"Norris House League." The control of owners over their teams was absolute. Players who got on the wrong side of their team owner were often harshly punished by being either traded out of town or sent to the minors. An example of this is the case of the bruising Red Wings forward Ted Lindsay, who, after agitating for a players' union, was sent to the last-place Black Hawks. Norris' conglomerate did not invest in Boston, Chicago, and New York, which mostly just filled dates for the Norris arenas. A measure of the dominance of Detroit, Montreal, and Toronto in the era can be seen in that between the Bruins' Stanley Cup wins in 1941 and 1970, every single Cup except for Chicago in 1961 was won by the Red Wings, the Canadiens, or the Maple Leafs, and those three teams failed to make the playoffs only eight times combined in the era. Labour conditions for the players were also poor. Players' medical bills were paid for only two months after an injury. Moreover, whenever players were sent to the minors, they had their salaries cut, and their relocation costs were not covered. The players were also not paid for off-season promotions and did not share in the funds of promotions such as trading cards as was done in baseball. In the earlier era, players were allowed to play other sports, such as lacrosse, for money in the off-season, but that was disallowed in the standard Original Six-era contract. Players were signed as early as 16, and they were bound to one of the teams, which then directed their development. The pension plan, formed in 1946, was ostensibly for the players' benefit but was kept secret, which hid large amounts of money under the control of the owners. The pension plan was exposed only in 1989, when it was found that a $25 million surplus existed. The stark labor conditions led to several players' disputes, including a 1957 antitrust action and attempted union formation, as well as subsequent actions in the early 1960s by the Toronto players Bob Baun and Carl Brewer, which led to the 1967 formation of the NHL Players Association. End of era As the more conservative owners left the NHL, a younger guard that was more receptive to expansion came into the league. By 1963, when the Rangers governor, William M. Jennings, first introduced to his peers