Global surveillance and journalism is a subject covering journalism or reporting of governmental espionage, which gained worldwide attention after the Global surveillance disclosures of 2013 that resulted from Edward Snowden's leaks. Since 2013, many leaks have emerged from different government departments in the US, which confirm that the National Security Agency (NSA) spied on US citizens and foreign enemies alike. Journalists were attacked for publishing the leaks and were regarded in the same light as the whistleblowers who gave them the information. Subsequently, the US government made arrests, raising concerns about the freedom of the press. A whistleblower is someone, particularly an insider or employee of a company, who brings to light wrongdoing by an employer, a government, or a law-enforcement agency, and who is commonly vested by statute with rights and remedies against retaliation. US "war against whistleblowers" The Obama administration was characterized as much more aggressive than the Bush and other previous administrations in its response to whistleblowing and leaks to the press, prompting critics to describe Obama's crackdown as a battle against whistleblowers. A public statement by the Obama campaign said that "the Obama administration has prosecuted twice as many cases under the Espionage Act as all the other administrations combined. Eight people have been charged under previously rarely used leak-related provisions of the Espionage Act of 1917. Four NSA whistleblowers In 2011, the Department of Defense's Office of the Inspector General declassified documents which are the only response to the four whistleblowers' claims. The documents further explore NSA responsibility for wasting resources on the failed attempt at Trailblazer. Stephen Jin-Woo Kim, a State Department contractor who reportedly had a conversation about North Korea with James Rosen of Fox News and Jeffrey Sterling, an alleged source for James Risen's book [[State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration|State of War]]. Risen has also been subpoenaed to reveal his sources, a rare action by the government. Shamai Leibowitz, a contract linguist for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was convicted of leaking information from embassy wiretaps. Like John Kiriakou, he is serving a thirty-month prison term for disclosing that intelligence officers were using torture. Many whistleblowers witness serious crimes and are severely punished when they expose them, but the perpetrators of the original misdeeds are not held accountable. United States v. Manning Background Chelsea Manning was a United States Army soldier convicted in