which he had continued writing. Brazil had become a republic in 1889 and José Carlos had to hide for months in a house his butler had in the hills. He wrote a life of Christ and finally escaped in disguise on a British liner bound for London and his worried wife. But democratic government returned, and José Carlos again became a trusted adviser to the authorities, handling important financial business on his annual trips to London. The Brazilian Finance Minister wrote in an official report in 1901 “None more competent than he is by reason of his patriotism, his personal honesty, his close community with the financial policy of the Government, his intimate knowledge of the subject, and his acquaintance with the people and ways of his field of action.” Railways in Brazil were still largely financed and indeed owned by the British, and in 1902 José Carlos acted for the Brazilian government in unsuccessful attempts to buy two small railway companies, the Alagoas and the Rio Grande do Sul, from their largely British owners. When Brazil and the United States first exchanged ambassadors, the Brazilian who went to Washington, Joaquim Nabuco, was a friend of Rodrigues, someone who used him as a confidant. The Jornal do Comercio became more influential than ever. It was even widely considered the voice of the Brazilian Foreign Ministry and the most reliable source in Brazil on the United States. When Rio Branco was Foreign Minister he was very close to Rodrigues, frequently visiting his editorial offices. The Times in London published at the end of 1909 a large “South American Number”. In their introduction they announced that “The leading journalist of Brazil, DR. J. C. RODRIGUES, Editor of the Jornal do Comercio, of Rio de Janeiro, has written an admirable letter to precede the Brazilian articles. DR. RODRIGUES is one of the most independent and fearless writers of Brazil.” Rodrigues edited the Jornal do Comercio until 1915, when he was over seventy. The Christian Science Monitor marked his retirement with a 600 word article. Rodrigues was a noted collector of books on colonial Brazil and in 1907 published Bibliotheca Brasiliense, a two volume annotated catalogue so useful that it was reprinted sixty years later, and again a generation on. Many of his books are now in the National Library of Brazil; some were bought from him by a benefactor so that he could