having large oil storage facilities, and FedEx has a distribution center. Large railroad marshalling yards are also present in the city, with the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad's headquarters in the city. The State Line Generating Plant operated on the Indiana-Illinois state line from 1929 to 2012, and was demolished in 2014. The Empress Casino opened in Hammond in June 1996 and was replaced with the Horseshoe Hammond casino in 2001. In February 2006, the decision was made to demolish Woodmar Mall except for the Carson's store. The Hammond Redevelopment Commission announced plans in June 2016 for a $12 million sports complex to be built on the site of the former mall. The Carson's store closed in 2018, and was demolished in 2019, as part of its parent company's liquidation. Geography The city sits within the boundaries of the former Lake Chicago, and much of its land area consists of former dune and swale terrain that was subsequently leveled. Most of the city is on sandy soil with a layer of black topsoil that varies from non-existent to several feet (a meter or more) thick. Much of the exposed sand was removed for purposes such as industrial use to make concrete and glass. According to the 2010 census, Hammond has a total area of , of which (or 91.54%) is land and (or 8.46%) is water. Neighborhoods Lakefront Marina District Five Points Robertsdale Water Gardens North Hammond Pulaski Park Downtown Hammond Central Hammond South Hammond Woodmar Schleicher Hessville Lakes and rivers Grand Calumet River (partial) Lake George Lake Michigan (partial) Little Calumet River (partial) Oxbow Lake Wolf Lake (partial) Adjacent cities, towns and villages Illinois Burnham Calumet City Chicago Lansing Indiana East Chicago Gary Griffith Highland Munster Whiting Demographics 2020 census Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. 2010 census As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 80,830 people, 29,949 households, and 19,222 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 32,945 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 59.4% White, 22.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 13.3% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 34.1% of the population. There were