for 60 GWt, but it is unclear how much is low-carbon. According to a 2020 report commissioned by the environment ministry and the EBRD further research on Turkish geothermal is needed: specifically how to limit carbon dioxide venting to the atmosphere. There is no data on the carbon intensity of cement. Emissions from cement production could be lessened by reducing its clinker content—for example, by making Limestone Calcined Clay Cement, which is only half clinker. The second-largest reduction could be made by switching half the fuel from hard coal and petroleum coke (petcoke) to a mixture of rubber from waste tires, refuse-derived fuel and biomass. Although the country has enough of these materials, most cement kilns use coal, petcoke or lignite as their primary energy source. More cross-laminated timber could be used for building, instead of concrete. Further decarbonisation of cement production would depend heavily on carbon capture and storage (CCS). Despite Turkey's earthquake risk, CCS may be technically feasible in a salt dome near Lake Tuz or in Diyarbakır Province. Transport In the 2000s transport emission intensity improved, but this gain was partially lost in the 2010s due to the growing preference for sport utility vehicles. In 2020 there were 25 million vehicles on the roads, and the Energy Ministry anticipates that by 2030 over one million will be electric. Although Turkey has several manufacturers of electric buses and many are exported, fewer than 100 were in use in the country in 2021. Ebikes are manufactured, but cities could be improved to make local bicycle trips safer. Although Turkey's ferries (unlike some other countries') are still fossil-fuelled, the world's first all-electric tugboat began working in Istanbul's harbour in 2020, electric lorries are manufactured, and an electric excavator is planned for 2022. Eti Mine Works produces small quantities of lithium carbonate locally, and plans to increase production for use in batteries. A battery factory is planned by Aspilsan, which is part of Turkey's defence industry, and Ford Otosan started making electric vans in 2022. Over a quarter of a million charging stations are planned by 2030. Building codes are being changed to mandate electric car charging points in new shopping centres and car parks. In 2021, around 10% of cars sold are hybrid, and they make up 0.3% of the 13 million cars on the road. Hybrid cars are manufactured, and Turkey's automotive industry is making electric cars locally for