libel; Brand is sentenced to 18 months in prison. 1907–1909 – Harden-Eulenburg Affair in Germany 1919 – In Berlin, Germany, Doctor Magnus Hirschfeld co-founds the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sex Research), a pioneering private research institute and counseling office. Its library of thousands of books was destroyed by Nazis in May, 1933. 1919 – Different from the Others, one of the first explicitly gay films, is released. Magnus Hirschfeld has a cameo in the film and partially funded its production. 1919 - In August, gay magazine Die Freundschaft is started by publisher Karl Schulz in Berlin. 1919 – The Bund für Menschenrecht (BfM), a gay rights organisation, is founded in Berlin under the name Deutscher Freundschaftsverband (DFV). 1920 – Courts in Berlin and Leipzig judge the collection of short stories about sexually charged encounters between men authored by Granand indecent and order all copies destroyed. 1922 – Dora Richter becomes the first transgender woman to undergo gender reassignment surgery in Hirschfeld's Institute, the first operation of its kind in the world. 1924 - First worldwide lesbian magazine Die Freundin in Berlin starts. 1929 – On October 16, a Reichstag Committee votes to repeal Paragraph 175. The Social Democrats and other leftist parties backed the repeal, while the Catholic Center party and other right-wing parties opposed the repeal. The Nazis' rise to power prevents the implementation of the vote. 1931–1970 1931 – Mädchen in Uniform, one of the first explicitly lesbian films and the first pro-lesbian film, is released. 1933 – The Nazi Party bans homosexual groups. Homosexuals are sent to concentration camps. Nazis burn the library of Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Research, and destroy the Institute. 1937 – The first use of the pink triangle for gay men in Nazi concentration camps. 1945 – Upon the liberation of Nazi concentration camps by Allied forces, those interned for homosexuality are not freed, but required to serve out the full term of their sentences under Paragraph 175 1950 – East Germany partially abrogates the Nazis' emendations to Paragraph 175. 1951 – Die Freunde, a homophile magazine, is published by Johannes Dörrast. In 1952, it is renamed Freond and its content edited to avoid local censorship. This was unsuccessful and the magazine was no longer viable by 1952. 1968 – Paragraph 175 is eased in East Germany decriminalizing homosexual acts over the age of 18. 1969 – Paragraph 175 is eased