acid sequence and therefore vary in function drastically. So, the expected evolutionary history is that gene duplication of the c-lysozyme was followed by mutation, resulting in the loss of lysozyme catalytic activity in alpha-lactalbumin. This gene predates the last common ancestor of mammals and birds, which probably puts its origin at about 300 Ma. Functions Current research is finding new application of alpha-lactalbumin outside the physiological lactose production. Nutrition: Alpha-lactalbumin is essential for newborn nutrition. This protein provides essential amino acids and bioactive compounds necessary for optimal growth, development, and health. Alpha-LA is the most abundant whey protein in human milk and its properties have been researched to include in infant formulas to replicate mammary milk compounds. This protein is a strong source of branched amino acids, cysteine, and tryptophan residues, each with correlated health benefits. Clinical Uses: Alpha-Lactalbumin has been researched in conjunction with many different medical conditions and is thought to correlate with positive outcomes. Many of these benefits are due to the bioactive compounds it is made of and the protein’s ability to bind complexes. PCOS: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one disease that higher levels of alpha-La have been linked with relieving symptoms. This condition is closely linked with gut dysbiosis caused by inflammation of the intestinal lining and a microbiota imbalance. Alpha-lactalbumin promotes healthy bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium short, and Bifidobacterium longum. These bacteria produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) which improve the gut biome. In a controlled study, the group that ate a diet higher in alpha-lactalbumin experienced a decrease in symptoms associated with PCOS, and higher levels of healthy bacteria. While there isn’t a cure for this condition, this could be a short-term remedy. Mental health: Alpha-lactalbumin is a source of amino acids which are connected to improved mental health. This protein is rich in Tryptophan residues which are a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with positive moods. The protein also increases the plasma concentration for other large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) which help balance hormones. The cysteine residues aid in glutathione synthesis which is an important antioxidant. Cancer: There has been extensive research on apoptotic effects that alpha-lactalbumin potentially has when it forms a complex with oleic acid called HAMLET (Human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells). This HAMLET complex disrupts the structure of the membrane when bound, promoting cell death to protect the integrity of the organism.