awarded by African institutions and created with its support. More recently, the MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) phenomenon has grown up, first in the United States and then in Europe. Recommendations for reform Government review and regulate school and district financial record-keeping. More comprehensive training of head teachers and administrators in economic administration. Regular government inspection of schools. Encourage parents to complain or fight against school fees and proactively help parents to know their rights. Empower and mobilize local watchdog organizations such as parent-teacher organizations and school-management committees. Improve teacher compensation. Government investment in child and youth development through appropriate education and health policies and programmes. Increase access to early childhood development programmes. Increase access to schools. Improve transportation infrastructure in rural areas. Diversifying systems of education and broadening skills taught to make education more pertinent to the demands of the economy. There is also a push in many African countries to reform colonial education standards to emphasize the importance of indigenous languages and cultures instead of European languages and cultures. Critics of these reforms maintain that European languages should continue to be the focus of education to ensure that African students can be competitive in a European-dominated global economy. Recommendations for higher education reform Curriculum reform geared towards entrepreneurial skills and jobs in the private sector. Greater emphasis on locally-relevant diploma and certificate programs, instead of overproducing university graduates. Adoption of a system of easily identifiable and comparable degrees. Adoption of a system based on undergraduate and graduate degree cycles. Promotion of student and faculty mobility. Training and student opportunities should be accessible to students. All educational faculty such as administrative staff, professors, and researchers should have access to services relevant to their fields of study. See also Education in Tanzania Adult education in Africa History of female education in Africa Computers for African Schools Education in Mali Education in Nigeria Education in Uganda Education in the Middle East and North Africa Education in South Africa Education in Kenya Multilingual education in Africa References Sources Further reading Ajayi, J. F. A., Lameck, K. H. Goma and G. Ampah Johnson. The African Experience with Higher Education (Accra: Association of African Universities, 1996). Ashby, Eric, with Mary Anderson. Universities: British, Indian, African: A Study in the Ecology of Higher Education (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966). Dilger, Hansjörg. Learning Morality, Inequalities, and Faith: Christian and Muslim Schools in Tanzania (Cambridge: Cambridge University