that the tower was between Ludgate and the river, inside the line of the city walls. Baynard's Castle lay to the south, adjacent to St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. A 1980s study of the topography of medieval London suggested a location bounded by Ludgate Hill and Carter Lane to the north and south, and St Paul's deanery and the city wall to the east and west respectively. Redevelopment gave the Department of Urban Archaeology of the Museum of London the opportunity to excavate the area, between 1986 and 1990. They found two ditches running east–west on the north side of Carter Lane, between 52–66, interpreted as the southern defences of the tower. There was of an earlier ditch, estimated at deep originally, and of a later, V-shaped ditch that was about wide and deep originally. Another ditch was found on Ludgate Hill, some north of the southern ditches. It was estimated at wide and deep originally. Pits and a well were found between the ditches, interpreted as the bailey of the castle, but no sign of a keep or other masonry. Watson suggests that a motte and keep may have existed to the east of the Ludgate Hill entrance of Ludgate Square. See also Baynard's Castle Fortifications of London Norman and Medieval London Tower of London Notes and references Further reading External links Has Mary Lobel's reconstructions of maps of the area in c1270 (Figure 4 on p36) Castles in London Former buildings and structures in the City of London Medieval London