works. There is, however, a short entry for ‘atheism’ in the Jewish Encyclopedia, its inclusion being best explained by the idiosyncratic philosophical and interfaith interests of the authors, the Reform rabbis Emil G. Hirsch and Kaufmann Kohler. Emil G. Hirsch and Kaufmann Kohler, “Atheism,” in Jewish Encyclopedia, ed. Isadore Singer (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1901-1906). And see also Alvin J. Reines, “Skeptics and Skepticism,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica (Second Edition), ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007). A more recent collection of studies is Daniel Langton, ed, Atheism, Scepticism and Challenges to Monotheism (Gorgias Press, 2015). Skepticism on the God of Judaism Skepticism on the existence of the God of religion relates either to doubts that any supernatural entity such as God exists, or that the God of the Jews exists as described by the Jewish tradition (not, however, ruling out completely the existence of supernatural entities). Chivi ha-Balki Sherwin Wine Benedict Spinoza Elisha ben Avuya Skepticism on the authenticity of the Torah Skeptics on the authenticity of the Torah are individuals who hold a position rejecting the divine authorship of some or all of the Torah. Spinoza Korach, considered a skeptic by the Talmudic Sages Notes See also :Category:Jewish skeptics Jewish heretics Judaism-related controversies