Kenneth Harkness (byname of Stanley Edgar; November 12, 1896 – October 4, 1972) was a chess organizer. He is the creator of the Harkness rating system. Life and career He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He was Business Manager of the United States Chess Federation from 1952 to 1959. He was also the editor of Chess Review, which merged into Chess Life. He had lived in Boca Raton, Florida. He became an International Arbiter in 1972. He was a member of the FIDE Permanent Rules Commission. Harkness was responsible for introducing Swiss system tournaments to the United States, and also introduced the Harkness rating system, which was a precursor to the Elo rating system. One method of tiebreaks in Swiss system tournaments is named after him. In the Harkness Method, players tied on points are ranked by the sum of their opponents' scores discarding the top score and the bottom score. For his services, Harkness is in the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame. With Irving Chernev, Harkness co-wrote An Invitation to Chess. He was responsible for a number of the first American chess rulebooks. Harkness died on a train in Yugoslavia, on his way to Skopje to be an arbiter at the Chess Olympiad. Rating system Harkness devised a rating system that was used by the US Chess Federation from 1950 to 1960. When a player competes in a tournament, the average rating of his competition is calculated. If the player scores 50% he receives the average competition rating as his performance rating. If he scores more than 50% his new rating is the competition average plus 10 points for each percentage point above 50. If he scores less than 50% his new rating is the competition average minus 10 points for each percentage point below 50. Bibliography See also Chess rating systems References 1896 births 1972 deaths Chess arbiters American chess writers American male non-fiction writers 20th-century chess players 20th-century American male writers