|| *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > kw || *pj > s || *j preserved |} Michael, et al. (2015) Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages. Tupí-Guaraní Kamaiurá (600 speakers) Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní Northern Guajá (280 speakers) Ka'ápor (800 speakers) Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers) Central (branch) Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers) Xingú Asurini (120 speakers) (branch) Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã (700-1,500 speakers) Tapirapé (560 speakers) Peripheral Wayampi, Emerillon (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers) Kayabí, Parintintin (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers) Diasporic Tembé (13,000 speakers) (Diasporic core branch) Tupi Omagua, Kokama (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers) Tupinambá (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers) Southern Sirionó, Yuki (500 speakers) Guarayu, Pauserna † (Guarayu 5,900 speakers) Guaranian Aché (910 speakers) Mbyá Paraguay Guaraní (4.85 million speakers) (branch) Xetá †, Kaiowá, Ñandeva (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers) Tapiete, Chiriguano (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers) O'Hagan et al. (2014,2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin. Jolkesky (2016) Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015): († = extinct) Tupi-Guarani branch Kamayura: Kamayura Kaapor-Ava Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor Akwawa-Arawete Akwawa-Tapirape Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani) Tapirape: Tapirape Arawete-Asurini Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu Nuclear Tupi-Guarani Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara † Kawahib-Kayabi Apiaka: Apiaka Juma: Juma Kayabi: Kayabi Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed Diasporic Tupi-Guarani Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki Guarani Ache: Ache Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa Central: Guarani Paraguaio Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta Tupinamba-Kokama Kokama-Omagua: Kokama; Kokamilla; Omagua Tupi: Tupi †; Tupi Austral † Tupinamba: Nhengatu; Tupinamba † Wayampi: Emerillon; Wayampi; Zo'e Ferraz and Reichert (2021) The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021). Tupí-Guaraní Guajá–Tenetehara Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara Guaraní Warazu Xetá Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki Tupi Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor) Northern Kamayura;