Beard as arguing that in victory, the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program, quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs, banking, homesteads, and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development. Solicitude for the Freedman had little to do with northern policies. The Fourteenth Amendment, which gave the Negro his citizenship, Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsman friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong protection to business corporations against regulation by state government. Dealing with the Reconstruction Era and the Gilded Age, disciples of Beard, such as Howard Beale and C. Vann Woodward, focused on greed and economic causation and emphasized the centrality of corruption. They argued that the rhetoric of equal rights was a smokescreen to hide the true motivation, which was to promote the interests of industrialists in the Northeast. The basic flaw was the assumption that there was a unified business policy. Beard's economic approach was rejected after the 1950s, as conservative scholars who researched specific subgroups discovered deep flaws in Beard's assumption that businessmen were united on policy. In fact, businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy. Pennsylvania businessmen wanted high tariffs, but those in other states did not. The railroads were hurt by the tariffs on steel, which they purchased in large quantities. Works and writings 1901 – Beard, Charles Austin, The Industrial Revolution 1904 – Beard, Charles Austin, The Office of Justice of the Peace in England: In its Origin and Development 1914 – Beard, Charles A. Some Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy, The American Historical Review 1913 – Beard, Charles, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States 1915 – Beard, Charles, Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy 1921 – Beard, Charles A. and Beard, Mary Ritter. History of the United States (2 vols.) 1923 – Beard, Charles, The Administration and Politics of Tokyo 1927 – Beard, Charles A. and Beard, Mary Ritter, The Rise of American Civilization 1932 – Beard, Charles, A Century of Progress 1932 – Beard, Charles, The Myth of Rugged American Individualism 1934 – Beard, Charles A. Written history as an act of faith. American Historical Review 1935 – Beard, Charles A. That Noble Dream, The American Historical Review 1948 – Beard, Charles A. President Roosevelt and