"Paradisus Judaeorum" is a Latin phrase which became one of four members of a 19th-century Polish-language proverb that described the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) as "heaven for the nobility, purgatory for townspeople, hell for peasants, paradise for Jews." The proverb's earliest attestation is an anonymous 1606 Latin pasquinade that begins, "Regnum Polonorum est" ("The Kingdom of Poland is"). Stanisław Kot surmised that its author may have been a Catholic cleric who criticized what he regarded as defects of the realm; the pasquinade excoriates virtually every group and class of society. The phrase "Paradisus Iudaeorum" appears as the epigram to a POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews gallery that ends in a "Corridor of Fire symbolis[ing] the Khmelnytsky Uprising" (1648-1657). Mikołaj Gliński notes that Jews consider the latter uprising to have been "the biggest national catastrophe since the destruction of Solomon's Temple." Some commentators have read the phrase, "Paradisus Iudaeorum", as an observation on the favorable situation of Jews in the Kingdom of Poland and the subsequent Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a polity that was notable for giving Jews special privileges from the Statute of Kalisz of 1264, while Jews faced persecution and murder in Western Europe. Other commentators have read the phrase as antisemitic – as suggesting that the Jews of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were overprivileged. Most present-day usage relates to the first interpretation. History of versions While the saying has sometimes been attributed to the 16th-century Polish rabbi Moses Isserles, the Polish literary historian Stanisław Kot provided the earliest printed attestation of part of the saying — "Heaven for the nobles, purgatory for townspeople, hell for peasants, and paradise for Jews" — in an anonymous 1606 Latin text, one of two that are jointly known by the Polish title, Paskwiliusze na królewskim weselu podrzucone ("Pasquinades Planted at Royal Wedding Celebration"), in reference to the wedding of Sigismund III Vasa and Constance of Austria that had taken place on 11 December 1605. Of the two texts attributed to the same anonymous author, the part that became the proverb appeared in the "Regnum Polonorum est" ("The Kingdom of Poland Is"). Parts of the text were quoted in Bishop Stanisław Zremba's 1623 work, "Okulary na rozchody w Koronie..." and were included in a 1636 work by Szymon Starowolski. The phrase, "heaven for the nobility", which became a regular part of the proverb, was added by the German Jesuit priest Michael Radau in his