technologies, including increased international and domestic public-private sector collaboration in the areas of research, development, demonstration and deployment – for example though the launch of the Energy Technologies Institute and the Environmental Transformation Fund. To achieve the government's aims, the white paper proposes a number of practical measures, including: Energy conservation Businesses: A new mandatory cap and trade scheme for organisations consuming more than 6,000 MWh of electricity per year, to be known as the Carbon Reduction Commitment. The introduction of Energy Performance Certificates for business premises and Display Energy Certificates for public sector organisations. The extension of smart metering to most business premises within 5 years. Homes: A requirement for all new homes to be zero-carbon buildings as soon as practically possible and preferably by 2016. Improving the energy efficiency of existing homes. Improving the efficiency of consumer electronics and domestic appliances, and the possible phase-out of inefficient light bulbs by around 2011. Increasing the Carbon Emission Reduction Target for the electricity and gas industries for 2008–2011. A requirement that new domestic electricity meters should have real time displays from 2008, and a commitment to upgrade existing domestic meters on request. Transport: The introduction of a Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy Support for including aviation within the EU Emissions Trading Scheme Energy supply The introduction of a Biomass Strategy to expand the use of biomass as an energy source. Measures to grow distributed electricity generation and distributed heat generation alongside the centralised system. A reconfirmation that, under the Renewables Obligation, renewable energy should supply 10% of electricity generation by 2010, an 'aspiration' to achieve 20% by 2020, together with the introduction of bands within the Obligation to support different renewable technologies. The launch in November 2007 of a competition to demonstrate commercial-scale carbon capture and storage technology A 'preliminary view is that it is in the public interest to give the private sector the option of investing in new nuclear power stations'. A consultation on this was launched at the same time as the White Paper. The introduction of the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation in 2008–2009, with a commitment that biofuels should provide 5% of transport fuel by 2010–2011. Measures to support the recovery of the remaining oil and gas reserves from the North Sea. Removing barriers to developing new energy infrastructure and power plants through reform of planning permission processes, as detailed in the 2007 Planning White Paper: