kept under the guard of Guy de Blanchefort, Pierre d'Aubusson's nephew. Infuriated by the failure of Sir James Keating, Prior of the Order's Irish house, to send any help in the Siege, d'Aubusson ordered his removal and replacement by Marmaduke Lumley. However, he had underestimated Keating, an exceptionally combative and often violent man. He resisted all efforts to remove him and threw Lumley into prison, where he died. Not until 1491 was Keating expelled by the English Crown, which had grave suspicions about his loyalty. Guarding Cem D'Aubusson accepted an annuity of 45,000 ducats from Bayezid II, in return for which he undertook to guard Cem in such a way as to prevent him from appealing to the Christian powers to aid him against his brother. D'Aubusson's reward was a Cardinal's hat (1489) and the power to confer all benefices connected with the order without the sanction of the papacy. In addition, the Order of St. John received the assets of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, which was merged into the Order of St. John, and a number of Italian commandries of the Knights of St. Lazarus. Later life The remaining years of his life d'Aubusson spent attempting to restore discipline and zeal in his Order and to organize a grand crusade against the Turks. The age of the Renaissance, with Rodrigo Borgia on the throne of St. Peter, was, however, not favourable to such an enterprise. The death of Cem in 1495 had removed the most formidable weapon available against the Sultan. And when in 1501 d'Aubusson led an expedition against Mytilene, dissension among his motley host rendered this enterprise wholly abortive. His last years were embittered by chagrin at his failure, which was hardly compensated by his success in extirpating Judaism in Rhodes, by expelling all adult Jews and forcibly baptizing their children. References Dominique Bouhours, Histoire de Pierre d'Aubusson (Mabre-Cramoisy, Paris, 1677; The Hague, 1793; Bruges, 1887) Guillaume Caoursin, Obsidionis Rhodiae urbis descriptio, slnd (Ehrard Ratdolt, Venice, c. 1481) G. E. Streck, Pierre d'Aubusson, Grossmeister, &c. (Chemnitz, 1873) J. B. Bury in the Cambridge Modern History vol. i. p. 85, &c. (for relations with Jem). Available online at: http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh103.html#085 Gilles Rossignol, Pierre d'Aubusson, "Le bouclier de la chrétienté". Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes (La Manufacture, Besançon, 1991, bibliogr.) (This biography demonstrates the fertile imagination of R.P. Bouhours concerning the youth of Pierre d'Aubusson. See the French version