through interpretations based on stylistic influences and biographical interpretations. Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Laura Mulvey's 1975 essay, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" focuses on the gaze of the spectator from a Freudian perspective. Freud's concept of scopophilia relates to the objectification of women in art works. The gaze of the viewer is, in essence, a sexually charged instinct. Because of the gender inequity that exists in the art sphere, the artist's portrayal of a subject is generally a man's portrayal of women. Other Freudian symbolism can be used to comprehend pieces of art from a feminist perspective—whether gender specific symbols are uncovered through psychoanalytic theory (such as phallic or yonic symbols) or specific symbols are used to represent women in a given piece. Realism and Reflectionism Are the women depicted in an artistic work realistic portrayals of women? Writer Toril Moi explained in her 1985 essay "'Images of Women' Criticism" that "reflectionism posits that the artist's selective creation should be measured against 'real life,' thus assuming that the only constraint on the artist's work is his or her perception of the 'real world.'" Journals and publication The 1970s also saw the emergence of feminist art journals, including The Feminist Art Journal in 1972 and Heresies in 1977. The journal n.paradoxa has been dedicated to an international perspective on feminist art since 1996. Important publications on feminist art criticism include: Betterton, Rosemary An Intimate Distance: Women Artists and the Body London, Routledge, 1996. Deepwell, Katy ed. New Feminist Art Criticism: Critical Strategies Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995. Ecker, Gisela ed. Feminist Aesthetics London: Women's Press, 1985. Frueh, Joanna and C. Langer, A. Raven eds. Feminist Art Criticism: An Anthology Icon and Harper Collins, 1992, 1995. Lippard, Lucy From the Center: Feminist Essays on Women's Art New York: Dutton, 1976. Lippard, Lucy The Pink Glass Swan: Selected Feminist Essays on Art New York: New Press, 1996. Meskimmon, Marsha Women Making Art: History, Subjectivity, Aesthetics (London: Routledge:2003). Pollock, Griselda Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive Routledge, 2007. Raven, Arlene Crossing Over: Feminism and the Art of Social Concern USA: Ann Arbor,Michigan: U.M.I.:1988. Robinson, Hilary (ed) Feminism - Art - Theory: An Anthology, 1968-2000'' Oxford: Blackwells, 2001. Beyond the academy In 1989, the Guerilla Girls' poster protest of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's gender imbalance brought this feminist critique out of the academy and into the public sphere. Exhibition In