and . () change the inherited vowel of a consonant letter. For example, the letter () with () becomes (); () with () becomes (). The diacritics in this category are summarized in the following list: As first romanization of Balinese Language was developed during Dutch Colonial Era, letter e represents sound and letter é represents sound and as in Van Ophuijsen Indonesian and Dutch orthography. After 1957, sounds , and are represented with e as in current Indonesian orthography with exception for new learner and dictionary usage. Many consonants can form ligatures with tedung: (), except , adds a final consonant to a syllable. It can be used together with . For example, the letter () with () becomes (); () with () and () becomes (). Compared to Devanagari, is analogous to visarga, to anusvara, and to virama. is zero vowel diacritics as in other Brahmic scripts in Balinese script. , as virama in Devanagari, suppress the inherent vowel in the consonant letter. is used on impossibility of gantungan and gempelan usage such as succeeded by punctuation marks, attachment of two or more gantungan to one letter (, lit. three layers), preservation of combination (, rather than ) and disambiguation. () is appended below consonant letters. are the appended () forms of the (semivowel) consonants. is the appended form of the vowel (). Numerals Balinese numerals are written in the same manner as Arabic numerals. For example, 25 is written with the Balinese numbers 2 and 5. If the number is written in the middle of a text, carik has to be written before and after the number to differentiate it from the text. Below is an example of how a date is written using Balinese numerals (date: 1 July 1982, location: Bali): Other symbols There are some special symbols in the Balinese script. Some of them are punctuation marks, and the others are religious symbols. The symbols are described in the following list: Orthography Balinese language Loanword from Sanskrit and Old Javanese Balinese have many loanwords from Sanskrit and Old Javanese. In general, the Balinese orthography in Balinese script preserve the original orthography. The preservation of original orthography result on several rules: assimilation rule, which based on articulation rule (Kalvi / Shiksha), () rule, which the word is spelled based on the source, () rule, which several words has doubled consonant. Assimilation Assimilation in Balinese occurs within