, , , , ; Aorist-present roots: – , – *kumaną, – *sufaną, – , *welaną – . Class 5 with 49 roots: , , *esaną, , , , , , , , *hreganą, *hreþaną, *hrewaną, *hwekaną, , , , *kewaną, *kresaną, , , , *mekaną, , , *neþaną, , , *rekwaną, , , *skrekaną - *skrekkaną, *skrepaną, *slekwaną,, *streþaną, *trekaną - *trekkaną, , *þrekaną, *þrewaną, , *wedaną (), , , ; J present roots: , *frigjaną, , ,; Class 6 with 41 roots: , , , - *bakkaną, , *drabaną, , , , , , , , , *hnabaną, , , *lapaną, , , , , , , *spananą, , *takaną, , *wahwaną (), , ; J present roots: , – *hafjaną, , *kwabjaną, – , , , , , ; Class 7 7a with 11 roots: *aihaną, *aikaną, , , , , *skaidaną – , *spaitaną, , , *þlaihaną; 7b with 14 roots: *audaną, , , , *brautaną, *dauganą, , *haufaną, , , *klawjaną, *naupaną, , ; 7c with 23 roots: , , , *faldaną – , *falganą, , *faltaną, , , , , *pranganą, , *skaldaną, *spaldaną, , , *stanganą, , , , *waltaną, ; 7d with 27 roots: , , , , , , , *drēdaną, *fēaną, *gēaną, , *hwētaną, *hwēsaną, , , *lējaną, , , , , , , *stēaną, *swēþaną, , , ; 7e with 24 roots: , , *bnōwwaną, *bōaną, *bōwwaną, , *brōkaną, , , , , , *hnōaną, , , , *knōdaną, , *snōwaną, , *swōganą, *þrōwaną, , ; Gothic Being the oldest Germanic language with any significant literature, it is not surprising that Gothic preserves the strong verbs best. However, some changes still occurred: e > i, eliminating the distinction between the two vowels, except in the reduplicated syllable where e (spelled ) was retained in all cases. i > e (spelled ) and u > o (spelled ) when followed by r, h or . Consonant alternations are almost eliminated by generalising the voiceless alternant across all forms. Also, long ī was spelled in Gothic. Note: The sounds kw and hw are transcribed in Gothic as and respectively. West Germanic Changes that occurred in the West Germanic languages: ē > ā a-mutation: u > o when a follows in the next syllable. This affected the past participles of classes 2–4. However, an intervening m or n + consonant blocked this,