Book of Yōkai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore, has stated that Hanako-san "is well known because it is essentially an 'urban legend' associated with schools all over Japan. Since the 1990s, it has also been used in films, so it became part of popular culture ... not just orally transmitted or local folklore". In 2014, an article published by NPR described Hanako-san as having "become a fixture of Japanese urban folklore over the last 70 years". In popular culture The Hanako-san character has appeared in films, manga, anime, and video games. She made her first cinematic appearance in the 1995 film Toire no Hanako-san, directed by Joji Matsuoka, in which she is depicted as the benevolent spirit of a girl who committed suicide, and who haunts the toilet of a school. She was later depicted in the 1998 film Shinsei Toire no Hanako-san, directed by Yukihiko Tsutsumi, in which she is portrayed as a vengeful ghost who haunts the middle school that she attended before she died. She is also depicted in the 2013 film Toire no Hanako-san: Shin Gekijōban, directed by Masafumi Yamada. Hanako-san appears in the manga series Hanako and the Terror of Allegory, written and illustrated by Sakae Esuno, as the roommate and friend of Daisuke Aso, a private detective who investigates urban legends. Hanako-san has also been depicted in the manga series Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun by Iro Aida—which debuted in 2014—in which the character is portrayed as a young boy. An anime television series adaptation of Toilet-Bound Hanako-kun produced by Lerche premiered in early 2020. Other anime series which feature the Hanako-san character include Kyōkai no Rinne, GeGeGe no Kitarō, and Ghost Stories. Hanako-san also appears in the anime and video game franchise Yo-kai Watch but is renamed Toiletta in the English versions. The Hanako-san legend was also incorporated into the 2020 young adult short story "Who's at the Door?". See also Aka Manto ("Red Cape"), a Japanese urban legend about a spirit which appears in toilets Akaname, a Japanese yōkai said to lick the filth in bathrooms and bathtubs Bloody Mary, an urban legend about an apparition who appears in mirrors Madam Koi Koi, an African urban legend of a ghost who haunts schools Moaning Myrtle, a toilet-dwelling ghost in the Harry Potter book series Teke Teke, a Japanese urban legend about the spirit of a girl with no legs References Bibliography Female legendary creatures Japanese