in Gujurat, then they were expelled from there. Then they settled in Kalinjar, where they fought with Lowrik Sowrik of Palipiri and were defeated. Then they came to Rohtasgarh and were driven out by Muslims during the reign of Akbar. Then they settled in Chotanagpur. According to Dalton, Oraon were settled in Chotanagpur before the reign of Akbar and possibly some Oraon were in Rohtas hills when Rohtasgarh fort was constructed by Muslims. According to him the Oraon language is similar to Tamil, but some words spoken by Oraon are of Sanskrit origin due to their living with Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking people in the past. The physical features of Oraon are the darkest but those who live in mixed settlements have varieties of features. Jatra Bhagat led civil disobedience movement Tana Bhagat Movement from 1914 to 1920. After independence of India, They listed as a Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's reservation system. Society The Kurukh tribe is patrilocal and patrilineal. Kurukhs are divided into many exogamous clans. Clans names among the Kurukh are taken from plants, animals and objects. Some important clans are: Addo (ox) Aind (a fish) Alla (dog) Bakula (Heron) Bando (wild cat) Bara (Banyan) Barwa (wild dog) Beck (Salt) Chidra (Squirrel) Edgo (Mouse) Ekka or kachhap (Turtle) Gari (monkey) Gede (Duck) Gidhi (vulture) Halman (langur) Keond (a fruit) Khoya (wild dog) Kinduar (a fish) Kosuar (a fish) Kiro (a fruit) Kiss (pig) Kerketta (Hedge- sparrow) Kokro (cock) Kujur ( A medicinal plant) Lakra (Tiger) Minz (a fish) Khetta or Nag (Cobra) Panna (Iron) Tido (a fish) Tirkuar (tithio bird) Tirkey (an eagle) Toppo (Woodpecker) Tigga (Monkey) Xalxo (pigeon) Xaxa (Crow) Xess or Dhan (Paddy) Culture Language Kurukh are traditional speakers of Kurukh, which belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian family. Just under half still speak this language as their mother tongue. Many have adopted the local lingua francas, Sadri and Odia, as their first languages. This shift to regional languages, especially Sadri, has been most pronounced in West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam and Tripura, where the Kurukh are mainly tea garden workers and Sadri is the main link language. Festivals The Kurukh celebrate all traditional festivals of the Chota Nagpur plateau: Sarhul, Karma, Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nawakhani, Khariyani etc. Music and dance Since time immemorial The Oraon people have a rich range of folk songs, dances and tales, as well as traditional musical instruments.