the conclusion of Nightmare Alley as an exemplar of a novel with an unhappy ending that was nonetheless a "fitting ending," where the protagonist brought misfortune on himself. Editions (reprinted in) Crime Novels: American Noir of the 1930s and 40s, Robert Polito, ed. (Library of America, 1997) 2010 reprint by New York Review Books 2013 reprint with four Gresham essays on fortune-telling and freak shows, by Centipede Press, Bret Wood, ed. Adaptations A film adaptation of the same name - as a film noir starring Tyrone Power as Stanton Carlisle - was released in 1947. A graphic novel adaptation of the novel was produced in 2003 by underground cartoonist Spain Rodriguez. A musical by Jonathan Brielle, directed by Gil Cates. It opened on April 21, 2010 at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles. A film adaptation of the same name - as a neo-noir psychological thriller starring Bradley Cooper as Stanton Carlisle - was released in 2021. References 1946 American novels 2010 musicals American novels adapted into films Rinehart & Company books