a horse, however), Rabbi Chanina brings the king the princess and vials of water of paradise and water of hell. Rabbi Chanina is killed by envious courtiers, but the princess resurrects him with the water of paradise. The princess then dowses the impious king with the water of hell and he burns to ashes, freeing the way for the princess to marry Rabbi Chanina. Cosquin also indicated another Indian parallel to the story. In the Indian work Singhasan Battisi ("Thirty-Two Tales of the Throne"), a princess sets a challenge for any suitor: they must jump into a vat of boiling oil before they have a chance to court her. Of course, this has taken the lives of countless suitors. When King Vikramaditya learns of this, he decides to jump into the vat. He does and is scorched to death. However, the princess herself dowses Vikramaditya's body with amrita (a water of immortality) and restores the king to full health. Predecessors A predecessor to the tale penned by Madame d'Aulnoy is Livoretto, an Italian literary fairy tale by Giovanni Straparola, in his The Facetious Nights. Distribution Europe Despite its origins as a literary tale penned by Madame d'Aulnoy, the story shares many recognizable themes and motifs with many tales collected from oral tradition and folklore, such as those by the Brothers Grimm. For example, Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful. In French sources, d'Aulnoy's tale has been reported to have influenced at least 5 of the 51 versions collected. The character of the foreign princess of an exotic, sometimes fictional, country appears in French variant La princesse de Tronkolaine ("The Princess of Tronkolaine"). The episode where the king tries to get rid of his rival by bathing in a vat of a special mixture or using the ointment/holy water the hero collected also happens in Romanian fairy tale The Girl Who Pretended to be a Boy, published in 1901 in Andrew Lang's The Violet Fairy Book. A similar event happens in Russian fairy tale The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa and in French/Breton fairy tale King Fortunatus's Golden Wig (Barvouskenn ar roue Fortunatus). The character of the lovely maiden with golden hair also appears in Slavic fairy tales, with the name Dieva Zlato Vláska or simply Zlatovláska, meaning Goldenhair. As such, the fairy tale was adapted into the Czech film Zlatovláska (Goldilocks, Czechoslovakia, 1973). A variant in Spanish has been collected