capture attention and then connects them to the specific topic Narratio, in which the author succinctly states what will be the argument, thesis or point that is to be proven Divisio, in which the author outlines the main points, or reviews the debate to clarify what needs to be discussed further Confirmatio, which sets out the arguments (often three) for the thesis that the author supports as well as evidence supporting them Refutatio, which sets out and refutes the opposing arguments Conclusio, which is a summary of the argument, describing the urgency of the viewpoint and actions that could be taken The Rhetorica ad Herennium divides oral rhetoric into three styles. Each style has traits that make it most effective for specific purposes in oration. Grand, a style using intricate arrangement of complex language The diction used is formal and impressive. The purpose of this style is to move an audience, either emotionally or to perform some action. Middle, a style using more relaxed language than the Grand style but not quite at the level of casual conversation It avoids using colloquialisms but is not overly formal. The Middle style's purpose is to please or entertain an audience. Simple, a style using ordinary speech common to everyday conversation It uses colloquialisms and informal language, and is best suited for instruction and explanation. Rhetorical Figures from Book IV Book IV of the Rhetorica ad Herennium's systematic treatment of Latin oratory style identifies two categories of rhetorical devices, or Figures. These are Figures of Diction, which are identifiable in the language itself, and Figures of Thought, which are derived from the ideas presented. Although these figures have been in use in rhetoric throughout history, the Rhetorica ad Herennium was the first text to compile them and discuss the effects they have on an audience. Many of the following figures described in Book IV are still used in modern rhetoric, though they were originally intended specifically for use in oral debate. The Figures of Diction include the following: Epanaphora, when the same word starts successive sentences Antistrophe, when the same word ends successive sentences Interlacement, when the previous two occur simultaneously Transplacement, when the same word is reused frequently The repetition of the same word in these four figures produces an elegant and pleasant sound for the listener, rather than simply being repetitive. Antithesis is when the structure of the sentence is built