Genetically modified food crops were introduced into Ghana in 2013. GM crops are controversial around the world for various reasons and Ghana is no exception. Groups against its introduction include: Food Sovereignty Ghana, The Coalition For Farmer’s Rights, Advocacy Against GMOs, Ghana Catholic Bishops’ Conference, and the Convention People’s Party. They argue that genetically modified food is not conducive to good health, and is neo-colonialist in nature. That is, it hands control of the food supply to rich nations, which threatens food sovereignty and the national interest, Proponents argue that GM crops, engineered to resist common pests, increase yield, and hence lead to rising incomes for farmers and the country in general. Ghana's 2011 Biosafety Act 831 permitted the introduction of genetically modified (GM) foods, and by 2014, “confined field trials” of GM rice and cowpea in the Ashanti region, and cotton in the 3 northern regions of the country were underway. In 2015, a temporary injunction on any further GMO commercialization and development was put in place until the conclusion of the case brought by Food Sovereignty Ghana against the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. The trial has been severely protracted, and testimonies from Jonathan Latham (of the Bioscience Resource Project) and TestBioTech took place in March and April 2022. Commercialization of Bt Cowpea is thus still pending approval, although imports of genetically engineered products to Ghana are still allowed. History of GMOs in Ghana The National Seed Trade Association of Ghana (NASTAG) publicly advocates for the inclusion of GM seeds in Ghana to aid agricultural development and to mitigate the effects of climate change. NASTAG states that the use of GM seeds in this West Africa country will reduce the number of pesticides and time it takes for farmers to spray. In 2011, the Biosafety Act passed in Ghana, permitting the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to conduct trials of specific GMOs. It is estimated that genetically modified cowpea, a GMO the CSIR has been experimenting with, will be on the market in Ghana in 2019. In late 2017, the minister of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation, Professor Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng, advocated for the people of Ghana to be educated on GM seeds and GMO products. Frimpong-Boateng believed that if the public knew more about GMO products they would be more likely to accept and understand the importance of GMOs in assisting Ghana's economy and development. In