used in a variety of community settings. In particular, an exercise called "Tree of Life" has been used to mobilize communities to act according to their own values. Criticisms There have been several formal criticisms of narrative therapy over what are viewed as its theoretical and methodological inconsistencies, among various other concerns. Narrative therapy has been criticised as holding to a social constructionist belief that there are no absolute truths, but only socially sanctioned points of view, and that Narrative therapists simply privilege their client's concerns over and above "dominating" cultural narratives. Several critics have posed concerns that narrative therapy has made gurus of its leaders, particularly in the light that its leading proponents tend to be overly harsh about most other kinds of therapy. Narrative therapy is also criticized for the lack of clinical and empirical studies to validate its many claims. Etchison & Kleist (2000) stated that narrative therapy's focus on outcomes is not congruent with larger research and findings which the majority of respected empirical studies employ today. This has led to a lack of research material which can support its claims of efficacy. See also Theoretical foundations Constructivist epistemology Feminism Hermeneutics Postmodernism Poststructuralism Related types of therapy Brief therapy Family therapy Logotherapy Response based therapy Script analysis Solution focused brief therapy Other related concepts Dialogical self Lucid dream Narrative Film/video-based therapy References External links Constructivism (psychological school) Psychotherapies