is dangerously vulnerable to a large-scale biological attack and has urged Washington to develop a more comprehensive strategy." The panel specifically found that the U.S. had not adopted a comprehensive biodefense strategy over "a decade of profusion of policy directives," and noted that there was a fracturing of responsibility for biodefense across multiple agencies and levels of government. These concerns prompted the U.S. Congress to include a provision in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 that required the secretaries of Defense, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, and Agriculture to coordinate to produce a comprehensive strategy for countering biological warfare threats and other biological threats. 2018 Strategy Following the congressional directive, in September 2018, President Trump announced and issued the strategy. The strategy placed the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in charge of leading the federal government's biodefense efforts, and designated HHS to lead a committee of high-level officials from the Defense Department, Agriculture Department, and Homeland Security Departments, to review the biodefense capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community and 15 other executive branch agencies—i.e., the agencies' capacity to counter naturally occurring and human-caused biological threats. Trump's National Security Adviser John Bolton said that the National Security Council would assist in the development of policy, and the interagency committee led by HHS would implement policy changes. Trump said that the strategy drew lessons from the 2014 West African Ebola virus epidemic. The policy was the work product of the reorganized NSC under Bolton. According to Politico, "Senior administration officials later said threats could be better addressed by streamlining processes for biotech companies to work with the HHS's Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, which supports private sector development of vaccines and drugs." One official from the Trump Administration said that the government's accounting requirements have made it difficult and undesirable for many companies to participate. HHS Assistant Secretary Robert Kadlec said that one of his top priorities was to get a decade-long extension of the Project BioShield Special Reserve Fund. The government can use that fund to buy countermeasures like vaccines, medication, and diagnostic tools. The fund was first authorized under President George W. Bush in 2004. References United States biological weapons program