cognition and affective development areas of the brain showed deficits in those areas as compared to those without injury. Due to neural adaptations, however, by early school-age, considerable development to those areas was observed. Leg injury After the amputation of a front leg, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) shows immediate changes in body position and walking kinematics that enable it to continue walking. The fruit fly exhibits longer-term adaptations as well. Researchers found that immediately after amputating a hind leg, flies favored turning away from the side of the injury, but that after several days this bias went away, and the flies turned left and right evenly, as they had before the injury. These researchers compared flies with functioning versus impaired proprioception — the body's sense of where it is in space — and found that without proprioception, flies did not exhibit the same recovery from a turning bias after injury. This result indicates that proprioceptive information is necessary for some of the neural adaptation that occurs in Drosophila after a leg injury. See also Acclimatization (neurons), the process by which neural adaptation is usually believed to occur Adaptive system fMRIa References Cognitive neuroscience Developmental neuroscience Perception Sensory systems