waters that include some mixed depths. Black scoters nest later than most other ducks in North America. Pairs form in late winter or spring. The lined nest is built on the ground close to the sea, lakes or rivers, in woodland or tundra. 5–7 eggs are laid. Each eggs weighs from , or 8% of the females body weight. The incubation period may range from 27 to 31 days. Females brood their young extensively for about 3 weeks, after which the still flightless young must fend for themselves. The male performs a diagnostic downward head movement when stretching his wings. References External links Black Scoter Species Account and Photo Gallery – Sea Duck Joint Venture Black Scoter Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology black scoter black scoter Native birds of Alaska Birds of North Asia Native birds of Eastern Canada black scoter