incidents LOSA was developed to assist crew resource management practices in reducing human error in complex flight operations. LOSA produces beneficial data that reveals how many errors or threats are encountered per flight, the number of errors which could have resulted in a serious threat to safety, and correctness of crew action or inaction. This data has proven to be useful in the development of CRM techniques and identification of what issues need to be addressed in training. Crew resource management (CRM) CRM is the "effective use of all available resources by individuals and crews to safely and effectively accomplish a mission or task, as well as identifying and managing the conditions that lead to error." CRM training has been integrated and mandatory for most pilot training programs, and has been the accepted standard for developing human factors skills for air crews and airlines. Although there is no universal CRM program, airlines usually customize their training to best suit the needs of the organization. The principles of each program are usually closely aligned. According to the U.S. Navy, there are seven critical CRM skills: Decision making – the use of logic and judgement to make decisions based on available information Assertiveness – willingness to participate and state a given position until convinced by facts that another option is more correct Mission analysis – ability to develop short and long term contingency plans Communication – clear and accurate sending and receiving of information, instructions, commands and useful feedback Leadership – ability to direct and coordinate activities of pilots & crew members Adaptability/flexibility – ability to alter course of action due to changing situations or availability of new information Situational awareness – ability to perceive the environment within time and space, and comprehend its meaning These seven skills comprise the critical foundation for effective aircrew coordination. With the development and use of these core skills, flight crews "highlight the importance of identifying human factors and team dynamics to reduce human errors that lead to aviation mishaps." Application and effectiveness of CRM Since the implementation of CRM circa 1979, following the need for increased research on resource management by NASA, the aviation industry has seen tremendous evolution of the application of CRM training procedures. The applications of CRM has been developed in a series of generations: First generation: emphasized individual psychology and testing, where corrections could be made to behavior. Second generation: featured