the CP and only marginal influence within the labor movement as a whole. The ILWU has since reaffiliated with the AFL-CIO. Others, such as Mine, Mill, survived; it later merged with its ideological opponent, the Steelworkers, just as the Farm Equipment union eventually was absorbed by the UE. Others, such as the Food and Tobacco Workers, disappeared. To the extent that the CP has had any residual effect on the American union movement, after helping to organize some industrial unions, its only legacy has been its opposition to racial discrimination and its commitment to organizing the lowest-paid workers. "Old left" unionists played an important role in organizing hospital workers into District 1199 in New York in the 1950s and 1960s; CP veterans also contributed to the organizing successes of the United Farm Workers. But by the 1950s and 1960s, present and former members of the CPUSA did not advertise their membership or try to use organizing victories to recruit new members. The Party by that time was too weak, membership having declined fairly continuously since early in the Eisenhower (and McCarthy) era. See also Communists in the United States labor movement (1919–1937) Wildcat strike action Footnotes Further reading Archer, Robin. Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States? (Princeton University Press, 2007) excerpt Barnard, John, American Vanguard: A History of the United Auto Workers, 1935–1970 (2004) Cochran, Bert. Labor and Communism, The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton University Press, 1977) Eidlin, Barry. "Why is there no labor party in the United States? Political articulation and the Canadian comparison, 1932 to 1948." American Sociological Review 81.3 (2016): 488-516. Fink, Gary M. Biographical Dictionary of American Labor Leaders (Greenwood Press, 1974). Halpern, Martin. "The 1939 UAW convention: Turning point for communist power in the auto union?" Labor History 33.2 (1992): 190-216. Halpern, Martin. UAW Politics in the Cold War Era (SUNY Press, 1988) Kampelman, Max M. The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics (1957) online Keeran, Roger The Communist Party and the Auto Workers' Unions (1980); online Keeran, Roger R. " 'Everything for Victory': Communist Influence in the Auto Industry during World War II." Science & Society (1979): 1-28. online Klehr, Harvey, and John E. Haynes. "Communists and the CIO: From the Soviet archives." Labor History 35.3 (1994): 442-446. Levenstein, Harvey A. Communism, Anticommunism and the CIO (Greenwood Press, 1981) Lichtenstein, Nelson. Walter Reuther: The