antibodies. Researchers have invented and utilized specific processes to circumvent these issues and preserve the interaction between the antigen and antibodies. These methods include light fixation rather than chemical fixation, freezing the specimen prior to sectioning it, and incubating it at room temperature rather than high temperatures. Bonds between antibodies and their respective antigen or between antibodies and their gold labels may be only partially secure due to the effects of low concentrations or steric hindrance on binding. Control groups are essential to account for the amount of labeling that occurs naturally without a virus. Results Results from immune electron microscopy are typically quantified visually. The sample must have certain features for quantitative analysis to be effective, limiting its frequency of use. It is applicable in situations like seeing how many colloidal gold particles are attached to a particular antibody. During successful experiments, immune electron microscopy can accurately locate proteins and strengthen comprehension of the relationship between structure and function. These processes in labeling and localization help researchers understand various cellular pathways and processes. History In 1931, Ernst Ruska (1986 Nobel Prize award winner) and Max Knoll created the first electron microscope. This invention led to the scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, which later contributed to immunoelectron microscopy. At first, technology only allowed for two-dimensional images, but now with modern technology, three-dimensional images are also available. Immunoelectron microscopy came about when two independent groups in the 1940s combined the tobacco mosaic virus and its antiserum. They then examined it under an electron microscope. At this time, resolution was much poorer due to a lack of additional contrast and poor quality microscopes of the day. The particles used in the experiment were known to be rod-shaped, and both groups of researchers found these rods clumping together in a group about twice their original size. More than a decade and a half later, researchers began to use singular antibodies attached to viruses. Finally, in 1962, negatively stained antibodies came out. Applications Viruses Transmission electron microscopy successfully provides general information about structure but struggles to differentiate more detailed parts of a virus or cell. Immunoelectron microscopy assists with the ability to diagnose viral infections and locate viral antigens in vaccines. Immunoelectron microscopy can sufficiently diagnose diseases and identify pathogens. One example is its ability to depict myelin destruction on the basement membrane. This damage can be associated with slower nerve impulses,