and nu, 'do not!. Ar is the chief one. Ver is only used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the sentence is not able to carry out an action. Nu is only used when giving negative commands. Examples: Tsasvla ar minda, 'I do not want to go' Ver movedi, 'I could not come' Nu nerviulob!, 'don't worry!' These three particles can be modified with the suffix -ghar, to create particles meaning 'no longer, no more': ar, 'not' → aghar, 'no longer, not anymore' ver, 'cannot' → veghar, 'can no longer, cannot anymore' nu, 'do not' → nughar, 'do no longer, do not anymore' Examples of the use of these derived negative words: Pexburts aghar vtamashob, 'I do not play football anymore' Veghar vch'am, 'I cannot eat anymore' Nughar iparav!, 'do not steal anymore!' See also Georgian language Georgian verb paradigm Polypersonal agreement Agglutinative language Active–stative language References Aronson, Howard I. 1990. Georgian : a reading grammar. Corrected edition. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. Harris, Alice C. & Smeets, Rieks (eds.) 1996. The languages of the Caucasus : indigenous languages and their speakers. Edinburgh University Press. Kurtsikidze, Shorena. 2006. Essentials of Georgian Grammar With Conjugation Tables of 250 Most Commonly Used Verbs. Lincom Europa. Tschenkéli, Kita. 1958. Einführung in die georgische Sprache. 2 vols. Zürich: Amirani Verlag. Tschenkéli, Kita. 1965–1974. Georgisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch, 3 vols. Zürich: Amirani Verlag. External links Georgian Verb Conjugator Reference grammar of Georgian, written by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University) Online Georgian Grammar by P. J. Hillery (mirror copy)