Body of Christ; 1943: Encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu, opening biblical research to Catholic scholars 1943: Year of the founding of the lay association Focolare Movement by Chiara Lubich. The Movement promotes the ideals of unity and universal brotherhood. 1944: The German Army occupies Rome. Adolf Hitler proclaims he will respect Vatican neutrality; however several incidents, such as giving aid to downed Allied airmen, nearly cause Nazi Germany to invade the Vatican. Rome is liberated by the Allies after only a few weeks of occupation. 1945: Evelyn Waugh publishes Brideshead Revisited. 1945: The Eight Churches in Intramuros, Manila, destroyed during the 1945 Battle of Manila. February 15, 1945: The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) is founded in Manila. 1945: Battle of Manila: turning point in war in the Pacific; heavy losses of life and property. 1948: Thomas Merton, Trappist contemplative, publishes The Seven Storey Mountain. August 18, - September 26, 1948: The Marian Apparitions of Our Lady, Mediatrix of All Grace in Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines, are witnessed to Sis. Teresita Castillo. October 14, 1949: Gabriel Reyes is the First Filipino Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Manila in the Philippines. 1950:Holy Year declared by Pope Pius XII, who announced on December 25, 1950, that the Tomb of Saint Peter had been identified by archeologists underneath Saint Peter Basilica; canonization of Pope Pius X and Maria Goretti; encyclical Humani generis 1950: The Assumption of Mary is defined as dogma by Pius XII 1952: Francois Mauriac wins Nobel Prize in Literature. He wrote the foreword to Elie Wiesel's book Night, having encouraged Wiesel earlier to write about his experiences as a Jew during the Holocaust. January 7–29, 1953: First Plenary Council of the Philippines. 1954: First Marian year in Church history proclaimed by Pius XII; new feast Queenship of Mary. 1954: J.R.R. Tolkien publishes The Lord of the Rings, filled with Christian and Catholic themes. 1954: Lay ecclesial movement Communion and Liberation founded. 1957: Bernard Lonergan, S.J., publishes Insight: A Study of Human Understanding. 1957: Francis Poulenc, composes his opera, Dialogues des Carmelites and two years later, the Gloria. 1958: The Post-War Manila Cathedral in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, is completed after the Allied Liberation of Manila. 1960: Senator John F. Kennedy is elected, the first Roman Catholic president in United States history. October 11, 1962: Pope John XXIII opens the Second Ecumenical Vatican Council. The 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic