notable examples. Other notable 20th-century composers Some prominent 20th-century composers are not associated with any widely recognised school of composition. The list below includes some of those, as well as notable classifiable composers not mentioned earlier in this article: Samuel Adler Béla Bartók Havergal Brian Elliott Carter Carlos Chávez Edward Elgar George Enescu Gabriel Fauré Morton Feldman Alberto Ginastera Henryk Górecki Sofia Gubaidulina Alan Hovhaness György Ligeti Witold Lutosławski Bruno Maderna Bohuslav Martinů Carl Nielsen Krzysztof Penderecki Francis Poulenc Giacomo Puccini Sergei Rachmaninoff Alfred Schnittke Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji Patric Standford Mikis Theodorakis Michael Tippett Joan Tower Ralph Vaughan Williams Heitor Villa-Lobos William Walton Judith Weir See also Contemporary classical music References Citations Sources Further reading Ashby, Arved Mark (ed.). 2004. The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology. Eastman Studies in Music. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. . Crawford, John C., and Dorothy L. Crawford. 1993. Expressionism in Twentieth-Century Music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Fauser, Annegret. 2005. Musical Encounters at the 1889 Paris World's Fair. Eastman Studies in Music 32. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. . Heyman, Barbara B. 2001. "Barber, Samuel." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Grun, Constantin. 2006. Arnold Schönberg und Richard Wagner: Spuren einer aussergewöhnlichen Beziehung, 2 volumes. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress. (volume 1), (volume 2) Lee, Douglas. 2002. Masterworks of 20th-Century Music: The Modern Repertory of the Symphony Orchestra. New York: Routledge. Pasler, Jann. 2001b. "Neo-romantic". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Roberts, Paul. 2008. Claude Debussy. 20th-Century Composers. London and New York: Phaidon Press. Salzman, Eric. 2002. Twentieth-Century Music: An Introduction, 4th edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Schwartz, Elliott, and Daniel Godfrey. 1993. Music Since 1945: Issues, Materials and Literature. New York: Schirmer; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International. . Simms, Bryan R. 1996. Music of the Twentieth Century: Style and Structure, 2nd edition. New York: Schirmer; London: Prentice Hall International. Teachout, Terry. 1999. "Masterpieces of the Century: A Finale-20th Century Classical Music". Commentary 107, no. 6 (June): 55. Thomson, Virgil. 2002. Virgil Thomson: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984, edited by Richard Kostelanetz. New York: Routledge. . Watanabe, Ruth T., and James Perone. 2001. "Hanson, Howard." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition, edited by Stanley Sadie