a shift in focus to cockpit group dynamics. Third evolution: diversification of scope and an emphasis on training crews in how they must function both in and out of the cockpit. Fourth generation: CRM integrated procedure into training, allowing organizations to tailor training to their needs. Fifth generation (current): acknowledges that human error is inevitable and provides information to improve safety standards. Today, CRM is implemented through pilot and crew training sessions, simulations, and through interactions with senior ranked personnel and flight instructors such as briefing and debriefing flights. Although it is difficult to measure the success of CRM programs, studies have been conclusive that there is a correlation between CRM programs and better risk management. Cockpit task management (CTM) Cockpit task management (CTM) is the "management level activity pilots perform as they initiate, monitor, prioritize, and terminate cockpit tasks." A 'task' is defined as a process performed to achieve a goal (i.e. fly to a waypoint, descend to a desired altitude). CTM training focuses on teaching crew members how to handle concurrent tasks which compete for their attention. This includes the following processes: Task initiation – when appropriate conditions exist Task monitoring – assessment of task progress and status Task prioritization – relative to the importance and urgency for safety Resource allocation – assignment of human and machine resources to tasks which need completion Task interruption – suspension of lower priority tasks for resources to be allocated to higher priority tasks Task resumption – continuing previously interrupted tasks Task termination – the completion or incompletion of tasks The need for CTM training is a result of the capacity of human attentional facilities and the limitations of working memory. Crew members may devote more mental or physical resources to a particular task which demands priority or requires the immediate safety of the aircraft. CTM has been integrated to pilot training and goes hand in hand with CRM. Some aircraft operating systems have made progress in aiding CTM by combining instrument gauges into one screen. An example of this is a digital attitude indicator, which simultaneously shows the pilot the heading, airspeed, descent or ascent rate and a plethora of other pertinent information. Implementations such as these allow crews to gather multiple sources of information quickly and accurately, which frees up mental capacity to be focused on other, more prominent tasks. Checklists The use of checklists before, during and after flights