previously banned, they were both powerful forces within society as they were linked to Carnival, which was also seen at the time as "a relic of barbarism and the annual abomination and so on". Having calypso identified with bacchanal meant that calypso was linked and limited to the bacchanal season of Carnival: "Once upon a time the entire Carnival was an expression of rebellion. Once there were stickfighters who assembled each year to keep alive in battles between themselves the practice of warriorhood born in them; and there were devils, black men who blackened themselves further with black grease to make of their very blackness a menace, a threat." Lovelace hopes that his work will help create an environment that will break the residual impasse of the colonial hangover. Drawing back from his idea of "two spaces", the ethnic space and the creole space, he argues that Africans have poured a lot of themselves into that creole space because they were denied a legitimate ethnic space, which thus provides them with the opportunity and responsibility of seeing that this space is made into a real meeting place for all. References Lovelace, Earl: The Dragon Can't Dance (London: André Deutsch, 1979; Longmans, 1981, 1984, 1986; Faber & Faber, 1998; New York: Persea, 1998, 2003; translated into German, 1984; French, 1984; and Dutch, 1984.) Further reading Brereton, Bridget: A History of Modern Trinidad 1783–1962 (Heinemann, 1981). Brereton, Bridget: Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad 1870–1900 (Cambridge University Press, 1979). Anthony, Michael: Profile Trinidad: A Historical Survey from the Discovery to 1900 (Macmillan Caribbean, 1975). Johnson, Nadia, I., "The Calypsonian Returns: Rethinking Social Transformation in Earl Lovelace's The Dragon Can't Dance". Anthurium, A Caribbean Studies Journal, Volume 5, Issue 1, Spring 2007. Logan, Mawuena, "Postcoloniality and Resistance in Earl Lovelace's The Wine of Astonishment and The Dragon Can't Dance", Revista Brasileira do Caribe. 1979 novels African diaspora literature André Deutsch books Novels by Earl Lovelace Novels set in Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago novels