court-martial, an offence was committed with the intention of assisting the enemy: the person was liable to suffer death Regulations issued under the Act required all persons over 16 years of age, on leaving Australia, to possess a passport. Other wartime legislation Although the Act possessed very broad scope, it was not omnipotent. Other Acts were passed by the Parliament during the war relating to: criminal and civil sanctions for trading with the enemy, cancellation of commercial contracts with firms in enemy countries, and levying of an income tax Controversies During the conscription referendums of 1916 and 1917, a regulation that banned statements likely to prejudice recruiting was used to hamper the anti-conscription campaign. Almost any anti-conscriptionist speech could be construed as offending, and a number of prominent anti-conscriptionists were charged, including John Curtin. When coal-miners in New South Wales went on strike in 1916, the Act was used to empower the Attorney-General to order the men back to work. The following year, a nationwide strike of Waterfront workers was defeated by the passing of a regulation that deprived the Waterside Workers Federation of preferences in seven of the busiest ports in Australia. Although in many cases the use of the Act in settling labour disputes could be seen as necessary for the war effort, some other uses appeared calculated to suppress the labour movement. For example, in September 1918 the Act was used to ban the use of the red flag, a traditional labour emblem. On a number of occasions, the Aliens Restrictions Orders made under the act were used to deport radical left-wing activists, particularly members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), without trial. In July 1918, New Zealand-born IWW leader Tom Barker was deported to Chile. The following year, strike leader Paul Freeman was secretly deported in a case that became a cause celebre for the labour movement. Following the end of the war, the Act's continued operation led to a series of violent demonstrations known as the Red Flag Riots. Demise The Act was later repealed by the War Precautions Act Repeal Act 1920. See also Military history of Australia during World War I Notes References Further reading 1914 in Australian law History of Australia (1901–1945) Australia in World War I World War I legislation Repealed Acts of the Parliament of Australia