and lymphatic vessels but prior to the description of HLTRS was not understood to be involved in renal function. His clinical research also led to the description of an SRY negative type of XX male sex reversal that resulted from a duplication of the SOX3 gene found on the X chromosome. The SOX3 gene encodes a protein that is similar but distinct to the testis-determining factor (TDF), also known as sex-determining region Y (SRY) protein that is found on the Y chromosome. He has founded two biotechnology companies, Sideromics LLC and Recognyz System Technology, founded to develop treatments for the health effects experienced by persons with rare diseases. Moalem has also been awarded 25 patents for inventions related to biotechnology and human health. In March 2014, Dr. Moalem and his team won a hackathon at MIT to build a smartphone app that can be used to treat patients by identifying predispositions to certain diseases based on facial structure. Dr. Moalem has been described as a polymath. He is a frequent keynote speaker on the topics of genetics, human sex differentiation and its medical implications, pandemics, evolution, antimicrobial resistance, iron metabolism, botany, entomology, personalized medicine and has appeared and been interviewed by CNN's Christiane Amanpour, NBC's Today Show, BBC Radio 4, Bloomberg Television, Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, CBS This Morning, Good Morning America and NPR. Books Survival of the Sickest: A medical maverick discovers why we need disease Dr. Moalem's first book Survival of the Sickest was published in 2007 by William Morrow (HarperCollins). The book, co-written by Jonathan Prince, lays out eight case studies revolving around the argument that common hereditary diseases exist because at one point they were an adaptive advantage for our ancestors. One proposed hypothesis is that water induced wrinkling of skin is an adaptation to improve traction in wet or slippery environments. Research has subsequently shown this to be likely the case. The book debuted on the New York Times''' bestselling book list in hardcover nonfiction and has been translated into 35 languages. How Sex Works: Why We Look, Smell, Taste, Feel, and Act the Way We Do In April 2009, Dr. Moalem's second book How Sex Works: Why We Look, Smell, Taste, Feel, and Act the Way We Do was published by HarperCollins. The book examines the scientific reasons behind why people are attracted to one another. The topics covered include