4...d5 5.exd5, Black generally avoids 5...Nxd5 allowing 6.Nxf7, the Fegatello or Fried Liver Attack, or 6.d4, the Lolli Variation, both of which are difficult to defend under practical conditions. Most common is 5...Na5, sacrificing a pawn for an active position. The very sharp Fritz Variation (5...Nd4) and the closely related Ulvestad Variation (5...b5) lead to wild positions with little margin for error for either side. A option for White is 4.d3, when Black's main options are 4...Bc5, transposing into the Giuoco Pianissimo, and the solid 4...Be7, which is likely to lead to similar positions to the Bishop's Opening. Alternatively, White can play 4.d4, which may lead to the Scotch gambit after the usual reply 4...exd4. Uncommon 3rd moves for Black 3... Be7 (Hungarian Defense). A solid, drawish defense which is occasionally seen in tournament play to avoid the complexities and risks of the other lines. 3... d6 (Semi-Italian Opening). Another solid positional line, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but rarely seen today. 3... h6. Neglects Black's development and is generally considered a waste of time; however, the move has no immediate refutation and has been tried by Czech grandmaster Pavel Blatny. 3... g6. Allows White to attack with 4.d4 (4.d3 has also been tried) 4...exd4 5.c3 (5.Nxd4 and 5.Bg5 are also possible) 5...dxc3 6.Nxc3 Bg7 and now 7.Qb3 (Unzicker) or 7.Bg5 (O'Kelly). 3... Nd4 (Blackburne Shilling Gambit). This ostensibly weak third move is a false gambit expectant upon White falling into the trap of capturing Black's undefended pawn (4.Nxe5 Qg5). While generally considered time-wasting against more experienced players due to 4.Nxd4! exd4 5.c3, it has ensnared many chess novices and can provide a quick and easy mate against players unfamiliar with the line. 3... f5 (Rousseau Gambit). White does best to avoid the pawn offer with 4.d3 or 4.d4. 3... Qf6. After 3...Qf6?! 4.Nc3 Nge7 5.Nb5 White has a clear advantage (Unzicker). See also Chess opening Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings List of chess openings List of chess openings named after places References Bibliography Bronstein, David (1991). 200 Open Games. Reprint Dover Publications, 1973. . Estrin, Yakov (1983). The Two Knights Defence. . Harding, Tim; G. S. Botterill (1977). The Italian Game. Batsford. . Levy, David; O'Donnell, K. (1981). Oxford Encyclopaedia of Chess Games Vol I (1485-1866). . Matanović, Aleksandar (1981). Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings Vol C. . Zagororovsky, Zagorovsky (1982). Romantic Chess Openings. . Further reading