Constantinople condemned the errors of Origen of Alexandria, the Three Chapters, and confirmed the first four general councils. 590: Pope Gregory the Great. Reforms ecclesiastical structure and administration. Establishes Gregorian chant. 595: In a deed of manumission that freed two Roman slaves, Pope Gregory I declared that no heathen who wished to become a Christian should continue to be held a slave. 596: Saint Augustine of Canterbury sent by Pope Gregory I to evangelize the pagan English. 638: Christian Jerusalem and Syria conquered by Muslims. 642: Egypt falls to the Muslims, followed by the rest of North Africa. 664: The Synod of Whitby unites the Celtic Church in England with the Catholic Church. 680: Third Council of Constantinople puts an end to Monothelitism. 685: The Maradites used their power and importance to choose John Maron, one of their own, as Patriarch of Antioch and all the East. John received the approval of Pope Sergius I, and became the first Maronite Patriarch. 698: St Willibrord commissioned by Pope Sergius I as bishop of the Frisians (Netherlands). Willibrord establishes a church in Utrecht. 711: Muslim armies invade Spain. 718: Saint Boniface, an Englishman, commissioned by Pope Gregory II to evangelise the Germans. 726: Iconoclasm begins in the eastern Empire. The destruction of images persists until 843. 731: Venerable Bede, Benedictine monk and only English born Doctor of the Church (St. Anselm of Canterbury being Italian born), completes his Ecclesiastical History of the English People. 732: Muslim advance into Western Europe halted by Charles Martel at Poitiers, France. 751: Lombards abolish the Exarchate of Ravenna effectively ending last vestiges of Byzantine rule in central Italy and Rome. 756: Popes granted independent rule of Rome by King Pepin the Short of the Franks, in the Donation of Pepin. Birth of the Papal States. 787: Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea resolved Iconoclasm. 793: Sacking of the monastery of Lindisfarne marks the beginning of Viking raids on Christian Europe. 800–1001 December 25, 800: King Charlemagne of the Franks is crowned Holy Roman Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III in St. Peter's Basilica. 829: Ansgar begins missionary work in Sweden near Stockholm. 859: Pope Leo IV confirms and anoints Alfred the Great king of Wessex, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 863: Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople to evangelise the Slavic peoples. They translate the Bible into Slavonic. 869: Fourth