and polymers (thermoplastics). It is used to join aluminum sheets and polymer sheets. Inductive heating offers a fast heating solution that concentrates the heat flux in a reduced area. This method can be applied to metallic materials, such as magnesium alloys. Flame heating. Prolonged heating can increase the grain size or cause metallurgical changes in alloys, which can alter the mechanical behavior of the material at the joint site. Materials Clinching has been widely employed for joining ductile metals, including the following: Low-carbon steel Aluminium Copper alloys It has recently extended to other metals, such as: Magnesium and its alloys Aluminium with reduced ductility (AA6082-T6) High-strength low-alloy steel Ttitanium alloys It has also extended to non-metallic materials, such as: Polymers Fibre-reinforced plastic composites Wood-metal composites Cardboard References Joining