coast and he was promoted to chief navigator for the Muscovy Company. He made several more trips to Russia between 1560 and 1571. In 1558 he visited the navigational school in Seville where he shared his knowledge of the Arctic in exchange for insights into the training of Spanish pilots. He also brought back to England a copy of Martín Cortés de Albacar's Breve Compendio, a handbook on navigation. Borough had the book translated by Richard Eden and published as the Art of Navigation in 1561. As such it became the first English manual of navigation and was widely used for many years. In 1563 he was appointed chief pilot and one of the four masters of the royal ships on the Medway in Kent. In 1574 he conferred with Martin Frobisher and Michael Lok about their expeditions in search of a north-west passage to Cathay. He died on 12 July 1584, and was buried at Chatham. Family His son, Christopher Borough, wrote a description of a trading expedition made in 1579-1581 from the White Sea to the Caspian Sea and back. His younger brother, William Borough, born in 1536, also at Northam, accompanied Sir Francis Drake in his Cadiz expedition of 1587. Notes References 1525 births 1584 deaths People from Northam, Devon White Sea Explorers of the Arctic Sámi studies Linguists of Sámi Novaya Zemlya 16th-century English people English navigators