and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to the recent European colonization), include: Groups without mutation M168 Haplogroup A (M91) (Africa, especially the Khoisan and Nilotes) Haplogroup B (M60) (Africa, especially the Pygmies and Hadzabe) Groups with mutation M168 (mutation M168 occurred ~50,000 bp) Haplogroup C (M130) (Oceania, North/Central/East Asia, North America and a minor presence in South America, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and Europe) YAP+ haplogroups Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) Haplogroup D (CTS3946) (Tibet, Japan, the Andaman Islands, Central Asia, and a sporadic presence in Nigeria, Syria, and Saudi Arabia) Haplogroup E (M96) Haplogroup E1b1a (V38) West Africa and surrounding regions; formerly known as E3a Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) Associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages; now concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, as well as parts of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and the Balkans; formerly known as E3b Groups with mutation M89 (mutation M89 occurred ~45,000 bp) Haplogroup F (M89) Oceania, Europe, Asia, North and South America Haplogroup FT (P14, M213) (China, Vietnam, Singapore) Haplogroup G (M201) (present among many ethnic groups in Eurasia, usually at low frequency; most common in the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Greece, Italy, Iberia, the Tyrol, Bohemia; rare in Northern Europe) Haplogroup H (L901/M2939) H1'3 (Z4221/M2826, Z13960) H1 (L902/M3061) H1a (M69/Page45) India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Iran, Central Asia H1b (B108) Found in a Burmese individual in Myanmar. H3 (Z5857) India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bahrain, Qatar H2 (P96) Formerly known as haplogroup F3. Found with low frequency in Europe and western Asia. Haplogroup IJK (L15, L16) Groups with mutations L15 & L16 Haplogroup IJK (L15, L16) Haplogroup IJ (S2, S22) Haplogroup I (M170, P19, M258) (widespread in Europe, found infrequently in parts of the Middle East, and virtually absent elsewhere) Haplogroup I1 (M253, M307, P30, P40) (Northern Europe, dominant in Scandinavia) Haplogroup I2 (S31) (Central and Southeast Europe, Sardinia, Balkans) Haplogroup J (M304) (the Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Italy, Greece, the Balkans, North Africa) Haplogroup J* (Mainly found in Socotra, with a few observations in Pakistan, Oman, Greece, the Czech Republic, and among Turkic peoples) Haplogroup J1 (M267) (Mostly associated with Semitic peoples in the Middle East but also found in; Mediterranean Europe, Ethiopia, North Africa, Iran, Pakistan, India and with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan; J1 with DYS388=13 is associated with eastern Anatolia) Haplogroup J2 (M172) (Mainly found in West