past is taken from either the old past singular (ride rode ridden) or the old past plural (bite bit bitten). In the case of shine shone shone, the past participle has also assimilated to the past singular. Class 1 roots in modern English (excluding derived verbs such as abide and override) are , , , , , , , , , /, , , , , , , , . Note that bide, chide, rive, shine, shrive, strive, thrive can also be weak. However, although most of these verbs have uniformity in their infinitive vowel, they no longer form a coherent class in further inflected forms – for example, bite (bit, bitten), ride (rode, ridden), shine (shone, shone), and strike (struck, struck/stricken, with struck and stricken used in different meanings) all show different patterns from one another – but bide, drive, ride, rise, smite, stride, strive, write do form a (more or less) coherent subclass. Most of these verbs are descended from Old English class 1 verbs. However: strive is a French loan-word which is class 1 by analogy to drive. (By coincidence it is ultimately descended from an Old Frankish class 1 verb.) thrive is a class 1 verb formed by analogy to drive, its Old English ancestor being weak and descended from Old Norse þrífa (itself a class 1 strong verb, meaning "to grasp"). hide is a class 1 verb whose Old English ancestor, hȳdan, was weak. In American English, the past tense of the verb is usually dove, as though it is in Class 1, but the past participle is still dived. Class 2 Class 2 does not form a coherent class, as each verb has developed different irregularities. It includes , , , and (whose usual passive participle is shot rather than shotten). The verb (in the sense of "to offer") was in Class 2, but now the past and past participle are bid. The obsolete verb is now used only as the passive participle forlorn. Class 3 Class 3 in English is still fairly large and regular. The past is formed either from the old past singular or from the past plural. Many of the verbs have two past forms, one of which may be dialectal or archaic (begin, drink, ring, shrink, sing, slink, spin, spring, stink, swing, swim and wring). The class 3a verbs in modern English are: normal past in a: , ,