in the adjective beholden) throw threw thrown The following modern English verbs descend from class 7 verbs, and still retain strong-verb endings: , , , , , , , , . (Hew can be a preterite or present, although the usual preterite, and sometimes the participle too, is hewed.) The verb can be considered Class 7, though the past participle now lacks the ending -en. The verbs and sometimes retain the strong-verb participles mown and sown but the preterites are now usually mowed and sowed. (The verb was always weak, even though one can say sewn for the past participle.) The verb , originally a weak verb, has acquired a strong past participle shown, and in some dialects even a class 7 strong past tense shew (This "shew" is not to be confused with present "shew", which is an older spelling of, and pronounced the same as, "show"). Archaic English still retained the reduplicated form hight ("called", originally a past tense, usually with a passive meaning, but later also used as a passive participle). The verb was also in class 7, as in the King James Version "while he yet spake, the cock crew". Dutch Old Dutch is attested only fragmentarily, so it is not easy to give forms for all classes. Hence, Middle Dutch is shown here in that role instead. The situation of Old Dutch generally resembled that of Old Saxon and Old High German in any case. Changes from West Germanic to Old Dutch: ai > ē (but sometimes ei is preserved) au > ō eu > iu ē > ie ō > uo (later becomes , spelled <oe> in Middle Dutch) From Old Dutch to Middle Dutch: u > o ū > ȳ (spelled <uu>) iu > ȳ (northern dialects) iu > io > ie (southern dialects) Lengthening of vowels in open syllables: e > ē, o > ō, a > ā, although it continues to be written with a single vowel. i is lengthened to ē, and short y (from umlaut of u) to ue . Unlike most other languages, umlaut does not affect long vowels or diphthongs except in the eastern dialects. Because of the combined effect of the two above points, umlaut is eliminated as a factor in verb conjugation. From Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch: Diphthongisation of long high vowels: > , > (spelled <ij> and <ui>) Monophthongisation of opening diphthongs: >