the preterite (eː-o:-o:-oː): , and ("to hurt, to sore"). Anomalous roots: The present tense vowel of the verb was influenced by a preceding w, which was subsequently lost. The etymological w is retained in the past, unlike English or German: komen – kwam – kwamen – gekomen. Semi-strong with a weak past tense and a strong participle: (helen is a weak verb however), . Class 5 Regular class 5 roots (eː-ɑ-a:-eː): , , , , , , , Class 5 j-present roots (ɪ--ɑ-a:-eː): , , . These have a short 'i' in part 1 because of the gemination of the consonants, they retain the long 'e' vowel in part 4. Anomalous roots: The root ("to see") has experienced a loss of the original , with a resulting assimilation of the stem vowel to the vowel of the inflection, and shows Grammatischer Wechsel between this original and a in the past: zien – zag – zagen – gezien. The preterite of / ("to be") still shows both (quantitative) ablaut and grammatischer Wechsel between the singular and plural: was/waren. Semi-strong with a weak past tense and a strong participle: . Class 6 Class 6 has become very small, many of its verbs have gone weak or have become semi-strong. Regular class 6 roots (a-u-u-a): , , . Anomalous roots: The verb (to hit) like the verb zien has experienced a loss of the original , with a resulting assimilation of the stem vowel to the vowel of the inflection, and shows Grammatischer Wechsel between this original and a in the past: slaan – sloeg – sloegen – geslagen. The suppleted past tense of the verb ("to stand") also belonged to this class, it now declines with a short 'o': staan – stond – stonden – gestaan. The three inherited j-presents, , , and , ("to swear an oath") historically decline with 'e'-'oe'-'oe'-'a(a)'. In the modern language they decline irregularly, two have taken 'ie' in the past tense, all three have taken separate vowels in the participle: scheppen – schiep – geschapen ("to create"), heffen – hief – geheven ("to lift, raise"), zweren – zwoer – gezworen ("to swear an oath"),. Semi-strong roots with a strong past tense and a weak participle: , (Flemish, colloquially), , . Semi-strong roots with a weak past tense and a strong participle: , , , ("to fare" The sense "to travel by boat" has a class 6