the flag and sent it to Circassia. David Urquhart self-proclaimed to be the designer of the flag, but there is no discovered evidence for his claims. The Circassian flag was mentioned and described by the traveler Edmund Spencer in 1830, Urquhart arrived in Circassia much later. Adoption and usage of the flag The first copy of the flag was hand-delivered by the British delegate James Stanislaus Bell to Nour Muhammad Haghur in the Gesh Valley (in present-day Sochi). A council was held in the Psefabe Valley where representatives of the Circassian tribes met, in which the flag was presented and accepted. The flag was then flown by Khirtsizhiqo Ale to cheers from Circassian commanders and a multitude of people. The Circassian people used this design ever since it was first adopted, including in the Russo-Circassian War. The flag is seen as one of the symbols of the Circassian nation by Circassians worldwide as well as one of the symbols of Circassian nationalism. This flag was also used by Circassians in the Circassian diaspora serving in several positions.While the flag always survived among the Circassian diaspora, it lost its popularity in the Caucasus as a result of censorship during the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, until it was repopularized by Ibrahim Nawurjan in 1989. Nawurjan, a history student at the Kabardino-Balkarian State University, discovered Edmund Spencer's book in the archives and resurrected the flag by painting it according to the description in the book. The flag was then adopted as a symbol of the Nalchik Circassian association. Nawurjan, a fervent Spartak Nalchik fan, helped popularize it among Spartak Nalchik supporters, and it later became popular among Circassians in the Caucasus again. On August 25, Nawurjan was killed on the Mamdzishha hill during the Abkhazian War, in which he voluntarily participated. A historical surviving copy of the flag was later discovered, and compared to Nawurjan's design as well as designs in the diaspora, with all designs being identical in essence. The Republic of Adygea adopted the present-day flag in a law of March 24, 1992. The proportions are 2:1. Historical Circassian flags Evolution of the current flag Other flags used by Circassians Color scheme See also Flags of cities, villages and districts of Adygea References External links Adygea Adygea Adygea Adygea 1992 establishments in Russia Adygea National flags Flags introduced in 1860