in Peru. Goals Eleven language planning goals have been recognized (Nahir 2003): Language purification – prescription of usage norms in order to preserve the "linguistic purity" of language, protect language from foreign influences, and guard against perceived language deviation from within Language revival – the attempt to restore to common use a language which has few or no surviving native speakers Language reform – deliberate change in specific aspects of language or extralinguistic elements, such as grammar and orthography, in order to facilitate use Language standardization – the attempt to garner prestige for a regional language or dialect, developing it as the chosen standard language of a region Language spread – the attempt to increase the number of speakers of a language Lexical modernization – word coining or adaptation Terminology unification – development of unified terminologies, mainly in technical domains Stylistic simplification – simplification of language usage in lexicon, grammar, and style. That includes changing the use of language in social and formal contexts. Interlingual communication – facilitation of linguistic communication between members of distinct speech communities Language maintenance – preservation of a group's native language as a first or second language where pressures threaten or cause a decline in the status of the language Auxiliary-code standardization – standardization of marginal, auxiliary aspects of language, such as signs for the deaf, place names, or rules of transliteration and transcription Types Language planning has been divided into three types: Status planning Status planning is the allocation or reallocation of a language or dialect to functional domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing, of a language. Language status Language status is distinct from, though intertwined with, language prestige and language function. Language status is the given position (or standing) of a language against other languages. A language garners status according to the fulfillment of four attributes, described in 1968 by two different authors, Heinz Kloss and William Stewart. Both Kloss and Stewart stipulated four qualities of a language that determine its status. Their respective frameworks differ slightly, but they emphasize four common attributes: Language origin – whether a given language is indigenous or imported to the speech community Degree of standardization – the extent of development of a formal set of norms that define 'correct' usage Juridical status Sole official language (e.g. French in France and Turkish in Turkey) Joint official language (e.g. English and Afrikaans in South Africa;