alternative to the past na hat-GN is nahot-GN. {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Aff |ch-PN |hɔ-PN |ha-t-GN |hɔ-t |ha-(ī)ś-PN | |- ! Neg |nathī |na hɔ-PN |na ha-t-GN |na hɔ-t |ha-(ī)ś-PN nahi |na, nahi |} Gujarati retains an aspectually unmarked form (*-PN) in the function of the Present Imperfective, although a marked form () replaces it in the negative. Gujarati does not distinguish between habitual and continuous. When GN = ī then y is omitted. hālyo, but hālī. Some roots show vowel alternation: ā/a : jā/ja "go", thā/tha "become, occur". e/ɛ/a/ø : le/lɛ/la/l "take", de/dɛ/da/d "give". o/u : jo/ju "see, look, watch", dho/dhu "wash". ɔ/a/ø : hɔ/ha/h "be". In northern and central Gujarat, roots in -ā regularly have -a- before -īś- of future forms. Certain verb forms show suppletion in their perfective roots: ga- (jā "go"), kī- (kar "do" [in some dialects]), dī- (jo "see, look, watch" [in some dialects]). Instead of the general affix -y- in their perfectives a few vowel-terminating roots take dh and s-terminating roots ṭh. dh : khā-dh- (khā "eat"), dī-dh- (de "give"), pī-dh- (pī "drink"), lī-dh- (le "take"), bī-dh- (bī "fear"), kī-dh- (kahe "say" [in addition to kah-y-]), kī-dh- (kar "do" [in addition to kar-y-]). ṭh : nā-ṭh- (nās "flee"), pɛ-ṭh- (pɛs "enter"), bɛ-ṭh- (bɛs "sit"), dī-ṭh- (jo "see, look, watch" [in addition to jo-y-]). t : sū-t- (sū "sleep"). The ha in the past auxiliary ha-t-GN is omitted in speech after aspectual forms and negative na. Flexible order: hālto nathī ←→ nathī hālto. The future imperative is politer than the imperative, and using the future tense (questioningly: "will you...?") is politer still. Causatives Gujarati causatives are morphologically contrastive. Verbs can be causativized up to two times, to a double causative. Single Causatives are made by two main schemes involving alteration of the root. Lengthening of final vowel; shortening of a preceding vowel (if ū is the only vowel, then → o). Final ṭ → ḍ. or Suffix v if ending in vowel or h. Shortening of vowel(s). Suffix: āv, āḍ, v, vḍāv, or eḍ. Sometimes nasalisation (anusvāra). If the causativization is of a transitive, then the secondary agent, whom the subject "causes to" or "gets to" do whatever, is marked by the postposition nī pāse. Double Furthermore, that causative can be causativized again, for a double causative ("to cause to cause... "), with a possible tertiary agent. ḍāv suffixed to 1st causative suffix of āv. āv