of "mankind" based upon a population drawn from San Quentin State Prison and argued that Bergler ignored homosexuals who were free of obsessive conflicts and led happy and contented lives. Bayer, summarizing the criticism directed against Bergler, writes that though some reviewers distinguished Bergler from more responsible psychiatrists, others perceived him as representative of the psychiatric profession. He suggests that the critics who charged in gay publications that Bergler had based his conclusions on an unrepresentative sample of homosexuals had been influenced by the work of the psychologist Evelyn Hooker. The novelist Richard Hall discussed Homosexuality: Disease or Way of Life? in ONE, comparing Bergler's views about homosexuals to antisemitic and racist prejudice. Hall suggested that "homosexuality in some cases is a disease, and in other cases is a way of life—depending entirely on the feelings a homosexual has about himself." Responses from psychoanalysts and psychiatrists The psychoanalyst Irving Bieber and his colleagues noted that Bergler's view that the oral phase is the most determining factor in the development of homosexuality was also held by the analyst Melanie Klein. Bayer observed that Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals (1962) received a negative response from the gay movement that "followed a pattern" set by the earlier critiques of works such as Homosexuality: Disease or Way of Life? The psychiatrist Daniel Cappon described Bergler's division of homosexuality into different types as "anecdotal and dynamic". He added that Bergler's proposed types are "partly descriptive and partly interpretative" and that his typology is "probably grossly incomplete." He criticized Bergler's approach to classification on the grounds that, "There seems to be no logical scheme for deriving an argument or a design of homosexual configurations from the life history of individuals." The psychoanalyst Charles W. Socarides endorsed Bergler's conclusion that homosexuality has a masochistic basis, as well as his views on topics such as female homosexuality. He noted that Bergler was only one of numerous authors to report success in "the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexual patients". Kenneth Lewes, a gay author, described Homosexuality: Disease or Way of Life? as one of a number of works in which Bergler "provided a whole bestiary of homosexual monstrosities". He characterized Bergler's views as extreme, but nevertheless identified him as "the most important analytic theorist of homosexuality in the 1950s" and maintained that his statements about homosexuals represent the general psychoanalytic consensus at the time Homosexuality: Disease or Way