by Abū Zakariyā Yahīya b. Abī Bakr al-Warjālanī, which was followed by studies on the Ibāḍī of M'zab. In 1885, A. Motylinski (1854–1907) translated parts of the “K. al-Jawāhir al-Muntaqāh” by Abū al Qāsim al-Barrādī. Al-Barrādī’s work presented a different view of early Islamic history after the battle of Siffīn and the development of Ibadism in North Africa. Certainly, Motylinski’s broad interests have promoted North African studies in the European academic disciplines of linguistics, history and theology. In addition, several publications by the Italian orientalist Roberto Rubinacci are remarkable contributions to the study of Ibāḍī theology and religious history. Within the circle of French Orientalists, the Polish Orientalist Tadeusz Lewicki accomplished distinguished achievements. His studies started with the translation and commentary on some parts of the “K. al-Siyar” by Ahmad b. Sa‘īd al-Shammākhī in 1934. Furthermore, in 1935, Lewicki translated the “K. al-Tabqāt” by al-Darjīnī and his comments on Ibāḍī historical sources from North Africa are unique and uniquely important in the field. Lewicki must be considered as the most eminent expert on Ibadism in the mid- 20th century. In the field of bibliography, A. Motylinski produced the first list in 1885, containing the manuscripts of the Wadi Mzab in Algeria, after he had the chance to visit some private Ibāḍī libraries. Later on, Motylinski, having verified the authenticity of the work, introduced the “Tārikh” of Ibn al-Saghir and produced a short monograph on the Rustumid state. Next, Z. Smogorzewski (1919) published a list of Ibāḍī works in Oman and North Africa, which were also mentioned by both Strothmann (1927), and Rubinacci (1952). Finally, there was the famous article by German-English Orientalist Joseph Schacht in 1956 after his visit to Wadi Mzab, which provided further impetus to the publication of philological works in Ibāḍī libraries. Schacht had a different perspective. Rather than focusing on historical works, he outlined the importance of Ibāḍī jurisprudence and theological works, in addition to conducting research in the early formation of Islam. Significantly, after Schacht’s visit, some German scholars followed in his footsteps. The first step in this direction was taken by Hans Schluter in 1972 and 1975, then Josef van Ess (1975) and, finally, the Libyan Ibāḍī scholar ‘Amr al-Nami (1971). Many works continued to be published drawing on the libraries of North Africa. The geographical and political isolation of Oman at the beginning of the 20th century deprived scholars of access to Omani