scale is k = 1 at a latitude given by where so that degrees, k=1.0004 at a latitude given by for which degrees. Therefore, the projection has , that is an accuracy of 0.04%, over a wider strip of 4.58 degrees (compared with 3.24 degrees for the tangent form). This is illustrated by the lower (green) curve in the figure of the previous section. Such narrow zones of high accuracy are used in the UTM and the British OSGB projection, both of which are secant, transverse Mercator on the ellipsoid with the scale on the central meridian constant at . The isoscale lines with are slightly curved lines approximately 180 km east and west of the central meridian. The maximum value of the scale factor is 1.001 for UTM and 1.0007 for OSGB. The lines of unit scale at latitude (north and south), where the cylindrical projection surface intersects the sphere, are the standard parallels of the secant projection. Whilst a narrow band with is important for high accuracy mapping at a large scale, for world maps much wider spaced standard parallels are used to control the scale variation. Examples are Behrmann with standard parallels at 30N, 30S. Gall equal area with standard parallels at 45N, 45S. The scale plots for the latter are shown below compared with the Lambert equal area scale factors. In the latter the equator is a single standard parallel and the parallel scale increases from k=1 to compensate the decrease in the meridian scale. For the Gall the parallel scale is reduced at the equator (to k=0.707) whilst the meridian scale is increased (to k=1.414). This gives rise to the gross distortion of shape in the Gall-Peters projection. (On the globe Africa is about as long as it is broad). Note that the meridian and parallel scales are both unity on the standard parallels. Mathematical addendum For normal cylindrical projections the geometry of the infinitesimal elements gives The relationship between the angles and is For the Mercator projection giving : angles are preserved. (Hardly surprising since this is the relation used to derive Mercator). For the equidistant and Lambert projections we have and respectively so the relationship between and depends upon the latitude . Denote the point scale at P when the infinitesimal element PQ makes an angle with the meridian by It is given by the ratio of distances: Setting and substituting and from