The R11 was a prototype class of experimental New York City Subway cars built by the Budd Company in 1949 for the IND/BMT B Division. A total of ten cars were built, arranged as single units. Originally consisting of 400 cars, only ten R11s were built, due to the cancellation of the Second Avenue Subway. The R11s were the first stainless steel R-type car built for the New York City Subway. The cars were mainly used as the newest technology prototype test train, introducing several new features that would be featured in later orders. They went through various modifications, including an overhaul in 1965 that upgraded many components and allowed for compatibility with other SMEE cars. The R11s remained in service until 1977, after which they were retired due to a yard accident damaging one car. Nine cars were scrapped, but one has been preserved. Description The R11s were numbered 8010–8019. From 1964 to 1965, the R11s were overhauled under contract R34. Therefore, the cars are also known as R34s in their post-overhaul state. Because each car cost more than $100,000, the R11s were frequently referred to as the "Million Dollar Train." The R11 was the first stainless steel R-type car ever built; Budd previously built the BMT Zephyr – the first stainless steel subway car in the city – in 1934. Fifteen years after the building of the R11s, the Budd Company built the first bulk order of stainless steel cars in New York City Subway history, the R32. The ornamental design of the car body featured standee windows separated by a heavy brace from the lower windows. This was due to the influence of noted industrial designer Otto Kuhler (US patent Des.153,367) and featured as part of a bid by the American Car and Foundry Company in 1947. The cars also implemented new technology in several areas. "Precipitron" lamps were included, designed to combat airborne bacteria. Forced air ventilation was introduced as ceiling vents circulated fresh air in from outside each car, while removing stale air. Electric door motors were used for the first time, replacing the standard air-powered door motors, which had served on much of the older equipment. However, these cars were also built with outside door operating apparatus or controls, along with an exterior mounted Public Address microphone system. Lastly, drum brakes were installed instead of conventional tread brakes. History Background On June 19, 1947,