were rustic Japanese celebrations that can be classified into two types: that developed as a musical accompaniment to rice planting observances, and the dances that developed in conjunction with . The celebrated for rice planting was performed by villagers either at the New Year or during the planting season in early summer. It was only in the 14th century that these dances were brought to the cities and incorporated into Noh theater, notably by the playwright and actor Kan'ami. The instrument of is the , a wooden percussive instrument clapper, though there are other instruments that can be used. In the , there is a detailed description of the rice-planting . After being brought to the aristocrats, flourished till the end of the Heian period (794–1185) and became the main performing art of the Kamakura period (1185–1333), as well as part of the performing arts of the Muromachi period (1336–1573). By the end of the Muromachi period, had been eclipsed by . Today it barely survives as a folk performing art. was closely linked with the native Japanese religion of Shinto. Ritualistic elements of this were incorporated with to form Noh theatre. Political aspect of In the late 11th century, Kyoto experienced performances that attracted all classes of people, either as observers or as participants. Some of these events ended peacefully, while others descended into violence; however, all were characterized by parades of people dressed in colorful costumes while dancing and playing loud music. started as the music and dancing that performed in conjunction with field labor called . This form of rural entertainment evolved during the Heian period in response to diverse social, economic, political, and cultural movements. Two types of had developed by the latter half of the period. The first was the entertainment that accompanied field labor, but with new elements: the increasingly dominant entertaining aspect and the growing interest shown by local nobles. The nobility desired to "dominate rural areas, to increase crops, and thereby to boost tax income from the countryside". The second originated in the Kyoto-area temples and shrines which started adding to their sacred rites and services on account of the entertainment's growing popularity and its ability to attract large audiences. With the 10th-century urban growth of Kyoto, slowly dissociated itself from both the agricultural and religious context. For two centuries after the end of the 11th century, was the most popular form