A Praxis test is one of a series of American teacher certification exams written and administered by the Educational Testing Service. Various Praxis tests are usually required before, during, and after teacher training courses in the U.S. In order to be a teacher in about half of the states in the US, the Praxis test is required. It usually consists of two separate tests, Praxis 1 and 2. In some states, alternative teacher certification programs allow prospective educators to obtain licensure without taking Praxis tests. The Praxis I, or Pre-Professional Skills Test (PPST), consisted of three exams: reading, writing, and mathematics. On September 1, 2014, ETS transitioned to the Praxis "CASE" or "Core Academic Skills for Educators" which also consists of reading, writing, and mathematics exams. These sections can be taken as a combined test or separately. In most colleges and universities, a passing score must be earned for admission to teacher education. In most states, a passing score must be earned before the teacher education graduate can apply for his or her teaching license or certificate. The Praxis II assessments cover many different subject areas. Each state requires a different combination of Praxis II exams for certification. In many states, these include a content knowledge and a pedagogy exam. In some states, students must pass these exams before being accepted into the student teaching component of the program. Many states use the Praxis II tests as a way to determine highly qualified teachers status under the No Child Left Behind Act. The Praxis II School Counseling specialty exam is used by some states as a licensure requirement to practice professional school counseling. It replaced the National Teacher Examination (NTE), also administered by ETS. List of current Praxis II subject tests Art: Content and Analysis Art: Content Knowledge American Sign Language Biology and General Science Biology: Content Essays Biology: Content Knowledge Braille Proficiency Business Education: Content Knowledge Chemistry: Short Word Essays Chemistry: Content Knowledge Chemistry, Physics and General Science Chinese (Mandarin): World Language Citizenship Education: Content Knowledge Communication Cooperative Education Driver Education Early Childhood: Content Essays Early Childhood Education Earth and Space Sciences: Content Knowledge Economics Education of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students Education of Young Children Educational Leadership: Administration and Supervision Elementary Education: Content Knowledge Elementary Education: Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment Elementary Education: Instructional Practice and Applications Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects English Language Arts: Content and Analysis English