naturally lead to semantic explanations. People interpret his work to be a defence of Pāṇini, whose sūtras are elaborated meaningfully. He also attacks Kātyāyana rather severely. But the main contributions of Patañjali lies in the treatment of the principles of grammar enunciated by him. Other information Pāṇini's work has been one of the important sources of cultural, religious, and geographical information about ancient India, with he himself being referred to as a Hindu scholar of grammar and linguistics. His work, for example, illustrates the word Vasudeva (4.3.98) as a proper noun in an honorific sense, that can equally mean a divine or an ordinary person. This has been interpreted by scholars as attesting the significance of god Vasudeva (Krishna) or the opposite. The concept of dharma is attested in his sutra 4.4.41 as, dharmam carati or "he observes dharma (duty, righteousness)" (cf. Taittiriya Upanishad 1.11). Much social, geographical and historical information has been thus inferred from a close reading of Pāṇini's grammar. Editions Rama Nath Sharma, The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini (6 Vols.), 2001, Otto Böhtlingk, Panini's Grammatik 1887, reprint 1998 Katre, Sumitra M., Astadhyayi of Panini, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987. Reprint Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989. Misra, Vidya Niwas, The Descriptive Technique of Panini, Mouton and Co., 1966. Vasu, Srisa Chandra, The Ashṭádhyáyí of Páṇini. Translated into English, Indian Press, Allahabad, 1898. Notes Glossary Traditional glossary and notes Brahmic notes References Bibliography 4th-century BC manuscripts 4th century BC in India Systems of formal logic Grammar books Indo-European grammars Ancient Indian mathematical works Sanskrit texts