to heretics who purposefully and knowingly deny God. The tinok shenishba in contemporary society Tinok shenishba (Hebrew: תינוק שנשבה, literally, "captured infant" [among gentiles]) is a Talmudical term for a Jew who sins inadvertently due to having been raised without an appreciation for the Judaism practiced by their distant (and perhaps not so distant) ancestors. As with most instances of Talmudic terminology, derived from a specific scenario but applied to wider metaphorical analogies, an individual does not literally have to have been "captured" as an infant to fall within the definition of a tinok shenishba. This approach is widely held across Orthodox Judaism: they are not accountable for their distance from complete Jewish observance. That it applies to the many unaffiliated and unobservant Jews in contemporary society is the basis for the various Orthodox Jewish outreach professionals and organizations; even non-professionals make efforts to draw them closer. Jews accused of heresy The present section lists individuals who have been declared heretical, independent of the particular criteria applied in the assessment. The list below is intended to be inclusive, and thus contains both individuals who have been fully excommunicated, as well as those whose works alone have been condemned as heretical. (The list is in chronological order.) Korach: considered a heretic by the Talmudic Sages Judaism's view of Jesus Elisha ben Abuyah: heretical Talmudic Sage Anan ben David: His works reject the Oral Torah. Maimonides: His works condemned and burned by Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier and Yonah Gerondi (who later publicly regretted his actions) Gersonides: His works condemned by Shem Tov ibn Shem Tov Abraham Abulafia: His works condemned by Rabbi Shlomo ibn Aderet. Sabbatai Zevi: The famous "false messiah" who converted to Islam Jacob Frank: A second wave "failed Messiah" who later converted to Christianity Baruch Spinoza: Excommunicated in the Netherlands for his pantheistic views Moshe Chaim Luzzatto: Excommunicated in Italy for teachings regarding the messianic era Jonathan Eybeschutz: Charged with the Sabbatean heresy by Jacob Emden for making kabbalistic amulets Shneur Zalman of Liadi: Charged with heresy by the Vilna Gaon Chassidism: For believing in the powers of the tzadik David Zvi Hoffmann: His work Mar Samuel judged to contain heresies by Samson Raphael Hirsch Mordecai Kaplan: Excommunicated by Union of Orthodox Rabbis following the publication of his Sabbath Prayer Book Louis Jacobs: Prevented from becoming British Chief Rabbi and removed from his pulpit due to his published