who took part in Spain in the wars against the (Muslim) Saracens; Gerard de Mallemort (1227–60), a generous founder of monasteries, who acted as mediator between Louis IX of France and Henry III, and defended Gascony against Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester. During the episcopate of Gerard de Mallemort the old Romanesque church of Saint-André was transformed into a Gothic cathedral. Pope Clement V (1305–14) was unfavourable to the claims of Bourges. He was born in Villandraut near Bazas, where he had built a beautiful collegiate church, was Archbishop of Bordeaux (and political adviser to King Philip the Fair) from 1300-05. When he became pope, in spite of sympathies to France proper, his heart was set upon the formal emancipation of Bordeaux from Bourges. By the late fourteenth century, archbishops such as Francesco Uguccione, were supporters of the English. Pierre Berland (1430–57), Archbishop of Bordeaux, was noted for his intelligence and holiness. He founded the University of Bordeaux and the College of Saint Raphael for poor students. After helping the English to defend Bordeaux against the troops of Charles VII of France, he later received John of Orléans, Count of Dunois, into his episcopal city and surrendered it to France. It was during his episcopate that the beautiful campanile known as the Pey Berland Tower was added to the cathedral. The rich and powerful canons of the Churches of Saint-André and Saint-Seurin engaged in frequent and animated conflicts. The artistic investment of the canons of these churches in the thirteenth century is attested by the Gothic portal of Saint-Seurin which is still extant. At the end of the fourteenth century, Vital de Carle established the Hospital of Saint-André, which he placed under the protection of the municipality. It was through the exertions of the Cathedral Chapter of Saint-André that the first city library of Bordeaux was founded around 1402. During the Middle Ages Bordeaux added Carmelite, Franciscan, and Dominican convents, founded respectively in 1217, 1227, and 1230. When, after the Hundred Years' War, Bordeaux came under French control (1453), Louis XI flattered its citizens by joining the confraternity of Notre-Dame de Montuzet, a religious association formed of all the mariners of the Gironde by heaping favours on the church of Saint-Michel, the tower of which, built in the period between 1473 and 1492, was higher than the Pey Berland, and by furthering the canonization of its former archbishop,