apart from affixes separated by "or" in the list above, these affixes can co-exist—for example, stative verbs often take t-, aa-, and -a: xelkay "to be smooth" → texelaakaya "to make smooth". Furthermore, some affixes only appear in certain phonological conditions—-ch only appears when the stem ends in a stressed /a/, /aa/, or /i/: mi "to cry" → taamiicha "to make cry". The causative, like other derivational processes, can also cause changes within the stem itself: in 17 cases, lexical affixes are lost, while an intrusive /k/ appears in 5 cases, along with other miscellaneous phenomena. There are two types of plural verbs in Tiipai: plural subject forms, denoting multiple subjects, and distributive action forms, denoting multiple objects. Plural subject forms are formed as follows: a- Lexical prefix(es) ch- n- or t- Lexical prefix(es) uu- Root (potentially with a change in vowel length) Lexical suffix, -ch, or -p -a In this derivational process, vowel length change within the root is actually the most productive process, occurring in 72% of stems: llyewak "to punch" → llyewaaka. A few further notes: the position of ch- is not always predictable, n- frequently occurs with verbs of motion, and -ch and -p occur only with stems ending in a vowel. Like the causative, loss of lexical affixes and an intrusive /k/ may also occur. Distributive action verbs are formed similarly, except the only processes that may occur include prefixation of ch-, suffixation of -ch, and root vowel length change. For distributive action formation, ch- has an allomorph t-, realized following sibilants: s'aw "to give birth" → ste'aaw "to give birth on several occasions". Other derivational processes that occur on the verb include: nominalization on both the subject (referring to a person who habitually or professionally performs the action) and the oblique (referring to a patient, instrument, or location associated with the action) formation of frequency words formation of relative stems, or special stems for some verbs when appearing in relative clauses formation of irrealis stems for some verbs formation of stative stems for some verbs Inflectional morphology Although a few verbs inflect analytically via an auxiliary, most verbs in Tiipai inflect for person using the following prefixes: 1st person: '- before stems beginning with a stressed vowel, ∅ elsewhere 2nd person: m- Imperative: k- 3rd person: u-, uu-, or w- before root initial stems, ∅ elsewhere Special prefixes are used in some combinations when