Catholic bishop of Geneva 1850: The Archdiocese of Westminster and twelve other dioceses are set up, re-establishing a Catholic hierarchy for the Catholic public in the United Kingdom against intense political opposition. Westminster Cathedral is formally consecrated 53 years later, in 1903. 1852: The First Plenary Council of Baltimore is held in the United States. 1854: Dogma of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX 1856: Gregor Mendel, Augustinian friar, scientist, and father of genetics, begins experiments that lead to the fundamental laws of inheritance. 1858: Apparitions in Lourdes. 1859: Ateneo de Manila established in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. But later the Ateneo is located at Loyola Heights, Quezon City. 1862: Paulo Miki and his companions, martyred in Nagasaki, Japan (1597), are canonized by Pope Pius IX. 1863: La Salle University (now. De La Salle University) established in Manila, Philippines. 1865: The Society of African Missions of Lyon establishes a mission in Lagos, Nigeria. The same Society establishes a mission in Benin, five years later. 1866: Cardinal John Henry Newman finishes his autobiography, Apologia Pro Vita Sua. December 8, 1869: Pope Pius IX opens the First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican July 18, 1870 – The Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ from the fourth session of Vatican I, Pastor Aeternus, issues the dogma of papal infallibility among other issues before the fall of Rome in the Franco-Prussian War causes it to end prematurely and brings an end to the Papal States. Controversy over several issues leads to the formation of the Old Catholic Church. This council was not formally closed until 1960 by Pope John XXIII in preparation for the Second Vatican Council. 1873-75: The enactment of the Falk Laws, legislation in Germany during the Kulturkampf conflict with the Church which led to the expulsion of some religious orders from Germany. English poet and Jesuit, Gerard Manley Hopkins, dedicated his famous poem "The Wreck of the Deutschland" to five nuns who were forced to flee Germany because of the Laws and later drowned in a shipwreck. 1877: St. Francis de Sales is made a Doctor of the Church. 1878: Cardinal Charles Lavigerie, archbishop of Algiers and Carthage, sends ten missionaries to East Africa. 1879: Encyclical Aeterni Patris, by Pope Leo XIII, prepares a revival of Thomism. 1888: The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is founded. In 2018, it ranked #1 university of Latin America by QS rankings. 1891: San