assumed to have immediately prior to speaking. The neutral position, approximately that of the vowel [ɛ], defines relative movement of the tongue” It is not clear if this should be taken to refer only to English. See also Articulatory phonetics Index of phonetics articles Manner of articulation Place of articulation References Further reading Vockeradt, Werner. Die Deutsche und die Englische Artikulationsbasis. Doctoral Dissertation, Greifswald 1925. Eisen, Barbara. Phonetische Aspekte zwischensprachlicher Interferenz: Untersuchungen zur Artikulationsbasis an Häsitationspartikeln nicht-nativer Sprecher des Deutschen. Frankfurt/M. etc.: Verlag Peter Lang 2001. Gick, B., I Wilson, K. Koch, C. Cook (2004) 'Language-specific articulatory settings: evidence from inter-utterance rest position', Phonetica, 61:220-233 Kerr, J. (2000) 'Articulatory setting and voice production: issues in accent modification', Prospect (Macquarie University, Sydney) 15(2):4-15 Laver, J. (1978) 'The concept of articulatory settings: an historical survey', Historiographia Linguistica,5,1-14 Laver, J. (1980) The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality, Cambridge University Press. Wilson, I (2006) Articulatory Settings of French and English Monolingual and Bilingual Speakers, PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia. Phonetics Language acquisition