of lands derived through a papist. In 1866, Chancery Commissioners reported that the Law of Judgments was much more complicated in Ireland than in England, and traced the difference back to the steps introduced in Ireland to enforce the 1704 act and ensure property was not being secretly transferred from Protestants to Catholics. Amendment and repeal The act was "explained and amended" by a 1709 act which specified certain time limits left ambiguous by the original act, and closed some loopholes used by Catholics to remain beneficial owners of nominally Protestant property. A 1719 act indemnified officials who had not thitherto subscribed to the oath required by the Popery Act. The time period for Dissenters subscribing to the oath was routinely extended, initially by an Indemnity Act at the start of each biennial parliamentary session. Similar acts were passed by the British parliament, and after the union the UK parliament continued the practice. From the late 18th century Roman Catholic relief bills eased the Penal Laws, by explicit or implicit repeal and replacement. In 1772 Catholics were allowed to lease up to 50 Irish acres of bog-land for up to 61 years. The 1704 oath of allegiance for Catholics was replaced in 1774. Gardiner's Act (the Irish re-enactment of the British Papists Act 1778) implicitly repealed many other provisions of the 1704 act. Some were replaced with less onerous restrictions; for example, the maximum lease for Catholic tenants was increased from 31 years to 999 years. The restrictions on inheritance and preference for a convert eldest son were abolished. The sacramental test was repealed for Dissenters in 1780. The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1782 repealed section 23 of the 1704 act. Another act of 1782 allowed lay Catholics to be guardians of Protestants. Most restrictions on intermarriage were removed by the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1792. Many Penal Laws were repealed in general terms by the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1793; the sacramental test for Catholics was effectively replaced by the 1774 oath. The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 abolished the declaration against transubstantiation specified a new public oath for Catholics, explicitly permitted Catholics to hold Irish civil or military offices other than Lord Lieutenant and Lord Chancellor, with the same oaths as required of non-Catholics (in addition to the new Catholic oath). The Criminal Law Commission's 1845 report on oaths said sections 1, 3, and 6 of the 1704