martyr. c. 1414-1418: The Council of Constance occurs, formally ending the Western Schism and condemning Jan Hus as a heretic. 1425: The Catholic University of Louvain is founded in Louvain, Belgium. 1440: Johannes Gutenberg completes his wooden printing press using movable metal type, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge by cheaper and faster means of reproduction. This soon leads to the large scale production of religious books including Bibles, more accessible now to the laity. May 29, 1453: Fall of Constantinople. 1454–1599 1462: Pope Pius II issued a bill in which he declared the Church's opposition to the slave trade. The pope's primary concern was that prisoners captured during the European wars should not be enslaved by the victorious powers. 1492: Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas. 1493: With the Inter caetera, Pope Alexander VI awards sole colonial rights over most of the New World to Spain. 1495: Leonardo da Vinci started to paint The Last Supper. 1497: John Cabot lands in Newfoundland, Canada, to claim land for King Henry VII and to recognize the religious tradition of the Catholic Church. 1498: Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, India. January 22, 1506: Kaspar von Silenen and first contingent of Swiss mercenaries enter the Vatican during the reign of Pope Julius II. Traditional date of founding of the Swiss Guards. April 18, 1506: Pope Julius II lays cornerstone of New Basilica of St. Peter. 1508: Michelangelo starts painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling. October 31, 1517: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses, protesting the sale of indulgences. 1516: Saint Sir Thomas More publishes Utopia in Latin. 1520: Pope Leo X, release a Papal Bull, "Debitum Pastoralis" which conceded that neither the Bishop of Utrecht nor any of his successors, nor any of their clergy or laity, should ever have his cause taken to an external tribunal (Rome or anywhere else) for any reason. Any such proceeding would be null and void. January 3, 1521: Martin Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. March 31, 1521: Baptism of the first Catholics in the Philippines, the first Christian nation in Southeast Asia. This event is commemorated with the feast of the Sto. Niño. April 14, 1521: The Sto. Niño as gift by Hara Humamay (Juana) and Rajah Humabon to Ferdinand Magellan. October 17, 1521: Pope Leo X confers the title Fidei Defensor to Tudor King Henry VIII of England for his defense