the Ainu indigenous to Hokkaido and the Ryukyuans indigenous to Okinawa and other islands between Kyushu and Taiwan. The Burakumin, an outcast group at the bottom of Japan's feudal order, are sometimes included. There are also a number of smaller ethnic communities in Japan with a much shorter history. According to the United Nations' 2008 Diène report, communities most affected by racism and xenophobia in Japan include: the national minorities of Ainu and people of Okinawa, people and descendants of people from neighbouring countries (Chinese and Koreans) and the new immigrants from other Asian, African, South American and Middle Eastern countries. Koreans Since the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 and up to World War II, Koreans sought asylum and educational opportunities that were available in Japan. In 1910, the Japan-Korean Annexation Treaty was established and it stated that Koreans would be granted Japanese citizenship by law because Korea was annexed by Japan. During World War II, Japanese government established the National Mobilization Law, which constrained Koreans from getting jobs, which were very limited for Koreans even prior to World War II. Koreans who were not conscripted for military service were forced to work in factories and mines under inhumane conditions; an estimated 60,000 Koreans died due to harsh working conditions. Following World War II, Koreans decided to illegally participate in the Post-World War II rebuilding of Japan because of the discrimination which they were being subjected to, both politically and economically, they were treated unfairly and paid low wages in Japan. (resident in Japan) Koreans are permanent residents of Japan registered as Joseon (, Japanese: ) or South Korean nationality. Joseon was annexed by Japan in 1910, therefore Koreans with Joseon citizenship are de facto stateless. After World War II, 2 million Koreans living in Japan were granted a temporary Joseon nationality under the US military government (because there was no government in Korea then). However, the meaning of Joseon nationality became vague as Korea was divided by the United States and the Soviet Union, and in 1948 North and South Korea each established their own government. Some obtained South Korean citizenship later, but others who opposed the division of Korea or sympathized with North Korea maintained their Joseon nationality because people are not allowed to register North Korean nationality. Most came to Japan from Korea under Japanese rule between 1910 and 1945. A large proportion of this immigration is said