that the preceding phoneme does not represent a list, but a single phoneme, encompassing all supra-segmental features such as accent and nasality. For further example, āT and aT represent ā and a respectively. When a sutra defines the technical term, the term defined comes at the end, so the first sutra should have properly been ādaiJ vṛddhir instead of vṛddhir ādaiC. However the orders are reversed to have a good-luck word at the very beginning of the work; vṛddhir happens to mean 'prosperity' in its non-technical use. Thus the two sūtras consist of a list of phonemes, followed by a technical term; the final interpretation of the two sūtras above is thus: 1.1.1: {ā, ai, au} are called . 1.1.2: {a, e, o} are called guṇa. At this point, one can see they are definitions of terminology: guṇa and vṛ́ddhi are the terms for the full and the lengthened Indo-European ablaut grades, respectively. List of IT markers Markers called it or anubandha are defined in P. 1.3.2 through P. 1.3.8. These definitions refer only to items taught in the grammar or its ancillary texts such at the ; this fact is made clear in P. 1.3.2 by the word upadeśe, which is then continued in the following six rules by , Ellipsis. As these anubandhas are metalinguistic markers and not pronounced in the final derived form, pada (word), they are elided by P. 1.3.9 – 'There is elision of that (i.e. any of the preceding items which have been defined as an it).' Accordingly, Pāṇini defines the anubandhas as follows: Nasalized vowels, e.g. bhañjO. Cf. P. 1.3.2. A final consonant (haL). Cf. P. 1.3.3.2. (a) except a dental, m and s in verbal or nominal endings. Cf. P. 1.3.4. Initial ñi ṭu ḍu. Cf. P 1.3.5 Initial ṣ of a suffix (pratyaya). Cf. P. 1.3.6. Initial palatals and cerebrals of a suffix. Cf. P. 1.3.7 Initial l, ś, and velars but not in a taddhita 'secondary' suffix. Cf. P. 1.3.8. A few examples of elements that contain its are as follows: suP nominal suffix Ś-IT Śi strong case endings Ślu elision ŚaP active marker P-IT luP elision āP ā-stems CāP ṬāP ḌāP LyaP (7.1.37) L-IT K-IT Ktvā luK elision saN Desiderative C-IT M-IT Ṅ-IT Ṅí Causative Ṅii ī-stems ṄīP ṄīN Ṅī'Ṣ tiṄ verbal suffix lUṄ Aorist lIṄ Precative S-IT GHU class of verbal stems (1.1.20) GHI (1.4.7) Auxiliary texts Pāṇini's