The Amplified Bible (AMP) is an English language translation of the Bible produced jointly by Zondervan and The Lockman Foundation. The first edition as a complete volume was published in 1965. “Amplifications” are words or phrases intended to more fully bring out the meaning of the original text but distinguished from the translation itself by a unique system of brackets, parentheses, and italics. The translation is largely one of formal equivalence (word-for-word). History Frances Siewert (1881-1967) was active in Christian education and the widow of a Presbyterian minister who died in 1940. With continuing support from the Lockman Foundation and Zondervan, she then devoted herself to a similar edition of the Old Testament, relying heavily on the 1952 Revised Standard Version. Her two Old Testament volumes were published in 1962 and 1964. The Lockman Foundation then employed several scholars to revise the entire work for a one-volume edition, which was published in 1965. In 1987 an expanded edition was published with additional amplifications; that version is now referred to as the Classic Edition (AMPC). In 2015 the Amplified Bible was updated again for readability and clarity, with refreshed English and improved amplifications. Translation methodology The Amplified Bible largely offers a word-for-word (formal equivalence) translation, in contrast to thought-for-thought (dynamic equivalence) translations at the opposite end of the Bible translation spectrum. Amplification is indicated by parentheses, brackets, italicized conjunctions, and bold or italicized text. Each form provides different kinds of information to the individual reader. Theologian Gordon Fee and Mark Strauss stated that the Amplified Bible is unique among Bible versions in that it provides “amplifications”—synonyms and explanations in brackets and parentheses within the text… The strength of this version is that it acknowledges that no single English word or phrase can capture precisely the meaning of the Hebrew or Greek. However, they also criticized it in that it has had a run of popularity far beyond its worth. It is far better to use several translations, note where they differ, and then check out these differences in another source than to be led to believe that a word can mean one of several things in any given sentence, with the reader left to choose whatever best strikes his or her fancy. Andreas J. Köstenberger, David A. Croteau, and Joe Stowell remark that the Amplified Bible is "truly one of the most unique English translations," in which nuances in translation are