their health, as people from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to age faster at the cellular level. Household environment An unpredictable and chaotic household structure can be linked to socioemotional development. Socioemotional development, if occurring in an environment that lacks a regular pattern, can result in behavioral difficulties and symptoms of internalization. An example of this can be seen in a study conducted by Urie Bronfenbrenner, in which he examines how the exchange of energy between the developing child and the persons and objects in their close settings effects their development. His research ultimately suggests that the more regular and positive these household interactions are, the better the child will perform academically and the less likely they will be to internalize problems. In neuropsychology Gottlieb's model of probabilistic epigenesis is based on the idea that certain areas of the brain are operational before they are completely developed. This means that, while the development process is occurring, neural structures are prone to influence–either internal or external. The multi-directional relationship between these influences is again important when regarding brain development into maturation, as brain maturation and functional experience are both the cause and effect of one another. Contrasting the "nature versus nurture" model “Nature versus nurture,” a term coined by Francis Galton in the late 1800s, was an early and simple way of explaining human behavior. In this model, child development into adolescence and adulthood can be explained either by intrinsic aspects of the child or by extrinsic factors influencing the child. Probabilistic epigenesis draws from this model in that it emphasizes the importance of factors that could be categorized as nature and/or nurture. However, it expands upon and complicates the idea that it is either nature or nurture that causes a person to act a certain way. In probabilistic epigenesis, nature and nurture interact so that every variable is both a cause and an effect. As developmental and neurological understandings have progressed, the idea that intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact with one another rather than independently, as suggested in the probabilistic epigenesis model, has become the predominant way of understanding behavior. See also Epigenesis (biology) References Epigenetics Neuropsychology Developmental psychology