as opposed to misaligned teeth. It became evident that orthodontic therapy could adjust mandibular development, leading to the formation of functional jaw orthopedics in Europe and extraoral force measures in the US. These days, both functional appliances and extraoral devices are applied around the globe with an aim of amending growth patterns and forms. Consequently, pursuing true or at least improved jaw relationships had become a main objective of treatment by mid-20th century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, orthodontics was in need of an upgrade. The American Journal of Orthodontics was created for this purpose in 1915; before it, there were no scientific objectives to follow, nor any precise classification system and brackets that lacked features. Until the mid-1970s, braces were made by wrapping metal around each tooth. With advancements in adhesives it became possible to instead bond metal brackets to the teeth. In the year 1972, Lawrence F. Andrews gave an insightful definition of the ideal occlusion in permanent teeth. This has had meaningful effects on orthodontic treatments that are administered regularly. and these are 1. Correct interarch relationships 2. Correct crown angulation (tip) 3. Correct crown inclination (torque) 4. No rotations 5. Tight contact points 6. Flat curve of Spee (0.0 - 2.5 mm) and based on these principles, he discovered a treatment system called Straight-wire appliance system or the Pre-adjusted Edgewise system. Introduced in 1976, Larry Andrews' pre-adjusted edgewise appliance, more commonly known as the Straight wire appliance, has since revolutionised fixed orthodontic treatment. The advantage of the design lies in its bracket and archwire combination which requires only minimal wire bending from the orthodontist or clinicisn. It's aptly named after this feature - the angle of the slot and thickness of the bracket base ultimately determine where each tooth is situated with little need for extra manipulation. Prior to invention of a straight wire appliance, orthodontists were utilizing a non-programmed standard edgewise fixed appliance system or begg's pin and tube system. Both these systems employed identical brackets for each tooth and necessitated bending of an archwire in three planes for locating teeth in their desired positions - with these bends dictating ultimate placements. Evolution of the current orthodontic appliances When it comes to orthodontic appliances, they are divided into two types - Removable and Fixed. Take the removable type for instance, these can be taken on and off by the patient as required. On