PACER (acronym for Public Access to Court Electronic Records) is an electronic public access service for United States federal court documents. It allows users to obtain case and docket information from the United States district courts, United States courts of appeals, and United States bankruptcy courts. The system is managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts in accordance with the policies of the Judicial Conference, headed by the Chief Justice of the United States. , it holds more than 500 million documents. Each court maintains its own system, with a small subset of information from each case transferred to the U.S. Party/Case Index server, located in San Antonio, Texas at the PACER Service Center, each night. Records are submitted to the individual courts using the Federal Judiciary's Case Management/Electronic Case Files (CM/ECF) system, and usually accepts the filing of documents in the Portable Document Format (PDF) through the courts' electronic court filing (e-filing) system. Each court maintains its own databases with case information. Because PACER database systems are maintained within each court, each jurisdiction will have a different URL. PACER has been criticized for being technically out of date and hard to use, and for demanding fees for records that are in the public domain. , legal challenges regarding the fees were successful. Legislative action to eliminate them are in progress.<ref name="2019_CN_reporting_on_electronic_court_recorts_reform_act"> , Courthouse News, February 13, 2019</ref> In reaction, nonprofit projects have begun to make such documents available online for free. One such project, RECAP, was contributed to by activist Aaron Swartz; his downloading activities were investigated by the federal government. Although no crime was committed and no charges filed, the government closed its program of providing free public access to PACER. Available information The PACER System offers electronic access to case dockets to retrieve information such as: A listing of all parties and participants including judges, attorneys, and trustees A compilation of case related information such as cause of action, case number, nature of suit, and dollar demand A chronology of dates of case events entered in the case record A claims registry A listing of new cases each day Appellate court opinions Judgments or case status Types of documents filed for certain cases Many courts offer imaged copies of documents Acceptable use of information The information gathered from the PACER system is a matter of public record and may be reproduced without permission. History