or emerges race hypothesis Gender Birth date or age range Data that may be added from commercial sources: "Extreme voters" status (voters who vote very frequently) Homeownership Hunting or fishing license holders Boat owners Concealed Weapon Permit Holders Occupation such as physical therapist, teacher, etc. Charitable or political contributions Magazine subscription status Voter database management software The use of voter databases has been established in political campaigns at all levels from local to national elections: In the United States The United States does not have a federal election agency, and thus has no official national voter list. In 2002, the United States Congress passed the Help America Vote Act (HAVA). HAVA required that each state compile an official state voter database by January 2006. Most states complied with HAVA by gathering the voter files available from each individual county. States decided what information to include, what restrictions to place on the use of their voter database, and how much the database would cost. In the United States, several companies have merged state voter information with commercially obtained data to create comprehensive voter databases that include a plethora of personal details on each voter. These companies often provide United States Voter Files to statutorily permitted or otherwise non-restricted users. In the 2004 presidential election in the United States, the Republican Party used the Voter Vault platform and the Democratic Party used DataMart. Currently, the Republicans use rVotes Data Center and the Democrats use Votebuilder from the Voter Activation Network (VAN). There are non-partisan firms that offer registered voter data in the United States, too: NationBuilder, Aristotle, eMerges and Labels and Lists. In 2015, a database of 191 million U.S. voters was exposed on the internet and included names, addresses, birth dates, party affiliations, phone numbers and emails of voters in all 50 U.S. states and Washington. In the United Kingdom Since the beginning of 2015 the British Conservative Party has used an online database called Votesource which is a centrally held database that local activists administer. The database merges both the membership database and the electoral roll and the centralised nature of it means the party can build demographic models based on Mosaic in to it to identify voters who are more likely to support the party at an election. The system is not without criticism and faced particular problems during the 2015 General Election and the primary to select the