to use our energy resources efficiently, effectively and in a way that has a minimum impact on the environment within the scope of the sustainable development objectives." Coal-fired power stations Turkey's coal-fired power stations are the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey at 102 Mt (about 20% of national emissions – see pie chart). Over a kilogram of is emitted for every KWh of electricity generated in Turkey by coal-fired power stations. If operated at the targeted capacity factor, planned units at Afşin Elbistan would add over 60 Mt per year, more than one-tenth of the country's entire emissions. Almost all coal burnt in power stations is local lignite or imported bituminous (hard) coal. Coal analysis of Turkish lignite shows that it is high in ash and moisture, low in energy value and high in emission intensity. So Turkish lignite emits more than other countries' lignites. Although imported hard coal has a lower emission intensity when burnt, because it is transported much further its life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions are similar to lignite. When carbon dioxide () from coal used by industry and buildings, and methane emissions from coal mining, are added to those from coal-fired electricity generation, over 30% of Turkey's annual emissions come from coal. In 2020, burning coal emitted 148 Mt in total. Methane leaks from coal mines in 2020 were equivalent to 6 Mt . Eren Holding (via Eren Enerji's coal-fired ZETES power stations) emits over 2% of Turkey's GHG, and İÇDAŞ emits over 1% from its Bekirli coal-fired power stations. Emissions of black carbon are not published for individual power stations, as Turkey has not ratified the Gothenburg Protocol on air pollution. Gas-fired power stations Gas-fired power stations emitted 24 Mt e in 2019. It is difficult for them to compete with coal partly due to the lack of a carbon price. Electricity generation from gas tends to increase when hydropower is limited by droughts. Import costs for natural gas are expected to fall during the mid-2020s with the start of production from the Sakarya Gas Field in the Black Sea. Transport fuel Transport emitted 81 Mt of e in 2020, about one tonne per person and 15% of the nation's total. Road transport in the country dominated emissions with 77 Mt (including agricultural vehicles). Over three-quarters of Turkey's road-transport emissions come from diesel fuel. Average emissions of new cars in 2016 were about 120