Tupi–Guarani () is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin. Classification Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní: Guaraní (Group I) Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**) Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin** Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In Kamayurá (Group VII) Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara Northern Tupi–Guaraní (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú *Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani. **Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious. Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002): {| class="wikitable" ! Group !! PTG final consonants !! PTG *tʃ !! PTG *pw !! PTG *pj !! PTG *j |- ! 1 | lost || *tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero || *pw > kw, k || *pj > tʃ, ʃ || |- ! 2 | lost || *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s || *pw > kw, k || *pj preserved || |- ! 3 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s || *pw preserved || *pj preserved || |- ! 4 | preserved (with some modifications) || *tʃ, *ts merged as h || *pw > kw || *pj > tʃ, ts || *j > tʃ, ts, s, z |- ! 5 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > ɸ || *pj > s || *j > dʒ |- ! 6 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h || *pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká); *pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb) || *pj preserved || *j preserved |- ! 7 | preserved || *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero || *pw > hw, h || *pj > ts || *j preserved |- ! 8 | partially lost