to geographical locations and peoples (relative to Rhodes): Aparctias (N) are the "Scythians above Thrace", Boreas (NNE) are "Pontus, Maeotis and the Sarmatians" Caecias (NE) is "the Caspian Sea and the Sakas", Apeliotes (E) are "the Bactrians" Eurus (SE) are "the Indians", Phoenicias/Euronotos (SSE) is "the Red Sea and "Aethiopia" (prob.Axum) Notos (S) are the " "Aethiopians beyond Egypt" (Nubia) Leuconotos/Libonotos (SSW) are "the Garamantes beyond Syrtes", Lips (SW) are "the Ethiopians in the west beyond the Mauroi" (Numidia, Mauri people) Zephyrus (W) lie "the Pillars of Hercules and the beginning of Africa and Europe" Argestes (NW) is "Iberia or Hispania" Thrascias/Circius (NNW) are "the Celts". Modern scholars to conjecture that Timosthenes, in his lost periplus, might have made ample use of these winds for sailing directions (which may help explain Agathemerus's eagerness to credit Timosthenes for "inventing" the twelve winds). (Timosthenes's geographic list above is reproduced almost verbatim centuries later, in the 8th-century work of John of Damascus and a Prague manuscript from the early 1300s.) The pseudo-Aristotelean work De Mundo (normally attributed to an anonymous copier of Posidonius, probably written between 50 BCE and 140 CE), the winds are named practically identically to Timosthenes (e.g. Aparctias alone in the North, Boreas shunted to NNE, Euronotus instead of Phoenicias, Circius as alternate of Thrascias). The differences of De Mundo from Timosthenes are that (1) it introduces Libophoenix as another name for Libonotos (Leuconotos not mentioned); (2) two alternates to Argestes are mentioned – Iapyx (as in the Ventorum) and Olympias (as in Aristotle) (Timosthenes mentions no variants for this wind), (3) like Aristotle, De Mundo refers to a collective of north winds, the Boreae. Eratosthenes and the Tower of Winds It is said that the geographer Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 200 BCE), realizing that many winds presented only slight variations, reduced twelve winds down to eight principal winds. Eratosthenes's own work has been lost, but the story is reported by Vitruvius, who goes on to say Eratosthenes came to this conclusion in the course of measuring the circumference of the earth, and felt there were really only eight equally sized sectors, and that other winds were but local variations of these eight principal winds. If true, that would make Eratosthenes the inventor of the eight-wind compass rose. It is worth noting that Eratosthenes was a disciple of Timosthenes and is said to have drawn principally from his work. But