this behavior is not fully regular, it is not described as a rule below. Clusters of glottal stops are reduced: /s-a'-'uull/ → sa'uull "sink, dishpan". High vowels become glides before /a/ and /aa/: /uu-a'-niw/ → wa'niw "gaming place", /ii-a'-ma-ch/ → ya'mach "powwow". Vowels become shortened when preceding a glottal stop or when pre-stress and not adjacent to the root: /ny-aa-'-aam/ → nya'aam "s/he made me go away", /aa-ch-uu-much/ → achuumuch "to kill (pl)". /sh/ assimilates to /s/ preceding a dental stop: /sh-t-uu-maay/ → stuumaay "to seek (pl)". /e/ is inserted in a pre-stress position between a non-syllabic segment and a consonant: /m-sh-yaay/ → mesheyaay "to be afraid". /e/ is deleted in clusters consisting of a sibilant followed by a stop other than /kw/ or /'/ or clusters beginning with the glottal stop: /sh-puk/ → shpuk "to lay head on pillow", /ch-a'-saw/ → cha'saw "food". Morphology Tiipai employs mostly prefixes, though some suffixes are used frequently. Affixes are almost always a single syllable, and many consist of only a single phoneme. Verbs Verbs bear the majority of morphology in Tiipai, divided between lexical affixes and affixes representing derivational and inflection processes. Lexical affixes Most basic verb stems in Tiipai are made up of the root and one or more lexical affixes. These lexical affixes are not productive, and in many cases their meaning is not clear. However, they are meaningful in the sense that a common semantic notion can be found in a percentage of the verbs that bear the affix, and in many cases the underlying roots never appear without these lexical affixes. However, there are two lexical suffixes that express direction whose meanings are transparent: -m "away" and -k "towards". Additionally, lexical reduplication occurs in Tiipai to form verb stems. In 17 cases, full reduplication occurs, with the stress falling on the second syllable: chilchil "to be too tight (clothing)". In 5 cases, full reduplication occurs except the vowel of the first syllable is reduced to /e/: kellykully "to peek in". Derivational morphology For all derivational processes in Tiipai, there are several morphemes that, unless indicated otherwise, can each independently and optionally express their corresponding morphological function. For example, the causative is formed using any amount of the following affixes, ordered by linear order within the verb: t-, ch-, or sh- Lexical prefix(es) aa- or uu- Root (potentially with a change in vowel length) -ch -a As mentioned above,