reported in September 2012 by the group of Edward Goldobin at University of Tübingen. It is based on a combination of 0 and π segments in one superconducting-insulator-ferromagnetic-superconductor hybrid device and clearly demonstrates two critical currents corresponding to two junction states . The proposal to construct a φ Josephson junction out of (infinitely) many 0 and π segments has appeared in the works by R. Mints and coauthors, although at that time there was no term φ junction. For the first time the word φ Josephson junction appeared in the work of Buzdin and Koshelev, whose idea was similar. Following this idea, it was further proposed to use a combination of only two 0 and π segments. In 2016, a junction based on the nanowire quantum dot was reported by the group of Leo Kouwenhoven at Delft University of Technology. The InSb nanowire has strong spin-orbit coupling, and magnetic field was applied leading to Zeeman effect. This combination breaks both inversion and time-reversal symmetries creating finite current at zero phase difference. Other theoretically proposed realization include geometric φ junctions. There is a theoretical prediction that one can construct the so-called geometric φ junction based on nano-structured d-wave superconductor. As of 2013, this was not demonstrated experimentally. Properties of φ junctions Two critical currents related to the escape (depinning) of the phase from two different wells of the Josephson potential. The lowest critical current can be seen experimentally only at low damping (low temperature). The measurements of the critical current can be used to determine the (unknown) state (+φ or -φ) of φ junction. In the case of φ junction constructed out of 0 and π segments, magnetic field can be used to change the asymmetry of the Josephson energy profile up to the point that one of the minima disappears. This allows to prepare the desired state (+φ or -φ). Also, asymmetric periodic Josephson energy potential can be used to construct ratchet-like devices. Long φ junctions allow special types of soliton solutions --- the splintered vortices of two types: one carries the magnetic flux , while the other carries the flux . Here is the magnetic flux quantum. These vortices are the solitons of a double sine-Gordon equation. They were observed in d-wave grain boundary junctions. Applications Similar to Pi Josephson junction φ junctions can be used as a phase battery. Two stable states +φ and -φ can be used