to transport and has a high combustion efficiency Cellulosic ethanol and Biomethanol – second generation biofuels that are a potential replacement for gasoline Charcoal – derived from tar, is used extensively in cooking, industry, and water purification, among others Black liquor – a byproduct from pulp production, can be gasified and used as a syngas Byproducts Cork – used to stop wine bottles and as the core in baseballs Tar – mainly used as a sealant for shingles and watercraft hulls Turpentine – derived from tar, historically used extensively to thin oil-based paints and a protective furniture wax Rubber – wide range of commercial and industrial uses, tires and tubes are the largest consumer uses Creosote – historically been used as a disinfectant, laxative, and to treat coughs Tall oil – a cheap alternative for use in soaps, lubricants, and drilling fluid Ecosystem services Carbon sequestration – a technique for long-term storage of carbon to combat global warming Water purification – riparian forests act as biofilters to capture and biologically degrade pollutants Outdoor recreation – provides the natural infrastructure needed for ecotourism Land rehabilitation – the restoration of degraded land to its former state, largely accomplished through phytoremediation History of forestry History of forestry, by period Ancient forestry Primitive forest management Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation under stress History of forestry in China Forestry in the Zhou Dynasty (Chow) (1045–256 BCE) Forestry in the Qin Dynasty (Chin) (221–206 BCE) Forestry in the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 A.D.) Forestry in the Three Kingdoms (220–280 A.D.) Forestry in the Jin Dynasty (266–420 A.D.) Forestry in the Southern and Northern Dynasties (Sung) (420–589 A.D.) Forestry in the Sui Dynasty (581–618 A.D.) Forestry in the Tang Dynasty (618–907 A.D.) Forestry in the Liao Dynasty (907–1125 A.D.) Forestry in the Song Dynasty (960–1279 A.D.) Forestry in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 A.D.) Forestry in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 A.D.) Forestry in the Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing) (1644–1911) Forestry in the Republic of China (1912–1949) Early modern forestry Pre-mechanical forestry Horse-drawn logging History of forestry in Europe History of forestry in Austria-Hungary History of forestry in France History of forestry in Germany History of forestry in Russia History of forestry in Sweden Naval forestry Naval stores industry Colonial forestry British timber trade History of American mahogany trade History of forestry in Burma History of forestry in India History of forestry on Java History of forestry in Mexico