the Nikolaikirche (St Nicholas Church), which was largely destroyed during the bombing, have been made into a memorial against war. The spire of the church survived the attacks. Memorial at the Hamburger Strasse for those who died in a shelter under the Karstadt department store at the corner of Desenißstrasse and Hamburger Strasse. The department store was hit by a bomb on the night of 29 July. The people in the air raid shelter below were killed by the heat and carbon monoxide poisoning. The victims of the air raids were buried on the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in mass graves. The memorial "Passage over the Styx" by Gerhard Marcks is in the centre and shows how Charon ferries a young couple, a mother with her child, a man and a person who is despairing over the river Styx. Many houses rebuilt after World War II have a memorial plaque with the inscription "Destroyed 1943 – 19** Rebuilt," as a reminder of their destruction during the air raids of July 1943. Timeline Notes References Further reading Hansen, Randall (2009), Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany. New York: New American Library. Middlebrook, Martin. The Battle of Hamburg : allied bomber forces against a German city in 1943 (1981) online Primary sources Interrogation of Captured Prisoners, United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report, (European War), 30 September 1945 (Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the UK Air Ministry) Memories of a 24-year-old woman (in German) Memories of a 12 year-old girl External links An eyewitness account Remnants from world war II in Hamburg 1943 in Germany Explosions in 1943 Conflicts in 1943 Firebombings Oil campaign of World War II World War II strategic bombing of Germany Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Canada Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Articles containing video clips 1940s in Hamburg