proclamation of the republic. MacDowell declined, declaring himself defeated, but not convinced. After the fall of the Brazilian empire, MacDowell went to Belém do Pará to deal with personal and family affairs. MacDowell assisted in the elaboration of the state's constitution, and was president of the commission responsible for establishing the boundaries between the state of Pará and the new state of Amazonas. MacDowell left Brazil in self-exile with his wife Ana Augusta and their three younger children. MacDowell established himself in Paris where he lived a frugal lifestyle, giving classes to provide for his family's livelihood. While in Paris he maintained his bond of friendship and loyalty he always had to Dom Pedro II and the Brazilian imperial family. References 1846 births 1908 deaths People from Olinda 19th-century Brazilian judges Brazilian journalists Male journalists 19th-century Brazilian military personnel Pará politicians Ministers of Justice of Brazil Conservative Party (Brazil) politicians Brazilian emigrants to France