| pw || |- | bw || |- | tw || |- | dw || |- | mw || |- | nw || |- | nyw || or |- | fw || |- | vw || |- | sw || |- | zw || |- | shw || |- | jw || |- | pfw || |- | tsw || |- | cw || |- | rw || |- | py || |- | by || |- | ty || |- | ndy || |- | my || |- | sy || |- | ry || |} Note that these are all sequences; , for example, is not labial-velar . Even when Rwanda is pronounced rather than , the onset is a sequence, not a labialized . Grammar Nouns Kinyarwanda uses 16 of the Bantu noun classes. Sometimes these are grouped into 10 pairs so that most singular and plural forms of the same word are included in the same class. The table below shows the 16 noun classes and how they are paired in two commonly used systems. Verbs All Kinyarwanda verb infinitives begin with ku- (morphed into k(w)- before vowels, and into gu- before stems beginning with a voiceless consonant due to Dahl's Law). To conjugate, the infinitive prefix is removed and replaced with a prefix agreeing with the subject. Then a tense marker can be inserted. The class I prefixes y-/a- and ba- correspond to the third person for persons. The personal prefix n- becomes m- before a labial sound (p, b, f, v), while personal prefix tu- becomes du- under Dahl's Law. Every regular verb has three stems: the imperfective (ending in the morpheme -a), the perfective (ending in the morpheme -:ye, which may trigger a variety of morphophonological changes in the preceding segment) and the subjunctive (ending in the morpheme -e). According to Botne (1983), a verb may belong to any of eight Aktionsart categories, which may be broadly grouped into stative and dynamic categories. In the immediate tense, dynamic verbs take the imperfective stem while stative verbs take the perfective stem, while both use the imperfective stem in the habitual or gnomic tense. Simple tense/mood markers include the following: With the present stem: Present ('I do'): - (no infix) Present Progressive ('I am doing'): -ra- (assimilates to -da- when preceded by n) Habitual Past ('I used to do/was doing'): -a- plus -ga suffixed to