a source of Joseph Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics. Although his writings could be critical of the School, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and entrepreneurship can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the Historical School, especially the work of von Schmoller and Sombart. Wilhelm Roscher Gustav von Schmoller Werner Sombart Max Weber Joseph Schumpeter Karl Polanyi English historical school Although not nearly as famous as its German counterpart, there was also an English Historical School, whose figures included William Whewell, Richard Jones, Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie, Walter Bagehot, Thorold Rogers, Arnold Toynbee, William Cunningham, and William Ashley. It was this school that heavily critiqued the deductive approach of the classical economists, especially the writings of David Ricardo. This school revered the inductive process and called for the merging of historical fact with those of the present period. Edmund Burke Richard Jones Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie Walter Bagehot Thorold Rogers William J. Ashley William Cunningham French historical school Clément Juglar Charles Gide Albert Aftalion Émile Levasseur François Simiand Utopian economics William Godwin Charles Fourier Robert Owen Saint-Simon Josiah Warren Georgist economics Georgism or geoism is an economic philosophy proposing that both individual and national economic outcomes would be improved by the utilization of economic rent resulting from control over land and natural resources through levies such as a land value tax. Harry Gunnison Brown Raymond Crotty Ottmar Edenhofer Fred Foldvary Mason Gaffney Henry George Max Hirsch (economist) Wolf Ladejinsky Philippe Legrain Donald Shoup Nicolaus Tideman Ricardian socialism Ricardian socialism is a branch of early 19th century classical economic thought based on the theory that labor is the source of all wealth and exchange value, and rent, profit and interest represent distortions to a free market. The pre-Marxian theories of capitalist exploitation they developed are widely regarded as having been heavily influenced by the works of David Ricardo, and favoured collective ownership of the means of production. John Francis Bray John Gray Charles Hall Thomas Hodgskin William Thompson Marxian economics Marxian economics descended from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. This school focuses on the labor theory of value and what Marx considered to be the exploitation of labour by capital. Thus, in Marxian economics, the labour theory of value is a method for measuring the exploitation of labour in a capitalist society rather than simply a theory of price. David Harvey Eduard Bernstein