it ties the use of compression to artistic and aesthetic decisions, rather than the necessity of obtaining a louder mix. With the adoption of normalisation by broadcasters since the introduction of EBU , reducing dynamic range in production does not render the program louder in broadcast. Widespread adoption of ITU-R BS.1770 and EBU , combined with the prevailing of streaming over physical media distribution in the 2010s, arguably put an end to the loudness war. Starting in 2012, European countries integrated EBU to their audiovisual legislation and television stations in Europe adopted it on all distribution channels. Sky UK adopted in 2013. is applicable also to radio programmes and is gradually being introduced in European radio broadcasts: for example, German public broadcaster BR changed its radio programmes at the end of 2015. Since implementation is not binding, some television stations have imposed additional conditions on programme production. For example, Austrian public broadcaster ORF has a limit of for data-reduced formats; Franco-German TV network ARTE has published guidelines for LRA; various broadcasters impose maximum momentary and short-term loudness values for short reports, such as commercials. Through the 2010s, Internet streaming services have implemented loudness-based normalisation, even though each platform uses different methods and target levels: for example, YouTube and Tidal use downward normalisation only (turn down louder content to match the target level, but do not turn up quieter content). Spotify uses ITU-R BS.1770 to measure loudness and normalizes to a selectable target level of −11, −14 or . Apple Music activates loudness normalisation when the iTunes Sound Check option is enabled. References External links ffmpeg-normalize – Open-source utility to normalise audio files in batch processing using Python and the FFmpeg framework EBU R 128 Normalizer – Component for the freeware player foobar2000 to analyse and normalise audio files during playback European Broadcasting Union Sound technology