are the bow-wielding Dānaveghasa Asuras, and the terrible-faced Kālakañjakas. In Pali texts, names that are found include Vepacitti, Rāhu (believed to be synonymous with Verocana), Pahārāda, Sambara, Bali, Sucitti, and Namucī. According to Buddhaghosa, the three primary leaders were Vepacitti, Rāhu and Pahārāda. Mahayana literature tends to recognize four primary leaders, whose biographies are explained in detail in both the Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra and the Daśabhūmika Sūtra. According to this tradition, these asuras live 84,000 yojanas beneath the ocean floor on the northern side of Mount Sumeru, which are divided into four layers. Rāhu Abode: His body is large like Mount Sumeru and he resides in the "Bright Light Castle" (Chinese: 光明城; pinyin: Guāngmíng-chéng; Romaji: Kōmyō-jō) that is 8,000 yojanas in height and width, and 21,000 yojanas beneath the first layer of ocean floor. Karma: In a past life, he was a brahmin who managed to save a stupa from being burned down and vowed that in a future life he would procure a higher status. However, he practiced killing and because he did not cultivate all wholesome karmas, his body was destroyed and he fell into the asura realm. Lifespan: 500 human years is equal to a day and night in Rāhu's realm, which lasts for 5,000 years. Bali or Baḍi Bio: His name is Sanskrit for "powerful", which refers to his defeat and binding by Śakra. He is brother of Rāhu and his children are all named "Veroca." Abode: "Double Leisure Castle" (Chinese: 雙遊城; pinyin: Shuāngyóu-chéng; Romaji: Sōyu-jō) 8,000 yojanas in height and width, located in a land called "Moon Garland" (Chinese: 月鬘; pinyin: Yuèmán; Romaji: Getsuman) 21000 yojanas beneath the second layer of the ocean floor. Karma: In a past life, he stole others' property. He held wrong views and gave to those following the path of greed, satisfying them with food and drink. As a result of this, he fell into the asura realm. Lifespan: 600 human years is equal to a day and night in Bali's realm, which lasts for 6,000 years Kharakaṇṭha or Kharaskandha Abode: "Gāmbhīra Castle" (Chinese: 鋡毘羅城; pinyin: Hánpíluó-chéng; Romaji: Kanbira-jō), 8,000 yojanas in height and width, located in a land called "Sunava" (Chinese: 修那婆; pinyin: Xiūnàpó; Romaji: Shunaba) 21000 yojanas beneath the third layer of the ocean floor. Karma: In a past life, he gave food to those who broke the precepts. On festival days he often misconducted himself in such sports