Leakage Index (ILI) has been developed. The ILI is defined as the ratio of Current Annual Real Losses (CARL) to Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL). Overview of NRW levels Expressed as a share of produced water The following percentages indicate the share of NRW in total water produced: Singapore 5% (UFW) Batam Island - Indonesia 15% (2019) - (ATB Batam) Denmark 6% Netherlands 6% Germany 7% (2005) Japan 7% (2007) Eastern Manila, Philippines 11% (2011), down from 63% in 1997 Tunisia 18% (2004) England and Wales 19% (2005) MWA, Bangkok 25% (2012) France 26% (2005) Dhaka, Bangladesh 29% (2010) Italy 29% (2005) Chile 34% (2006) Eastern Jakarta, Indonesia 42% (2016), down from 59% in 1998 Amman, Jordan 34% (2010) Mexico 51% (2003) Western Jakarta, Indonesia 39% (2011), down from 57% in 1998 Kosovo 58% Bauchi state, Nigeria 70% Yerevan, Armenia 72% (1999) Lagos, Nigeria 96% (pre-2003) Expressed in cubic meters per network length The following figures are expressed in cubic meters per kilometer of distribution network per day: Netherlands 1.5 Denmark 1.6 Germany (towns) 0.7–2.4 Germany (large cities) 2.4–5 Australia 4.4 Malmö, Sweden 5 California Water Service Company 6 Portugal 7 England and Wales 10 Helsinki 18 Penn American Water 19 Russia 20 (2006) Stockholm 21 Scotland 21.3 Illinois American Water 26 Ireland 29 Brazil 42 (2006) China 52 (2006) Bucharest 350 in 2000 and 176 in 2007 These levels are given per km of network, not per connection. Benefits of NRW reduction The World Bank has estimated the total cost of NRW to utilities worldwide at US$14 billion per year. Reducing by half the current levels of losses in developing countries, where relative losses are highest, could generate an estimated US$2.9 billion in cash and serve an additional 90 million people. Benefits of NRW reduction, in particular of leakage reduction, include financial gains from increased water sales or reduced water production, including possibly the delay of costly capacity expansion; increased knowledge about the distribution system; increased firefighting capability due to increased pressure; reduced property damage; reduced risk of contamination. More stabilized water pressure throughout the system Leakage reduction may also be an opportunity to improve relations with the public and employees. A leak detection program may be highly visible, encouraging people to think about water conservation. The reduction of commercial losses, while politically and socially challenging, can also improve relations with the public, since some consumers may disgruntled to