(e.g. required to remain at home) or excluded (e.g. prohibited from attending a particular location, like a school) if deemed necessary for disease control. Challenges for this process include access to resources during quarantine such as food, water, and safe living environment. People with special roles lack the convenience practicing quarantine given their daily responsibilities. Examples include, single parents, caregivers, and individuals with toddlers. Social services and ancillary support from the government become crucial to maintaining measures of quarantine and isolation. Contacts should be made aware whether or not the quarantine or isolation is voluntary or mandatory. Depending on the nature of the disease of interest, governments can issue legal orders to maintain integrity of contact tracing. Medical monitoring: Although contact tracing can be enhanced by letting patients provide information, medication, and referrals to their contacts, evidence demonstrates that direct public health involvement in notification is most effective. Ideally, contacts are checked upon daily for signs and symptoms of disease by contact racers. An alternative would be having the contacts report daily to their assigned official. This is usually done through digital platforms such as email and text. If a contact is symptomatic, a case investigator is assignment to direct the individual to the appropriate testing and treatment. This stage of contact tracing is highly dependent on resource availability. Contact close out: This stage is dependent on the duration of quarantine for people with and without symptoms. The ideal number of days for quarantine and isolation are determined by the health agencies. Once the contact adequately completes the quarantine/isolation for the defined number of days, they can be closed out. Next steps such as returning to work and participating in social activities are discussed. Application Contact types The types of contacts that are relevant for public health management vary because of differing modes of transmission. For sexually transmitted infections, sexual contacts of the index case are relevant, as well as any babies born to the index case. This information is crucial for investigating congenital syphilis cases for example. For blood-borne infections, blood transfusion recipients, contacts who shared a needle, and anyone else who could have been exposed to the blood of the index case are relevant. This information becomes relevant for health systems to keep track of high risk populations and medical errors, unavoidable and preventable. For pulmonary tuberculosis, people living in the same household or spending a significant amount