closely connected to what the sentence means. Nonetheless, what a speaker conventionally implicates is not a part of what the speaker says. U's doing x might be his uttering the sentence "She was poor but she was honest". What U meant, and what the sentence means, will both contain something contributed by the word "but", and I do not want this contribution to appear in an account of what (in my favored sense) U said (but rather as a conventional implicature). Grice did not elaborate much on the notion of conventional implicature, but many other authors have tried to give more extensive theories of it, including Lauri Karttunen and Stanley Peters, Kent Bach, Stephen Neale, and Christopher Potts. Conversational implicature To conversationally implicate something in speaking, according to Grice, is to mean something that goes beyond what one says in such a way that it must be inferred from non-linguistic features of a conversational situation together with general principles of communication and co-operation. The general principles Grice proposed are what he called the Cooperative principle and the Maxims of Conversation. According to Grice, the cooperative principle is a norm governing all cooperative interactions among humans. Cooperative Principle: "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Grice 1989: 26). The conversational maxims can be thought of as precisifications of the cooperative principle that deal specifically with communication. Maxim of Quantity: Information Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Maxim of Quality: Truth Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Maxim of Relation: Relevance Be relevant. Maxim of Manner: Clarity ("be perspicuous") Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid prolixity). Be orderly. Grice follows his summary of the maxims by suggesting that "one might need others", and goes on to say that "There are, of course, all sorts of other maxims (aesthetic, social, or moral in character), such as "Be polite", that are also normally observed by participants in exchanges, and these may also generate nonconventional implicatures." Conversational implicatures are made possible, according to Grice, by the fact that the participants in a conversation always assume each other