for natural selection to favor bipedalism. In 2014, Jablonski began researching the adaptation of goose bumps because she was interested in the connection between the integument of ring-tailed lemurs and thermoregulation. The mechanism for goose bumps is the contraction of smooth muscle called Musculi Arrectores Pilorum (MAP). Jablonski noted that early primates did not have effective networks of MAP throughout the body, a factor that may have significantly affected their ability to forage under the cooler conditions of the late Eocene epoch. Using this information, she concluded that the absence of MAP networks in early primates likely contributed to their extinction in non-tropical latitudes. Jablonski also made connections between goose bumps and brain size, as the ability to regulate body temperature without changes in metabolism seemed to her a necessary adaptation to accommodate the thermal and metabolic sensitivities of larger brains. Jablonski is also interested in exploring how the behaviors of ring-tailed lemurs relate to thermoregulation. In 2016, she traveled to Madagascar where she concluded that lemurs depend on behaviors of sunbathing and huddling to retain heat. Publications Magona, S. and Jablonski, N. G. (authors), and Fellman, L. (illustrator) (2018) Skin We Are In. Cape Town, David Philip Publishers. (Available in English, Afrikaans, isiNdebele, Siswati, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, Tshivenda, Xitsonga) Jablonski, N. G. (2012) Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color. Berkeley, University of California Press. (Available in Chinese, Spanish, and Italian.) Jablonski, N. G. (2006) Skin: a Natural History. Berkeley, University of California Press. (Available in Korean; Chinese translation expected 2021) See also Biological determinism Dark skin Hair Human skin color Light skin Lufengpithecus References External links Pennsylvania State University page The Colbert Report February 28 2007--Nina Jablonski season 3 ep 03027 1950s births Living people American women academics Pennsylvania State University faculty Bryn Mawr College alumni Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences 21st-century American women