placed it in a group of unspecified rank, which he named D. § Pectinatae. The 1870 arrangement of George Bentham discarded Meissner's groups, which were defined in terms of leaf shape, and thus heterogenerous. He instead placed D. fraseri in the newly erected D. ser. Armatae because of its tendency for flowers to occur terminal on a branch, and subtended by long floral leaves. A synonym, Josephia fraseri, arises from Otto Kuntze's 1891 transfer of the genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) into Josephia, on the grounds that Josephia Knight had priority over Dryandra R.Br.. This transfer was rejected. In 1996, Alex George published the first modern-day arrangement of Dryandra. He placed D. fraseri alone in a new series, Dryandra ser. Folliculosae, from the Latin folliculosus ("follicle") and -osus ("abundance") in reference to the unusually high number of follicles per infructescence in this species. Three varieties were recognised, the autonym D. fraseri var. fraseri; D. fraseri var. ashbyi, a demotion of Brian Laurence Burtt D. ashbyi; and a new variety, D. fraseri var. oxycedra. In 2005, George described two further varieties, D. fraseri var. crebra and D. fraseri var. effusa. The placement of D. fraseri in George's arrangement of Dryandra, with 1999 and 2005 amendments, may be summarised as follows: Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) D. subg. Dryandra D. ser. Floribundae (1 species, 4 varieties) D. ser. Armatae (21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties) D. ser. Marginatae (1 species) D. ser. Folliculosae D. fraseri (now Banksia fraseri) D. fraseri var. fraseri (now Banksia fraseri var. fraseri) D. fraseri var. ashbyi (now Banksia fraseri var. ashbyi) D. fraseri var. oxycedra (now Banksia fraseri var. oxycedra) D. fraseri var. crebra (now Banksia fraseri var. crebra) D. fraseri var. effusa (now Banksia fraseri var. effusa) D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties) D. ser. Capitellatae (2 species, 2 subspecies) D. ser. Ilicinae (3 species, 2 varieties) D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies) D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies) D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species) D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties) D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies) D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies) D. ser. Aphragma (9 species, 3 subspecies) D. ser. Ionthocarpae (1 species, 2 subspecies) D. ser. Inusitatae (1 species) D. ser. Subulatae (1 species) D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties) D. ser. Plumosae (3 species, 2 subspecies) D. ser. Concinnae (3 species) D. ser.