minor ductal systems, and also gives an outline of the glandular tissue For example, sialadenitis creates an appearance known as “pruning of the tree” on a sialogram, where there are less branches visible from the duct system. Also, a space occupying lesion that occurs within or adjacent to a salivary gland can displace the normal anatomy of the gland. This may create an appearance known as “ball in hand” on a sialogram, where the ducts are curved around the mass of the lesion. Sialochemistry The composition of saliva changes in disease states, and analysis of saliva for enzymes, electrolytes, hormones, drugs and immunisation status can be performed. Radioisotope scintigraphy Gives an objective measure of isotope uptake and excretion using a gamma scintillation camera. After about 20 minutes, a salivary stimulant will be given to promote salivary flow through the gland. They are used to assess patients with persistent symptoms of dry mouth and also to evaluate salivary gland swelling due to infection, inflammation or obstruction. Further tests Imagining techniques Ultrasounds, CT Scans or MRIs can aid with disease localisation Sialoendoscopy A camera is inserted into the duct of a salivary gland to assess blockages Biopsy This can be done by fine needle aspiration biopsy, which provides an opportunity to obtain information about the histology of a salivary tumour prior to initiation of treatment. Additional images See also Sjögren's syndrome John Leonora Juxtaoral organ of Chievitz References External links Illustration at yoursurgery.com Salivary gland infections from Medline Plus Salivary gland cancer from American Cancer Society Glands of mouth