the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all-time low under 0.1 percent. United Kingdom In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain was built in the downtown area of Birmingham. Known as Bull Ring Centre (now Bull Ring, Birmingham), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. A notable example is the Halton Lea Shopping Centre (originally known as Shopping City) in Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as the center point for the new town's development. Another early example is the Brent Cross Centre, Britain's first out-of-town shopping mall and located on the northern outskirts of London, which was opened in March 1976. Australia Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in 1957, in Brisbane, Australia. See also Alley Arcade Bazaar Lists of shopping malls Mall kiosk Market (place) Retail format Shopping mall References External links International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community Planned commercial developments Retail buildings Urban studies and planning terminology