rubricapillus, from southwestern Costa Rica through Panama into northern and central Colombia, in the northern half of Venezuela, in Guyana and Suriname, and on Tobago M. r. subfusculus, Coiba Island off southwestern Panama M. r. seductus, Isla del Rey off southeastern Panama M. r. paraguanae, the Paraguaná Peninsula of northwestern Venezuela The red-crowned woodpecker inhabits a wide variety of landscapes both wet and dry. These include the interior, clearings, and edges of mature deciduous forest, secondary forest, coastal scrublands, mangroves, and plantations and gardens. In elevation it mostly occurs from sea level to but reaches as high as in Venezuela. Behavior Movement The red-crowned woodpecker is a year-round resident throughout its range. Feeding The red-crowned woodpecker's diet includes a large amount of fruits and berries including cultivated ones like papayas and bananas. Another major portion is many types of insects and spiders, but less larvae of wood-boring beetles than many woodpeckers. It also takes nectar from flowers. The species forages at all levels of its habitat but favors the middle and lower strata. It is typically seen singly or in pairs. It feeds by probing, gleaning, and hammering for insects, and by reaching for fruit which it pierces or pecks open when too large to swallow whole. It will take fruit from feeders, and is "considered a nuisance locally in plantations and gardens because of its fruit-eating habits." Breeding The red-crowned woodpecker's breeding season varies geographically, spanning February to July in Costa Rica and Panama, May to June in Colombia, May to November in Venezuela, and March to July on Tobago. It sometimes raises two broods in a year. Pairs stay together year-round. Both sexes excavate the nest hole, typically in a large tree trunk or branch or a large cactus; fence posts are also used. Nests are usually between above the ground. The clutch size is three or four eggs but usually only two young fledge. Both parents incubate the eggs for the 10 day period. Fledging occurs 31 to 33 days after hatch and both parents care for the nestlings, and also for fledglings for at least a month. Vocal and non-vocal sounds The red-crowned woodpecker's typical call is "often wavering and protracted with abrupt terminal note, e.g. 'churr, churr, krr-r-r-r'." It also makes a "'wícka, wícka' in display" and "chattering calls". Both sexes drum during the breeding season and also tap more softly near the nest hole.