archaic strong verb), (an archaic strong verb), (strong forms are common but non-standard). Anomalous class 2 roots: The verbs and preserved the grammatischer Wechsel: verliezen-verloor-verloren, vriezen-vroor-gevroren. Although the root kiezen has lost the alternation, the derived verb (uit) still displays it in poetic or archaic contexts: verkiezen-verkoor-verkoren. The verb has a class 2 past tense and participle when it means 'to pull'. The verb can also be declined with a class 2 past tense and participle. Class 3 Class 3a and 3b have generalised part 3 to part 2, eliminating the -a- from this class. Some 3b verbs have a past in -ie- like class 7: helpen – hielp – geholpen. This can be considered a new "class 3 + 7". Regular class 3a roots (ɪ-ɔ-ɔ-ɔ): Inherited strong roots: , , , , , -ginnen ( – ), , , , , (archaic), , , , , , (literary/poetic), , , , , , , . Historically weak: , . Regular class 3b roots (ɛ-ɔ-ɔ-ɔ): Inherited strong roots: , , , , , , , , , , , (archaic). Three verbs of another class have joined with 3b: , (both class 5), (class 3a). Historically weak: , , ; These verbs became strong by reinterpreting the Rückumlaut that was present in some Old and Middle Dutch weak verbs as a strong vowel alternation. Class 3 + 7 roots (ɛ-i-i-ɔ): Inherited strong verbs: -derven ( – ), , , , , . Anomalous class 3 roots: The verb (to become) also belonged to class 3b, but the past and present vowels appear to have been swapped: worden werd geworden. Semi-strong with a weak past tense and a strong participle: , the verb changed the older vowels 'e' and 'o' into 'a': barsten – barstte – gebarsten Class 4 Class 4 and 5 verbs still show the distinction in vowel between the past singular (part 2) and plural (part 3), although this is not obvious due to the rules of Dutch orthography: ik nam ("I took") has the plural wij namen (not *nammen), that is, the 'short' vowel of the singular is replaced by the 'long' in the plural. (Note the relationship of consonant doubling to vowel length, which is explained at Dutch orthography). The pattern is therefore: breken brak (braken) gebroken ("to break") Regular class 4 roots (eː-ɑ-a:-oː): , , , , , . Class 4 roots with 'o(o)' in