governs such transactions in most states. However, later, some of the first laws on chattel mortgages in the Anglo-American world were passed. These early laws differed from other early laws in that filings and witnesses were required to enforce the security interest to prevent the debtor from fraudulently using the pledged collateral as a security interest in another loan. The issue had been handled differently in Roman law, by allowing the lender to sue a fraudulent debtor, and in Napoleonic law, by banning the transactions. See also Hire purchase Leasing Closed-end leasing Installment plan References Mortgage Financial economics Contract law Business terms Business law Mortgage industry of Australia Management cybernetics