that the high middle-class residents take place of the urban renewal area by making the rising housing price no longer affordable by low-income residents. It's an outcome of indirect displacement. The threatened groups also sometimes suffer from social inequalities due to discrimination on racial identity. In 2000, the Portland, Oregon city leaders' promised to make amends for its treatment of local African-Americans, whose communities had decimated through the local urban renewal program. The promise said money spent in North and Northeast Portland would benefit the poor, the elderly and people of color, but after 16 years, the city leaders failed in fulfilling the promise. In these years, white developers leveraged city cash into multimillion-dollar apartment projects, the increasing prices force the African-American and other low-income residents out of the market. See also Adaptive reuse Big City Plan Community development Cost overrun Environmental racism Gentrification Housing Market Renewal Initiative List of planned cities List of urban planners Megaproject New town New Urbanism Overspill estate Phase I environmental site assessment Principles of Intelligent Urbanism Slum upgrading Temporary use Urban economics Urban renaissance Urban vitality References Further reading Klemek, Christopher (2011). The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal, Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. . Grogan, Paul, Proscio, Tony, Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival, 2000. (Business Week review of "Comeback Cities") Cohen, Lizabeth, Saving American Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban America in the Suburban Age (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019). Pernice, Nicolas M., M.S. "Urban redevelopment of Lawrence, MA a retrospective case study of the Plains Neighborhood", 2011, 136 pages Zipp, Samuel. Manhattan Projects: Rise & Fall of Urban Renewal in Cold War New York. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Lavine, Amy. Urban Renewal and the Story of Berman v. Parker. vol. 42 The Urban Lawyer 423 (2010), https://www.jstor.org/stable/27895791 Government aid programs