Asia, Central Asia, Italy, Greece, the Balkans and North Africa) Haplogroup K (M9, P128, P131, P132) Groups with mutation M9 (mutation M9 occurred ~40,000 bp) Haplogroup K Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) Haplogroup L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) (South Asia, Central Asia, Southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean) Haplogroup T (M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272) (North Africa, Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, South Asia); formerly known as Haplogroup K2 Haplogroup K(xLT) (rs2033003/M526) Groups with mutation M526 Haplogroup M (P256) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia) Haplogroup NO (M214) Haplogroup N (M231) (northernmost Eurasia) Haplogroup O (M175) (East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, South Asia, Central Asia) Haplogroup O1 (F265) Haplogroup O1a (M119) Haplogroup O1b (P31, M268) Haplogroup O2 (M122) Haplogroup P-M45 (M45) (M45 occurred ~35,000 bp) Haplogroup Q-M242 (M242) (Occurred ~15,000–20,000 bp. Found in Asia and the Americas) Haplogroup Q-M3 (M3) (North America, Central America, and South America) Haplogroup R (M207) Haplogroup R1 (M173) Haplogroup R1a (M17) (Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe) Haplogroup R1b (M343) (Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, Central Africa) Haplogroup R2 (M124) (South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia) Haplogroup S (M230, P202, P204) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia) Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Human mtDNA haplogroups are lettered: A, B, C, CZ, D, E, F, G, H, HV, I, J, pre-JT, JT, K, L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, M, N, P, Q, R, R0, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z. The most up-to-date version of the mtDNA tree is maintained by Mannis van Oven on the PhyloTree website. Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Defining populations Haplogroups can be used to define genetic populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups: African: L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 West Eurasian: H, T, U, V, X, K, I, J, W (all listed West Eurasian haplogroups are derived from macro-haplogroup N) East Eurasian: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Y, Z (note: C, D, E, G, and Z belong to macro-haplogroup M) Native American: A, B, C, D, X Australo-Melanesian: P, Q, S The mitochondrial haplogroups are divided into three main groups, which are designated by the sequential letters L, M, N. Humanity first split within the L group between L0