Enuresis is a repeated inability to control urination. Use of the term is usually limited to describing people old enough to be expected to exercise such control. Involuntary urination is also known as urinary incontinence. The term "enuresis" comes from the . Enuresis has been previously viewed as a psychiatric condition, however, scientific evidence has shown this view to be unsupported through current understanding of the condition and its underlying causes. Management of enuresis varies and includes either mitigation via specialized nightwear or bedding, or identification and correction of the underlying cause, behavioral therapy, and the use of medications. Signs and symptoms Nocturnal enuresis usually presents with voiding of urine during sleep in a child in whom it is difficult to wake. It may be accompanied by bladder dysfunction during the day which is termed non-mono symptomatic enuresis. Day time enuresis, also known as urinary incontinence, may also be accompanied by bladder dysfunction. The symptoms of bladder dysfunction include: Urge incontinence – the presence of an overwhelming urge to urinate, frequent urination, attempts to hold the urine and urinary tract infections. Voiding postponement – delaying urination in certain situations such as school. Stress incontinence – incontinence that occurs in situations when increased intra-abdominal pressure occurs such as coughing. Giggling incontinence – incontinence that occurs when laughing. Secondary incontinence usually occurs in the context of a new life event that is stressful such as abuse or parental divorce. Signs indicating a child has a daytime wetting condition may include: urgency to urinate with leakage of urine urinating 8 times a day or more urinating less than a regular amount of 4-7 times a day (infrequent urination) inability to fully empty the bladder when urinating (incomplete urination) avoiding urine leakage through physical compensation, like squatting, squirming, leg crossing, or heel sitting. Signs indicating a child has a nighttime wetting condition, if they are at least 5 years old, may include: bedwetting that occurs at least 2 times a week over at least 3 months reoccurrence of bedwetting after 6 months of no bedwetting. Impact It is recommended that children are made aware that bedwetting is not their fault, especially due to preconceived notions of inadequate parenting or psychiatric issues leading to enuresis. Untreated enuresis may lead to a lack of self-esteem or avoidance of social activities. Children with nocturnal enuresis are found to have lower quality of life, but it is not