garrison commanders surrendered after hearing of Liu's escape. The Qing captured Penghu on 18 July. Surrender General He You, the chief commander of northern Taiwan, contacted Shi Lang with the intention of surrendering. Dong Teng, the commander of a Zheng fleet, followed suit. After his defeat at Penghu, Liu Guoxuan favored surrendering and convinced the Zheng government to send a peace mission to Penghu. On 26 August 1683, the 13-year old ruler Zheng Keshuang asked Zheng Dexiao to draft a petition of surrender. The first petition was rejected for its insistence on allowing Zheng Keshuang to stay in Taiwan. The second petition of surrender, bearing terms of unconditional surrender, arrived at Penghu on 5 September. Shi Lang's party arrived in Taiwan on 5 October 1683 to supervise the surrender. No one was executed and the surrender went smoothly. Zheng Keshuang and other leaders shaved their head in the Manchu style. Some Ming loyalists refused and chose death rather than to cut their hair but the majority accepted this change. The use of the Ming calendar, which the Zhengs had upheld for 38 years, was ended. A three-year tax exemption for all local inhabitants was proclaimed. Zheng Keshuang was taken to Beijing, where he was ennobled by the Qing emperor as Duke of Hanjun (漢軍公); together with his family and leading officers, he was also inducted into the Eight Banners military system. Junior members of the House of Zheng acquired the hereditary style of Sia (舍). The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives. Rulers Reigning family See also Pedro Yan Shiqi Kingdom of Middag Spanish Formosa Taiwan under Dutch rule Notes References Citations Sources * External links Hokkien royalty House of Koxinga History of Taiwan 1660s in Taiwan 1670s in Taiwan 1680s in Taiwan Former countries in Chinese history Former countries in East Asia Tungning Tungning Southern Ming Qing dynasty 1661 establishments in China 1680s disestablishments in China 1661 establishments in Asia 1683 disestablishments in Asia 17th-century establishments in Taiwan 17th-century disestablishments in Taiwan States and territories established in 1661 States and territories disestablished in 1683