of purusha, and that consciousness is due to the conglomeration of the mind-body complex and the element of cetas, the phenomena which, though mutually independent, are not the self. The renunciation of the perceived and imperceptible phenomena result in moksha (liberation). The philosopher Vijnanabhiksu holds that both the separation of ahamkara and the evolution of tanmatras take place in the mahat. The pure cit (intellect) is neither illusory nor an abstraction; though concrete, it is transcendent. The state in which the tamas succeeds in overcoming the sattva aspect preponderant in buddhi is called bhutadi. Bhutadi and rajas generate the tanmatras, the immediately preceding causes of the gross elements. Samkhya Prakrti (nature, or "the ultimate basis of the empirical universe") consists of three guṇas (aspects or qualities): sattva (potential consciousness), rajas (activity), and tamas (restraint). The guṇas change but can be in a state of samyavastha (equilibrium), where no action results. Under the influence of purusha (pure consciousness), prakrti first evolves to produce mahat (greatness, eminence) or buddhi (definite understanding, or intelligence), then ahamkara (ego). From ahamkaras sattva aspect, arises manas (the mind), the five organs of perception and the five of action. From ahamkaras tamas aspect, arise the tanmatras (five subtle elements). From the tanmatras arise the five gross, or substantial, elements, under the influence of tamas. The rajas aspect here helps with evolution under the influence of both other aspects. Purusha and prakrti are non-evolutes, they are eternal and unchanging. From the union of these two non-evolutes evolves buddhi (knowing), from buddhi evolves ahamkara (willing), from ahamkara evolves manas (feeling), jnanenriyas (five sense-capacities), karmendriyas (five action-capacities), and tanmatras (five subtle elements), from which evolve the mahābhūtas (five gross elements). The nearness of purusha disturbs prakrti, alters the equilibrium of the three gunas – sattva (illumination), rajas (stimulation and dynamism) and tamas (indifference, heaviness, and inaction) – whose combination of attributes determines the nature of all derivative principles enumerated by the Samkhya system, triggers the causal chains, and facilitates evolution. Primordial materiality does not manifest itself; it is manifested through the evolutes. Yoga The philosopher Vijnanabhiksu states that the tanmatras exist only in unspecialized forms as an indeterminate state of matter that the yogins alone can perceive. The five tanmatras—akasa associated with ether or space, sabda associated with air, sparsha associated with tejas, ap and rasa associated with kshiti, generate the paramanus in which they partly exist as tanmatravayava or