a famous patriotic speech, “The Paper Ladle,” advising Armenians to take the national awakening of Bulgaria (Liberation of Bulgaria) as a model for the hopes for self-determination. In Bulgarian historiography, the Liberation of Bulgaria refers to the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 that led to the re-establishment of the Bulgarian sovereign state with the Treaty of San Stefano. In 1880, the Armenians, especially encouraged by the prime minister Gladstone, broached the Armenian issue with the words, "To serve Armenia is to serve the Civilization". On 11 June 1880, the Great Powers sent to porte an "Identic Note" which asked for the enforcement of Article 61. This was followed on 2 January 1881 with a "British Circular on Armenia" sent to the other Powers. Armenian reform program The Armenian reform program of 11 May 1895 was a set of reforms proposed by European Powers. French diplomat Victor Bérard wrote: 1914 Armenian reforms The 1914 Armenian reforms were devised by the European powers in 1912–1914 that envisaged the creation of two provinces, to be placed under the supervision of two European inspectors general. They never achieved these reforms. Given the lack of visible progress in improving the plight of the Armenian community, a number of disillusioned Armenian intellectuals living in Europe and Russia in the 1880s and 1890s decided to form political parties and revolutionary societies to work to attain better conditions for their compatriots. Images of massacred Armenians See also Armenia without Armenians References Bibliography Armenia–Turkey relations Armenian genocide Armenian nationalism Christianity in the Ottoman Empire National questions Politics of the Ottoman Empire Euphemisms