similarities between the jiva and the puruṣa of Samkhya-Yoga. The most visible similarity is that both the jiva and puruṣa are part of a dualism. Just like Samkhya's dualism between puruṣa and prakriti, there is a similar dualism between the jiva and ajiva in Jainism. Both the jiva and puruṣa are also said to be numerous. The Samkhyakarika states: Relatedly, each jiva is, just like a puruṣa in Samkhya, qualitatively distinct from another jiva so that each can be termed their "own self". Nyaya Darshan The Nyaya school of philosophy also shares similarities to the Vedanta schools, in that there is the belief that the jiva is eternal, experiences the fruits of its good and bad deeds (karma), and undergoes reincarnation. However unlike other schools where the jiva is the source of consciousness, in the Nyaya school, consciousness is an attribute that only occurs when a jiva associates with a mind. Furthermore, Nyaya schools believe liberation to be a complete absence of suffering, rather than a state of bliss and happiness. See also Gyvas Indian religions Jīva (Jainism) Tirthankara References External links The Science of the Emotions by Bhagavan Das 'Jiva' - usage in Bhagavata Purana Terms 'jiva' and 'soul' in Western and Eastern philosophy and religion Jain philosophical concepts Hindu philosophical concepts