media and digital education. Students use camcorders to record video diaries, make short films and develop multi-media projects across subject boundaries. Teacher evaluation involves a teacher's classroom lessons being recorded for review by officials, especially for questions of teacher tenure. Student camcorder-created material and other digital technology are used in new-teacher preparation courses. The University of Oxford Department of Education PGCE programme and NYU's Steinhardt School's Department of Teaching and Learning MAT programme are examples. The USC Rossier School of Education goes further, insisting that all students purchase their own camcorder (or similar) as a prerequisite to their MAT education programs (many of which are delivered online). These programs employ a modified version of Adobe Connect to deliver the courses. Recordings of MAT student work are posted on USC's web portal for evaluation by faculty as if they were present in class. Camcorders have allowed USC to decentralize its teacher preparation from Southern California to most American states and abroad; this has increased the number of teachers it can train. Formats The following list covers consumer equipment only (for other formats, see videotape): Analog Lo-Band: Approximately 3 MHz bandwidth (250 lines EIA resolution, or ~333x480 edge-to-edge) BCE (1954): First tape storage for video, manufactured by Bing Crosby Entertainment from Ampex equipment BCE Color (1955): First color tape storage for video, manufactured by Bing Crosby Entertainment from Ampex equipment Simplex (1955): Developed commercially by RCA and used to record live broadcasts by NBC Quadruplex videotape (1955): Developed formally by Ampex, this was the recording standard for 20 years. Vision electronic recording apparatus (Vera) (1955): An experimental recording standard developed by the BBC, it was never used or sold commercially. U-matic (1971): Tape originally used by Sony to record video U-matic S (1974): A smaller version of U-matic, used for portable recorders Betamax (1975): Used on old Sony and Sanyo camcorders and portables; obsolete by the late 1980s in the consumer market VHS (1976): Compatible with VHS VCRs; no longer manufactured VHS-C (1982): Originally designed for portable VCRs, this standard was later adapted for compact consumer camcorders; identical in quality to VHS; cassettes play in VHS VCRs with an adapter. Still available in the low-end consumer market. Relatively short running time compared to other formats. Video8 (1985): Small-format tape developed by Sony to compete with VHS-C's palm-sized design; equivalent to VHS or Betamax in picture quality Hi-Band: Approximately 5 MHz bandwidth (420