fraction, is defined in ASTM E 562; manual grain size measurements are described in ASTM E 112 (equiaxed grain structures with a single size distribution) and E 1182 (specimens with a bi-modal grain size distribution); while ASTM E 1382 describes how any grain size type or condition can be measured using image analysis methods. Characterization of nonmetallic inclusions using standard charts is described in ASTM E 45 (historically, E 45 covered only manual chart methods and an image analysis method for making such chart measurements was described in ASTM E 1122. The image analysis methods are currently being incorporated into E 45). A stereological method for characterizing discrete second-phase particles, such as nonmetallic inclusions, carbides, graphite, etc., is presented in ASTM E 1245. See also Henry Clifton Sorby Holger F. Struer References "Metallographic and Materialographic Specimen Preparation, Light Microscopy, Image Analysis and Hardness Testing", Kay Geels in collaboration with Struers A/S, ASTM International 2006. Metallography and Microstructures, Vol. 9, ASM Handbook, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2005. Metallography: Principles and Practice, G. F. Vander Voort, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1999. Vol. 03.01 of the ASTM Standards covers standards devoted to metallography (and mechanical property testing) G. Petzow, Metallographic Etching, 2nd Ed., ASM International, 1999. Metalog Guide, L. Bjerregaard, K. Geels, B. Ottesen, M. Rückert, Struers A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000. External links HKDH Bhadeshia An Introduction to Sample Preparation for Metallography, Cambridge University. Video on metallography Metallography Part I - Macroscopic Techniques, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences. Video on metallography Metallography Part II - Microscopic Techniques, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences. Materials testing Metallurgy