to revive the dialectic art which the Academics had ignored, so the existing accounts of Antiochus' moral teaching seem to show. Without yielding to the paradoxes of the Stoics, or the skepticism of the Academics, he held in the main doctrines nearly coinciding with those of Aristotle: that happiness consists essentially in a virtuous life, yet is not independent of external things. So he denied the Stoic doctrine that all crimes were equal, but agreed with them in holding that all the emotions ought to be suppressed. On the whole, therefore, though Cicero inclines to rank him among the Stoics, it appears that he considered himself an eclectic philosopher, and attempted to unite the doctrines of the Stoics and Peripatetics, so as to revive the old Academy. See also Academica (Cicero) De finibus bonorum et malorum Notes References Further reading Algra, K., J. Barnes, J. Mansfeld and M. Schofield (eds.), 1999. The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barnes, J., 1989. “Antiochus of Ascalon”, in Philosophia Togata: Essays on Philosophy and Roman Society, M. Griffin and J. Barnes (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dillon, J., The Middle Platonists, 2° éd., Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996. Chap. 2. Fleischer, K., “Der Stoiker Mnesarch als Lehrer des Antiochus im Index Academicorum”, in Mnemosyne 68/3, 2015, pp. 413–423. Glucker, J., Antiochus and the Late Academy, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978. Sedley, D. (ed.), The Philosophy of Antiochus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Striker, G., “Academics fighting Academics”, in Brad Inwood & Jaap Mansfeld, Assent and Argument. Studies in Cicero's Academic Books, Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 257–275. Tarrant, H., Scepticism or Platonism? The Philosophy of the Fourth Academy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. External links Middle Platonism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 120s BC births 60s BC deaths 2nd-century BC Romans 1st-century BC philosophers 1st-century BC Romans Academic philosophers Ancient Greek educators Ancient Greeks from Ashkelon Hellenistic-era philosophers from Asia Hellenistic-era philosophers in Athens Middle Platonists