a base to the backswept neural arches. The axis (second cervical) is larger, with a small axial intercentrum followed by a much larger axial pleurocentrum. The axial pleurocentrum is longer than tall, has a low neural spine set forwards, and small prezygapophyses (front articular plates). The large postzygophyses (rear articular plates) are separated by a broad trough and support pointed epipophyses (additional projections). The third to eleventh cervicals are hyperelongate in T. longobardicus and T. hydroides, ranging from three to 15 times longer than tall. They are somewhat less elongated in T. antiquus, less than 6 times longer than tall. The cervicals gradually increase in size and proportional length, with the ninth cervical typically being the largest vertebra in the skeleton. In general structure, the elongated cervicals resemble the axial pleurocentrum. However, the axis also has a keel on its underside and an incomplete neural canal, unlike its immediate successors. In the rest of the cervicals, all but the front of each neural spine is so low that it is barely noticeable as a thin ridge. The zygapophyses are closely set and tightly connected between vertebrae. The epipophyses develop into hooked spurs. The cervicals are also compressed from the side, so they are taller than wide. Many specimens have a longitudinal lamina (ridge) on the side of each cervical. Ventral keels return to vertebrae in the rear half of the neck. The 12th cervical and its corresponding ribs, though still longer than tall, are notably shorter than their predecessors. The 12th cervical has a prominent neural spine and robust zygapophyses, also unlike its predecessors. The 13th vertebra has long been assumed to be the first dorsal (torso) vertebra. This was justified by its general stout shape and supposedly dichocephalous (two-headed) rib facets, unlike the cervicals. However, specimen GMPKU-P-1527 has shown that the 13th vertebra’s rib simply possessed a single wide articulation and an unconnected forward branch, more similar to the cervical ribs than the dorsal ribs. All cervicals, except potentially the atlas, connected to holocephalous (single-headed) cervical ribs via facets at their front lower corner. Each cervical rib bears a short stalk connecting to two spurs running under and parallel to the vertebrae. The forward-projecting spurs were short and stubby, while the rear-projecting spurs were extremely narrow and elongated, up to three times longer than their respective vertebrae. This bundle of rod-like bones running along the neck afforded a large