the haptophytes, cryptomonads, and alveolates. This is one of the most common revisions to the five-kingdom system, but has not been adopted, because Chromalveolata is not a monophyletic group. A few treat the Chromalveolata as identical in composition with the heterokonts, or list them as a kingdom Stramenopila. Some sources divide the heterokonts into the autotrophic Ochrophyta and heterotrophic Bigyra and Pseudofungi. However, some modifications to these classifications have been suggested. The name Heterokonta can be confused with the (much older) name Heterokontae, which is generally equivalent to the Xanthophyceae, a limited subset of the Heterokonta. The simplified classification of the group according to Adl et al. (2012), in which heterokonts (using the term Stramenopiles) are part of a larger clade that embraces Alveolates and Rhizaria, is: Eukaryota SAR Stramenopiles , 1989, emend. et al., 2005 Opalinata , 1926, emend. , 1997 (Slopalinida , 1985) Blastocystis , 1911 Bicosoecida , 1926, emend. , 1998 Placidida et al., 2002 Labyrinthulomycetes , 2001 Hyphochytriales , 1960 Peronosporomycetes , 2001 (Öomycetes , 1897, emend. , 1976) Actinophryidae 1874, emend. 1926 Bolidomonas , 1999 (Bolidophyceae in et al., 1999) Chrysophyceae , 1914 Dictyochophyceae , 1980 Eustigmatales , 1981 Olisthodiscophyceae , 2021 Pelagophyceae , 1993 Phaeothamniophyceae , in et al., 1998 Pinguiochrysidales et al., 2003 Raphidophyceae , 1950, emend. , 1980 Synurales , 1987 Xanthophyceae , 1930, emend. , 1935 (Heterokontae , 1899, Heteromonadea , 1983, Xanthophyta , 1990) Phaeophyceae , 1886 (not , 1891, not , 1894) Schizocladia et al., in et al., 2003 (Schizocladales et al., 2003) (M) Diatomea , 1821 (= Bacillariophyta , 1878) Alveolata Rhizaria Phylogeny Based on the following works of Ruggiero et al. 2015 & Silar 2016. Gallery References External links Tree of Life Web Project: Stramenopiles Infrakingdoms