order to be concealed from the French colonial authorities. For many years afterwards, because he had signed the Treaty of Huế, Phạm Thận Duật was seen as a French collaborator and a traitor to the Vietnamese. However, in 1975, the tombstone was unearthed and his role as a leader of the resistance was rediscovered. His tombstone was re-erected, celebrating his life and work as a patriotic scholar and staunchly anti-colonialist official in emperor Tự Đức's court. Legacy Three streets in Vietnam are now named after Phạm Thận Duật – one in Hanoi; one in District 2, Ho Chi Minh City; and one in downtown Ninh Bình city. In addition, the Phạm Thận Duật Award is a prestigious prize awarded annually to the most excellent new doctoral theses in History Studies in Vietnam. Since 2000, the fund has given 92 prizes in total. References Sources 1825 births 1885 deaths People from Ninh Bình province Nguyen dynasty officials 19th-century Vietnamese historians Mandarins of the Nguyễn lords People who died at sea Burials at sea