africa) Border crossing between South Africa and Mozambique Ressano Garcia (first stop in Mozambique) Moamba Lourenço Marques (Maputo since 1975) Maputo Bay - (end) (*) In the above list, only the major settlements on the line are named; the station names are not given. The line was officially inaugurated on 1 January 1895. Today the line runs through the South African provinces of Gauteng and Mpumalanga. These two provinces, which previously made up the Transvaal Province, contain part of the territory of the former ZAR (along with Limpopo). After the completion of the Pretoria - Maputo line, a second, much shorter line was laid down between Pretoria and Johannesburg. It adopted the of the neighbouring Cape Government Railways. Other Lines In addition to the Randtram and Pretoria - Delagoa Bay Lines the NZASM operated another 4 lines: Kaapmuiden - Barberton, a 55 kilometre (ca. 34 miles) sideline of the Oosterlijn. Zuiderlijn (South Line), intended to connect to the Cape Colony via the Orange Free State, ran from Pretoria - Kaalfontein - Zuurfontein - Elandsfontein (Johannesburg) - Vereeniging - Viljoensdrift (border with the Orange Free State). The total line from Pretoria to Cape Town was 1674 kilometres (ca. 1040 miles), of which 125 kilometres (ca. 78 miles) was controlled by the NZASM. Zuid-Oosterlijn (Southeast Line), intended to connect to the Colony of Natal,