Kaman-Kalehöyük is a multi-period archaeological site in Kırşehir Province, Turkey, around 100 km south east of Ankara, 6 km east of the town center of Kaman. It is a tell or mound site that was occupied during the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Ottoman periods. Excavations in the mound have been carried out since 1986 under the direction of Sachihiro Omura, on behalf of the and the Japanese Anatolian Archeology Institute. The distance to Hattusa, the Hittite capital, is about 100km. "Dark Age" period According to the Japanese archaeologists, “In the levels belonging to the 2nd millennium B.C., a succession of cultural levels can be clearly seen, from the Assyrian Colony Period, Old Hittite Kingdom, and Hittite Empire Period.” Then, from the 12th century onward after the Hittite Empire collapsed, it is generally believed that a "Dark Age" had occurred in Anatolia, during which there were no significant cultural developments. So this period is believed to have lasted until the 8th century. But the excavations of Stratum IId at Kaman-Kalehöyük that belonged to the early part of this period (Early Iron Age) showed that life and cultural developments continued on this site. Stratification The following is adapted from Omura 2011, pp. 1099–1100. I: Middle Ages (finds: hair brooches, 1 ceramic bowl, earrings and finger rings, stone lamp, coins, etc.) Ia Ottoman period Ib Byzantine period II: Iron Age settlements finds: Fibulae and arrowheads, including some in Scythians style. Decorative plates made of animal bones, painted ceramics. In addition, Phrygian, Achaemenid and possibly one Elamite stamp seal were found. IIa1–2 Hellenistic period (Alexander the Great and later) IIa3–5 Late Iron Age (Lydian, Achaemenid) IIa6–IIc1 Middle Iron Age (Phrygian rule) IIc2–3 Middle Iron Age (Alişar IV) IId1–3 Early Iron Age (Dark Age ) III: Hittite period IIIa 15th ~ 12th century BC Hittite empire IIIb 17th ~ 15th century BC Old Hatti Empire IIIc 20th ~ 17th century BC Assyrian colonies IV: Pre-Hittite period IVa Intermediate Period IVb Early Bronze Age Metallurgy and glassware In 2005, metallurgical analysis by Hideo Akanuma of iron fragments found at Kaman-Kalehöyük in 1994 and dating to c. 1800 BCE revealed that some of these fragments were composed of carbon steel; these currently form the world's earliest known evidence for steel manufacture. Also recently, some of the oldest glass in the world has been found at Kaman. This glass is estimated to be 3600-year-old [1600 BC]. Kaman