Zigor (Basque: Punishment) is the first opera in four acts written by Francisco Escudero in 1962, commissioned by the Bilbao Association of Friends of the Opera (Asociación Bilbaína de Amigos de la Ópera, ABAO.) Its libretto was written in Basque by and Escudero. It is based on a story by . Zigor first performance was an abridged concert version on 4 October 1967 in the Coliseo Albia in Bilbao. One year later, on 6 June 1968, it was presented for the first time in the Zarzuela Theatre in Madrid. Characters Zunbeltz, Antihero, child killer, ambitious, cruel and a traitor. Father of Lore and uncle of Sancho Garcés. Bass or Baritone Sancho Garcés, Hero, aspiring to be the first King of Navarra designated by the divine Providence, in love with Lore. Tenor Urdaspal, Baritone Burni [‘iron’], Basso Profondo Lore [‘flower’], Heroine, daughter of Zunbeltz, young, beautiful, personifies all the values of the town. Soprano Sorgin [‘witch’], Daughter of a Norman who lives in the Basque lands. Contralto San León, Bishop of Bayonne. Baritone Synopsis Zigor starts with three fairies chanting about the grim future of the Basque Country (the invasion of the Normans and the betrayal of Zunbeltz). However, these fairies also announce a plentiful era which will arrive with Sancho Garcés, destined to be the first King of Navarre, guide of the Basques. Zunbeltz defies God and vows to claim the crown. His first action is an unsuccessful attempt on the life of the infant Sancho Garcés; he kills the wrong baby. When Garces becomes a man, Zunbeltz accuses him of double treason: patriotic treason (for dealings with the Normans who are destroying the Basque coasts) and treason of love (a romance with Sorgin, the daughter of a Norman who lives in the Basque lands). San León assures the captured Basques that God will break their chains, allowing them to defeat the enemy, as anything that disrupts or circumvents the divine balance will be punished. This is where the title Zigor, punishment, comes from. At the end of the opera, the punishment begins: the Normans who try to gain power in Navarre lands are punished with defeat. The evil Zunbeltz is punished both psychologically (remorse, hallucinations, murder of a child) and physically, when he accidentally wounds his daughter, Lore, fatally. See also Gernika Discography Information extracted from the libretto that accompanies the recording of Gernika, realised in November and December