to favor the growth of select trees in order to favor the development of wildlife habitat Pruning – removal of the lateral branches on the trees in order to improve wood quality Pollarding – annual removal of lateral branches or main stem in order to encourage growth of branches to provide for firewood, or fruit production Harvest rotations Even-aged timber management Clearcutting – harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and size Coppicing – cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stump Seed-tree – cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cut Uneven-aged timber management Selection – harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning) Shelterwood – removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged stand Variable retention – removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversity Other Salvage logging – harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lost Sanitation harvest – removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affected Biomass harvest – harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestry Underwater logging – harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial dams or reservoirs Environmental issues pertaining to forests Afforestation – the process of establishing a forest on previously unforested land, for reasons of timber harvesting, conservation of biodiversity, or soil decontamination, among many Biodiversity conservation – examines forests broader role in supporting a variety of (socio)ecological systems Carbon sequestration – focus on forests' broader ecological functioning in consumption of carbon dioxide Conservation – focus on sustainability of forest resources and preservation of forest-based biodiversity Deforestation – the removal of trees in a forested area without sufficient regeneration, resulting in desertification in arid areas and loss of habitat and biodiversity Deforestation by region Ecological restoration – the role of trees in restoring degraded natural and built environments Flood control – addresses forests ecological role in natural regulation of rainfall Forest dieback – where trees on the periphery of a stand are killed by