know that others are underbilled. In the specific context of the United States NRW reduction can also mean reduced legal liability and reduced insurance payments. Programs to reduce NRW Reducing NRW is a complex process. While some programs have been successful, there are many pitfalls. Successful programs In the following cities high levels of non-revenue water have been substantially reduced: Dolphin Coast (iLembe), South Africa, 30% in 1999 to 16% in 2003 by the private utility Siza Water Company; Istanbul, Turkey, from more than 50% prior to 1994 to 34% in 2000 by the public utility ISKI; Jamshedpur, India, from an estimated 36% in 2005 to 10% in 2009 by the private utility Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company; East Manila, Philippines, from 63% in 1997 to 16% in 2009 by the private utility Manila Water; Ouagadougou and other cities in Burkina Faso, by the public utility Office National de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (ONEA) which achieved a level of 16% in 2008; Paranaguá, Brazil, from 58% in 2000 to 38% in 2006 by a private utility; Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from 72% in 1993 to 6% in 2008 by the public utility Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) (see Water supply in Phnom Penh for more details); Five municipalities in Rio de Janeiro State (Prolagos), Brazil, from 60% in 2000 to 36% in 2006 by a private utility; Rabat, Morocco, from 32% in 2002 to 19% in 2008 by the private utility REDAL; Cities in Senegal, from 32% in 1996 to 20% in 2006 by the private utility Senegalaise des Eaux; Tangiers, Morocco from 41% in 2002 to 21% in 2008 by the private utility Amendis. 8 districts in Johor State, Malaysia, from 38% in 2004 to 29% in 2011 by the private utility Ranhill Utilities Western part of Metro Manila, Philippines, NRW was reduced from 1,580 million liters per day in 2008 to 650 million liters per day in 2014 in cooperation with the private utility Miya. These successes were achieved by both public and private utilities, in every continent, in emerging countries as well as very poor countries, in large cities and smaller towns. All required a long-term commitment by utility management and the government – local or national – over a period of at least four years. Pitfalls of programs Many programs to reduce NRW have failed to achieve their objectives, sometimes from the onset and sometimes only