by the use of single and double letters respectively. (e.g. a, aa). Tone is not marked, but where two words contrast only in tone and the context is unlikely to indicate a distinction in meaning, an "h" is added after the vowel in one of the words (e.g. upii – woman, upiih – sheep). Certain variations that may occur in the a given speaker's speech. For example, sometimes a speaker may use the /r/ sound and sometimes the /l/ sound. Also, there may be variations between one speaker and another within the same village (e.g. some use the plural tiib and some teeb). This is, however, at the phonological level and does not affect semantic interpretation. The letter c outside the digraph ch is listed by GILLBT's Likpakpaani Dictionary, but not in other sources. Phonology Letters and sounds are organized as shown below. The format shows a Roman Alphabet letter, followed by a similar sound in English, followed by an example showing a Likpakpaln word containing a similar sound, followed by the meaning of the word in English. a (as in father) e.g.: n-na (my mother) b (as in boy) e.g. ubo (a child) ch (as in church) e.g. chapiln (forgive) d (as in dog) e.g. da (buy) e (eight) e.g. kpe (add) f (as in fish) e.g. falaa (suffering) g (as in go) e.g. gaa (take) gb (there is no similar sound in English) e.g. gbi (dig) h (as in hat) e.g. haali (even) I (as in feet) e.g. ipii (sheep) j (as in Jack) e.g. kijuk (knife) k (as in kitchen) e.g. kiyiik (calabash) kp (there is no similar sound in English) e.g. uninkpil (elder/chief/boss) l (as in lady) e.g. lafee (health) m (as in man) e.g. limual (a river) n (as in net) e.g. linuul (Yam) ŋ ( as in sin'''g''' e.g. ŋaan (cook/boil) ŋm (there is no similar sound in English, the closest however is the sound of a kiss, gmmmmaaaaaaaa) e.g. ŋmɔ (Chew) ny (there is no similar sound in English but there is a similar sound in French as in igname (yam)) e.g. nya (go out/get out) o (as in no) e.g. lijol (mountain/plateau/highland) ɔ (as in paw/log/ball/pawpaw) e.g. mɔk (show/teach) p (as in pick) e.g. paacham (up/above/on top) r (as in rock) e.g. ipaar (benefit/profit) s (as in sit) e.g. kisaak (a farm) t (as in tip) e.g. litakpaal (a stone/rock) u (as