(Article 6bis), giving authors the right to be identified as a such and to object to derogatory treatment of their works. These rights, unlike economic rights such as preventing reproduction, could not be transferred to others. The Berne Convention also enshrined limitations and exceptions to copyright, enabling the reproduction of literary and artistic works without the copyright owners prior permission. The detail of these exceptions was left to national copyright legislation, but the guiding principle is stated in Article 9 of the convention. The so-called three-step test holds that an exception is only permitted "in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author". Free use of copyrighted work is expressly permitted in the case of quotations from lawfully published works, illustration for teaching purposes, and news reporting (Article 10). Copyright in communist countries Copyright and technology Digital technology introduces a new level of controversy into copyright policy. Inclusion of software as copyright subject matter on the recommendation of CONTU and then later with the EU Computer Programs Directive. Enactment of Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Controversy over the copyrightability of databases (Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service and contradictory cases); links to the debate over sui generis Database rights. Enactment of the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty; nations begin passing anti-circumvention laws. Commentators such as Barlow (1994) have argued that digital copyright is fundamentally different and will remain persistently difficult to enforce; others such as Stallman (1996) have argued that the Internet deeply undermines the economic rationale for copyright in the first place. These perspectives may lead to the consideration of alternative compensation systems in place of exclusive rights for all types of information, including software, books, movies, and music. Expansions in scope and operation Move from common law and ad hoc grants of monopoly to copyright statutes. Expansions in subject matter (largely related to technology). Expansions on duration. Creation of new exclusive rights (such as performers' and other neighbouring rights). Creation of collecting societies. Criminalisation of copyright infringement. Creation of anti-circumvention laws. Courts' application of secondary liability doctrines to cover file sharing networks See also History of music piracy History of patent law Copyleft International copyright Copyright infringement References Further reading Eaton S. Drone, A Treatise on the Law of Property in Intellectual Productions,