intense cold there makes the skin turn blue like the colour of an utpala waterlily. Padma (), the "lotus" Naraka, has blizzards that crack open frozen skin, leaving one raw and bloody. Mahāpadma () is the "great lotus" Naraka. The entire body cracks into pieces and the internal organs are exposed to the cold, also cracking. Hot Narakas There is a eight great hot hells located on one Cakkavāla in Buddhist sutras. Sañjīva (), the "reviving" Naraka, has ground made of hot iron heated by an immense fire. Beings in this Naraka appear fully grown, already in a state of fear and misery. As soon as the being begins to fear being harmed by others, their fellows appear and attack each other with iron claws and hell guards appear and attack the being with fiery weapons. As soon as the being experiences an unconsciousness like death, they are suddenly restored to full health and the attacks begin again. Other tortures experienced in this Naraka include: having molten metal dropped upon them, being sliced into pieces, and suffering from the heat of the iron ground. It is said to be 1,000 yojanas beneath Jambudvīpa and 10,000 yojanas in each direction (a yojana being 7 miles, or 11 kilometres). Kālasūtra (), the "black thread" Naraka, includes the torments of Sañjīva. In addition, black lines are drawn upon the body, which hell guards use as guides to cut the beings with fiery saws and sharp axes. Saṃghāta (), the "crushing" Naraka, is surrounded by huge masses of rock that smash together and crush the beings to a bloody jelly. When the rocks move apart again, life is restored to the being and the process starts again. Raurava (), the "screaming" Naraka, is where beings run wildly about, looking for refuge from the burning ground. When they find an apparent shelter, they are locked inside it as it blazes around them, while they scream inside. Mahāraurava (), the "great screaming" Naraka, is similar to Raurava. Punishment here is for people who maintain their own body by hurting others. In this hell, ruru animals known as kravyāda torment them and eat their flesh. Tapana () is the "heating" Naraka, where hell guards impale beings on a fiery spear until flames issue from their noses and mouths. Pratāpana (), the "great heating" Naraka. The tortures here are similar to the Tapana Naraka, but the beings are