Pauline Perlmutter Steinem (August 4, 1864 — January 5, 1940) was a Jewish American suffragist born in Poland. In 1904, she became the first woman to be elected to the Board of Education in Toledo, Ohio, as well as to any public office there, thereby becoming in all likelihood, the first Jewish woman, and definitely one of the earliest to hold, elected public office in the United States. She rescued many members of her family from the Holocaust. She was also the grandmother of feminist Gloria Steinem. Early life Pauline Perlmutter was born in Radziejow, Kingdom of Prussia (now located in Poland) in 1864 (according to her tombstone; some sources give 1863 or 1866 as the year), the daughter of Reform Jewish Russian emigrants Hayman Hirsch Perlmutter, a cantor, and Bertha Slisower Perlmutter. She was raised in Bavaria, attending a teacher training program there. Career In 1914, Pauline Perlmutter Steinem wrote: "People say: 'Women cannot succeed in certain fields.' How do we know what women can do, when we have never yet allowed them to try? No man knows what woman would do, if she were free to develop the powers latent within her, nor does she herself know as yet." In education Steinem moved to the US state of Ohio as a young wife and mother. Her teacher training in Bavaria informed a lifetime of activism for education. She was the first woman to serve on the Toledo Board of Education; when she was elected in 1904, she became the first woman to hold public office in Toledo, and possibly the first Jewish woman to hold elected public office in the United States. She was elected on a coalition ticket along with socialists and anarchists. She founded a public vocational school, the Macomber Vocational High School, and she worked for juvenile court reform in Ohio. She was also appointed to the board of trustees for the Toledo Public Library. In Jewish organizations She served as the chair of the Toledo chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women, and was national chair of that organization's Sabbath School committee. She was also president of the Hebrew Associated Charities and Loan Association, a mutual aid society. Although Steinem identified as Jewish, she also followed Theosophy. Steinem identified as a universalist rather than a Zionist. In women's suffrage As an active member of the National Woman Suffrage Association, she was a chairwoman