that saltwater intrusions are often not in equilibrium makes it harder to model. Aquifer dynamics tend to be slow and it takes the intrusion cone a long time to adapt to changes in pumping schemes, rainfall, etc. So the situation in the field can be significantly different from what would be expected based on the sea level, pumping scheme etc. For long-term models, the future climate change forms a large unknown but good results are possible . Model results often depend strongly on sea level and recharge rate. Both are expected to change in the future. Mitigation and management Saltwater is also an issue where a lock separates saltwater from freshwater (for example the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks in Washington). In this case a collection basin was built from which the saltwater can be pumped back to the sea. Some of the intruding saltwater is also pumped to the fish ladder to make it more attractive to migrating fish. As groundwater salinization becomes a relevant problem, more complex initiatives should be applied from local technical and engineering solutions to rules or regulatory instruments for whole aquifers or regions. Areas of occurrence Benin Cyprus Bou Regreg (Morocco) Pakistan Suriname Tunisia United States ACF River Basin (Florida/Georgia) Environment of Florida Essex County, Massachusetts Hiram M. Chittenden Locks (Washington) Hutchinson Island (Georgia) Lake Lanier (Georgia) Lake Pontchartrain (Louisiana) Miami River (Florida) Mississippi River Delta Oxnard Plain (California) San Leandro (California) Sonoma Creek (California) Western Shore of Lake Superior (Minnesota) Mekong Delta Italy See also Groundwater References Aquifers Hydrogeology Hydrology Aquatic ecology Environmental issues with water Coastal geography