boilers are available from Nonox Ltd. since 2006. The advantage of mixing on demand is no chemical surfactants are required, water/fuel ratio can be adjusted to load for maximum efficiency and no chance of separation in storage. This proven system reduces soot emissions up to 90%, NOx 40% and offers fuel savings which vary depending on the baseline efficiency of the load. Microemulsions of fuels have also been prepared. The type of surfactants and quantities required to make these emulsion fuels sets them apart from other commercial emulsion fuels. These are considered where safety issues (e.g. fire prevention;) or commercial return justify the extra costs (e.g. enhance oil recovery, surfactant flooding;). Theory The main advantages to using emulsified fuels instead of the fuel itself are environmental and economic benefits. Addition of water to the diesel process decreases combustion temperatures and lowers NOx emissions. A paper compares water injection and emulsified fuels into diesel engines (marine and stationary engines) and discusses the emissions and mechanisms involved. It concludes that emulsified fuels are singularly effective in simultaneously reducing NOx and PM emissions. Another paper has examined the effects of EGR and Emulsion Fuels. See also Emulsions Emulsion dispersion Microemulsion Miniemulsion Pickering emulsion Water-in-water emulsion References 'Experimental investigation of a Diesel engine power, torque and noise emission using Water-Diesel emulsions', Mohammad Reza Seifi et al. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.122 External links Colloidal chemistry Chemical mixtures Fuels