courts of the European Union), with approximately 1,200 cases filed in the US and over 350 filed in all other countries combined. The number of litigation cases is expected to continue rising in the 2020s. Types of action Climate litigation typically engages in one of five types of legal claims: Constitutional law - focused on breaches of constitutional rights by the state. Administrative law - challenging the merits of administrative decision making within existing on-the-books laws, such as in granting permissions for high-emissions projects. Private law - challenging corporations or other organizations for negligence, nuisance, trespass, public trust and unjust enrichment. Fraud or consumer protection - typically challenging companies for misrepresenting information about climate impacts. Human rights - claiming that failure to act on climate change or to protect related natural resources, such as the atmosphere or the rainforest, fails to protect human rights By type of action Between governments and companies In the United States, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace together with the cities of Boulder, Arcata and Oakland won against the Export-Import Bank of the United States and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (state-owned enterprises of the United States government), which were accused of financing fossil-fuel projects detrimental to a stable climate, in violation of the National Environmental Policy Act (case filed in 2002 and settled in 2009). In 2016, a government body of the Philippines (the Commission on Human Rights) launched an official investigation concerning climate change against 47 of the world's largest carbon producers. It found that in 2019 fossil fuel companies have a legal obligation to act against climate change and may be held responsible for damages. In 2017, Saul Luciano Lliuya sued RWE to protect his hometown of Huaraz from a swollen glacier lake at risk of overflowing. In 2017, San Francisco, Oakland and other California coastal communities sued multiple fossil-fuel companies for rising sea levels. In 2018, the city of New York announced that it is taking five fossil fuel firms (BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips and Shell) to federal court due to their contribution to climate change (from which the city is already suffering). In 2020, Charleston, South Carolina, followed a similar strategy. Legislation against activists By country Australia As of February 2020, Australia had the second most number of cases pending in the world, with almost 200 cases. Cases in Australia include Torres Strait Islanders v. Australia (2019), in which the United