g /km Although the EU has a 2021 target of 95 g of /km, Turkey has no target.In 2018, Turkey had no measures in place to reduce the well-to-wheel impact of petrol and diesel vehicles, except for a requirement for 3% ethanol in fuel (compared to 10% in the EU). However more use of biofuels may not be sustainable. Fuel quality and emissions standards for new cars are less strict than those in the EU; and in 2019 about 45% of cars were over 10 years old and energy-inefficient. The market share of electric vehicles was below world average in 2020. Domestic flights emitted 2 Mt of e in 2020 and in 2021 their VAT rate was cut to 1%. Industry In 2020, Turkey's industrial sector emitted 67 Mt (13%) of GHG. But, , estimates of the effects of government policy on industrial emissions are lacking. IEA head Fatih Birol has called for industrial companies to prioritise energy efficiency. Some sugar factories, such as some owned by Türkşeker and Konya Seker, burn coal for the heat needed to make sugar and sometimes to generate electricity. Some industrial companies reach the Global Reporting Initiative GRI 305 emissions standard. Iron and steel The European steel industry has complained that steel imports from Turkey are unfair competition, because they are not subject to a carbon tax, and alleges that the natural gas used to produce some steel is subsidised. Turkish steel, primarily from minimills, averages about one tonne of per tonne of steel produced. Although this average is less polluting than China, three steelworks—Erdemir, İsdemir and Kardemir—use blast furnaces and thus emit more than those using electric arc furnaces. The future Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in the European Green Deal may include a carbon tariff on Turkish steel produced in blast furnaces, but the CBAM could help arc furnaces compete against products such as Chinese steel. Cement Turkey is the sixth-largest cement producer in the world and the largest in Europe. In 2020 Turkey exported 30 million tonnes, worth almost US$1 billion, and was the largest source of EU cement imports. Cement (clinker) production in 2020 emitted 41 Mt , 9% of the country's total GHG. Climate Trace has estimated the contributions of individual factories, sometimes from kiln heat visible from satellites, and says that factories which emitted more than 1.5 Mt each in 2021 include: Körfez, Pazarcık, and Gönen cement plants.