"driving idea" was informed by Tom Flanagan's understanding of the Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek. Hayek had said that "spontaneous order arises when people are left to spontaneously order themselves ... We do not require the state to help organize us." While working on the doctorates at the University of Toronto in the 1970s, Knopff and Morton were mentored by Walter Berns, an American constitutional law and political philosophy professor and an American Enterprise Institute scholar. Berns was a prominent student of Leo Strauss. When they completed their PhDs in the 1980s, they were hired by the University of Calgary. They shared Flanagan's discontent with the eastern establishment in Ottawa. Knopff and Morton opposed the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Morton, who received his dual American-Canadian citizenship in 1993, grew up in the United States. Cooper and Flanagan met in the mid-1960s while pursuing doctoral studies at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Cooper came to the University of Calgary in 1981. By the 1980s, all four professors were working at the University of Calgary, but they did not have a visible impact on the public agenda. 1990s Ezra Levant was one of their students in the early 1990s and he joined the Reform party at that time. Unlike his professors, he received a lot of media attention. In the 1990s Levant worked in Preston Manning's office in Ottawa, where he joined Rahim Jaffer, Jason Kenney and Rob Anders in what became known in Ottawa as the "Snack Pack". According to Milke, it was Ralph Hedlin, a journalist with the Alberta Report who coined the name "Calgary School". Knopff preferred the name "Calgary mafia", coined by the Globe and Mail political columnist Jeffrey Simpson in 1992. Simpson was referring to the influence – direct and indirect – that Flanagan, Knopff, Morton, Bercuson, and Cooper had on Preston Manning's Reform Party of Canada. The Reform Party was a federal party that gave voice to Western Canada's discontent with the Progressive Conservative (PC) federal government under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. In the 1990s, the Reform Party attacked Mulroney's federal government – which had been in power for nine years – for the deficit, the GST, and the Charlottetown Accord of 1992. In response, colleagues in University of Calgary's department, where four of the five teach, wrote to the Globe distancing themselves from the Reform Party and from the Calgary School. Bercuson, who