grammatical case, which distinguishes the nominative from the oblique. Nouns do not obligatorially inflect for gender or number. Verbs Muskogean verbs have a complex ablaut system; the verbal stem almost always changes depending on aspect; less commonly, it is affected by tense or modality. In Muskogean linguistics, the different forms are known as "grades." Verbs mark for first and second person, as well as agent and patient (Choctaw and Chickasaw also mark for dative). Third-persons (he, she, it) have a null-marker. Plurality of a noun agent is marked by either affixation on the verb or an innately plural verbal stem: Pluralization via affixation, Choctaw: ishimpa ish-impa 2SG.NOM-eat "you [sg.] eat" hashimpa hash-impa 2PL.NOM-eat "you [pl.] eat" Innately-numbered verbal stems, Mikasuki: łiniik run. SG "to run (singular)" palaak run. PAUCAL "to run (several)" mataak run. PL "to run (many)" Vocabulary Below is a list of basic vocabulary in five Muskogean languages from Broadwell (1992): Proto-language Proto-Muskogean reconstructions by Booker (2005): Notes External links Muskogean Language Family page at native-languages.org Chickasaw Language Information & Videos - Chickasaw.TV Bibliography Booker, Karen. (2005). "Muskogean Historical Phonology." In Hardy, Heather Kay and Scancarelli, Janine (eds.), Native languages of the Southeastern United States, 246-298. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Broadwell, George Aaron. (1992). Reconstructing Proto-Muskogean Language and Prehistory: Preliminary Results (PDF). Paper presented at the Southern Anthropological Society, St. Augustine, FL. Retrieved on 2009-05-03. Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . Coker, William S. (1999) "Pensacola, 1686-1821." in Judith Anne Bense. (1999) Editor. Archaeology of colonial Pensacola. University Press of Florida. Found at Google Books Crawford, James M. (Ed.). (1975a). Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. Crawford, James M. (1975b). "Southeastern Indian Languages". In Crawford (ed.) 1975, pp. 1–120. Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. . Haas, Mary (1951). "The Proto-Gulf word for water (with notes on Siouan–Yuchi)". International Journal of American Linguistics 17: 71–79. Haas, Mary. (1952). "The Proto-Gulf word for 'land' (with notes on Proto-Siouan)". International Journal of American Linguistics 18:238–240. Haas, Mary. (1973). "The Southeast". In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp. 1210–1249). The Hague: Mouton. Hardy, Heather. (2005). "Introduction". In Hardy & Scancarelli 2005, pp. 69–74. Hardy, Heather & Janine Scancarelli. (2005). Native Languages of