not closely related; he placed D. bipinnatifida in D. sect. Aphragma, and D. preissii in D. sect. Eudryandra ser. Niveae. According to George When Alex George published his revision of Dryandra in 1996, he recognised that D. bipinatifida possessed a number of very distinctive characters, especially in its fruiting structure. These include unusually large follicles and seeds; seeds that are set within the seed wings rather than along the base or one side; and unusual double wings that are attached to each side of the seed. In addition, the species has extremely long involucral bracts, and floral bracts that enlarge more than any other species. Recognising the need for this species to be placed in its own subgenus, George resurrected Diplophragma, promoting it to subgenus rank as D. subg. Diplophragma. The placement and circumscription of D. subg. Diplophragma in George's arrangement, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows: Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) D. ser. Dryandra (24 series, 91 species, 39 subspecies, 23 varieties) D. ser. Hemiclidia (2 species) D. subg. Diplophragma D. bipinnatifida (now Banksia bipinnatifida) Recent developments Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra; that is, it seems that Dryandra arose from within the ranks of Banksia. Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by sinking Dryandra into it as B. ser. Dryandra. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra; thus D. subg. Diplophragma is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete. References External links subg. Diplophragma Historically recognized angiosperm taxa Plant subgenera Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)