A University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) is a strategic United States Department of Defense (DoD) research center associated with a university. UARCs are formally established by the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (USD(R&E)). UARCs were developed to ensure that essential engineering and technology capabilities of particular importance to the DoD are maintained. They have many similarities with Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, including sole source funding under the authority of . However, UARCs are allowed to compete for other science and technology work, except when it is prohibited by their contracts. Background These nonprofit organizations maintain essential research, development and engineering "core" capabilities; maintain long-term strategic relationships with their DoD sponsors; and operate in the public interest, free from real or perceived conflicts of interest. Collaboration with the educational and research resources available at their universities enhances each UARC’s ability to meet the needs of their sponsors. University affiliated laboratories have been conducting research and development for the United States Navy since 1942, beginning with the creation of the Applied Physics Lab at Johns Hopkins. The most recent UARC, created in 2012, is the National Strategic Research Institute at the University of Nebraska, which is performing research for the United States Strategic Command. Occasionally, the creation of UARCs have been controversial. For example, in July 2004 the Navy proposed the University of Hawaii at Mānoa as a UARC. In response, some students and others protested with a six-day sit in at the campus administration building. List of current centers Current UARCs and their sponsors are: Army University of Southern California: Institute for Creative Technologies Georgia Institute of Technology: Georgia Tech Research Institute University of California at Santa Barbara: Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies MDA Utah State University: Space Dynamics Laboratory Navy Johns Hopkins University: Applied Physics Laboratory Pennsylvania State University: Applied Research Laboratory University of Texas at Austin: Applied Research Laboratories University of Washington: Applied Physics Laboratory University of Hawaii at Manoa: Applied Research Laboratory OSD Stevens Institute of Technology: Systems Engineering Research Center University of Maryland, College Park: Applied Research Laboratory for Intelligence and Security University of Alaska Fairbanks: Geophysical Institute USSTRATCOM University of Nebraska: National Strategic Research Institute List of former centers Former UARCs and their sponsors are: NASA University of California, Santa Cruz: UARC at Ames Research Center (2003 - 2016) NSA University of Maryland, College