separate words for the adjective 'hot' and the noun 'heat' whereas the same word 'cold' can function as either a noun or an adjective according to its context. What applies to 'cold' can logically apply also to 'hot'; consequently the Speedword he denotes either 'heat' or 'hot', according to circumstance. ... "Just as there is no distinction in English between the noun 'cold' and the adjective 'cold', so there is none between the adjective 'fast' and the adverb 'fast' (there being no English word 'fastly' corresponding to 'slowly'). What applies to the adjective 'fast' can logically apply also to other qualifiers, and consequently, there is no necessity to differentiate between, say, 'beautiful' and 'beautifully'. This means that, in international correspondence, the Speedword bel can convey not only 'beauty' and 'beautiful' ... but 'beautifully' as well ... "Verbs and nouns are similarly interchangeable, for in the same way that each of the English words 'work', 'answer' and 'praise' can function either as a verb or noun according to its environment, so can any other word have a dual role. In English the noun form of the verb 'fail' is 'failure', and of 'pay' 'payment'; but in everyday expressions such as 'without fail' and 'in his pay' the unnecessary distinction has been eliminated ... the Speedword [sic? or speeedwords] policy is to cut the Gordian knot and make pa mean either 'pay' or 'payment', pre either 'prepare' or 'preparation', kok 'cook' or 'cookery', men 'remember' to 'memory', and so on throughout." There are, however, grammatical affixes pertinent to particular parts of speech. Verb affixes The present tense is unmarked, e.g. j spe "I speak". The past is marked by the unstressed prefix y- , e.g. j yspe "I spoke". Two verbs are irregular: to be: e "be, am. is, are"; y "was, were". to have (perfect auxiliary): h (post-1951 pronunciation unknown) "has, have"; hy "had". The unmarked form also serves as the infinitive, e.g.sh am spe "she loves to speak" There are two participles: Present participle has prefix u- , e.g. uspe "speaking" Perfect participle has suffix -d , e.g. sped "spoken" Only one irregular verb: the present participle of the auxiliary h is hu Note: Dutton is quite clear that the prefix u forms a participle, i.e. a verbal adjective, e.g. u uspe tem 'a speaking clock', l ura on "the working man." Indeed, he devotes five paragraphs to hammer this