bonus, or ongoing child benefit payments or tax reductions. Some impose penalties or taxes on those with fewer children. Some nations, such as Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan, have implemented, or tried to implement, interventionist natalist policies, creating incentives for larger families among native stock. Immigrants are generally not part of natalist policies. Paid maternity and paternity leave policies can also be used as an incentive. For example, Sweden has generous parental leave wherein parents are entitled to share 16 months' paid leave per child, the cost divided between both employer and state. Books advocating natalist policies include What to Expect When No One's Expecting by Jonathan V. Last. Russia Vladimir Putin's government also uses natalist policies by offering rewards and promoting larger families. Hungary The Hungarian government of Viktor Orbán in 2019 announced pecuniary incentives (including eliminating taxes for mothers with more than three children, and reducing credit payments and easier access to loans), and expanding day care and kindergarten access. See also Child tax credit Fecundity Human overpopulation Natural fertility Political demography Population ethics Replacement fertility rate Tax on childlessness References Human population planning Philosophy of biology