share in Europe, Latin America, and Oceania. Many users of LMSs use an authoring tool to create content, which is then hosted on an LMS. In some cases, LMSs that do use a standard include a primitive authoring tool for basic content manipulation. More modern systems, in particular SaaS solutions have decided not to adopt a standard and have rich course authoring tools. There are several standards for creating and integrating complex content into an LMS, including AICC, SCORM, xAPI, and Learning Tools Interoperability. However, using SCORM or an alternative standardized course protocol is not always required and can be restrictive when used unnecessarily. Evaluation of LMSs is a complex task and significant research supports different forms of evaluation, including iterative processes where students' experiences and approaches to learning are evaluated. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages There are six major advantages of LMS which in themselves constitute the concept of LMS. Interoperability: Data standards on LMS allow information to be exchanged from one system to another Accessibility: The consistent layout using on LMS provides students with disabilities better opportunity to access web content. Reusability: Reusability refers to the LMS system's ability to be reused for educational content. A critical aspect in lowering the high expenses of developing educational experiences in e-learning settings. Durability: Due to the rising adoption of technology into academics, the growth of LMS market is expected to reach a CAGR of 17.1% by 2028. Maintenance ability: LMS allows developers to continually enhance their software and better adapt them to their user base. Adaptability: LMS is always improving, updating, and learning new behaviours quickly. LMS has been active since 1990s and keeps adjusting to the changing society today. Disadvantages Teachers have to be willing to adapt their curricula from face-to-face lectures to online lectures. There is the potential for instructors to try to directly translate existing support materials into courses which can result in very low interactivity and engagement for learners if not done well. COVID-19 and Learning Management Systems The suspension of in-school learning caused by the COVID-19 pandemic started a dramatic shift in the way teachers and students at all levels interact with each other and learning materials. UNESCO estimated that as of May 25, 2020, approximately 990,324,537 learners, or 56.6% of the total enrolled students have been affected by COVID-19 related school closures. In many countries, online education through the use of Learning Management Systems became