sodomy laws were most often used to prosecute men, some women were subject to punishment by law after being discovered to be in same-sex relationships. Historian Theo van der Meer writes, "The average penalty imposed on these women was six years' confinement, as compared to twelve for men." These women who engaged in same-sex relationships and sometimes dressed like men, were classified as tribades. They were often driven to theft and sex work as a result of living in poverty. After the Batave Republic was founded in 1795, the number of prosecutions for sodomy increased again, but the severity of the punishments lessened. Some tribades were prosecuted for attempted sodomy and were imprisoned and even executed. In 1810, the Napoleon Bonaparte incorporated the country into the French Empire. In 1811, Holland adopted the French legal code, which had abolished laws against sodomy in 1791. 20th century 1900–1939 In 1911 the ruling Christian-based political parties enacted "article 248bis" that raised the age of consent for homosexuality to 21, while the age of consent for heterosexuality remained at 16. Along with the unequal age of consent were various laws against "public indecency" that were often used against gay men. In response to this new law, a Dutch chapter of the German Scientific Humanitarian Committee was organized under the leadership of . The organization was made independent and named Nederlandsch Wetenschappelijk Humanitair Komitee (NWHK) in 1919. In Amsterdam, the first gay bars were established during this period. The best known was The Empire, which was first mentioned in 1911 and existed until the late 1930s. From here, the first gay magazine, called Wij ("We"), was published in 1932. The oldest place that still exists is Café 't Mandje, which was opened in 1927 by lesbian Bet van Beeren. Another early gay bar was Du Merlo, which was established in 1928. 1940–1969 The NWHK was shut down by the German Nazis during the Second World War, and the German law that prohibited homosexuality, Paragraph 175 was introduced into Dutch law. The Dutch LGBT rights movement was revived in 1945 when the Center for Culture and Recreation, short COC, was created in The Hague by which published the magazine Levensrecht ("Right To Live"). In the late 1940s into the 1960s several Dutch psychiatrists and clergy began to see homosexuality as a minor mental illness. During the sexual revolution of the 1960s, this more open-minded point