and L1-6. L1-6 gave rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group. The M group comprises the first wave of human migration which is thought to have evolved outside of Africa, following an eastward route along southern coastal areas. Descendant lineages of haplogroup M are now found throughout Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, as well as in parts of the Horn of Africa and North Africa; almost none have been found in Europe. The N haplogroup may represent another macrolineage that evolved outside of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N. Haplogroup R consists of two subgroups defined on the basis of their geographical distributions, one found in southeastern Asia and Oceania and the other containing almost all of the modern European populations. Haplogroup N(xR), i.e. mtDNA that belongs to the N group but not to its R subgroup, is typical of Australian aboriginal populations, while also being present at low frequencies among many populations of Eurasia and the Americas. The L type consists of nearly all Africans. The M type consists of: M1 – Ethiopian, Somali and Indian populations. Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman), separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. CZ – Many Siberians; branch C – Some Amerindian; branch Z – Many Saami, some Korean, some North Chinese, some Central Asian populations. D – Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians E – Malay, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwanese aborigines, Papua New Guinea G – Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians Q – Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations The N type consists of: A – Found in many Amerindians and some East Asians and Siberians I – 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe S – Some Australian aborigines W – Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians X – Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans Y – Most Nivkhs and people of Nias; many Ainus, Tungusic people, and Austronesians; also found with low frequency in some other populations of Siberia, East Asia, and Central Asia R – Large group found within the N type. Populations contained therein can be divided geographically into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Almost