a semicrystalline polypropylene (PP) at different pressure, and the variation of the linear coefficient vs. temperature for some steel grades (from bottom to top: ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, carbon steel, duplex stainless steel, austenitic steel). The highest linear coefficient in a solid has been reported for a Ti-Nb alloy. (The formula is usually used for solids.) See also References External links Glass Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion measurement, definitions, thermal expansion calculation from the glass composition Water thermal expansion calculator DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package on Thermal Expansion and the Bi-material Strip Engineering Toolbox – List of coefficients of Linear Expansion for some common materials Article on how αV is determined MatWeb: Free database of engineering properties for over 79,000 materials USA NIST Website – Temperature and Dimensional Measurement workshop Hyperphysics: Thermal expansion Understanding Thermal Expansion in Ceramic Glazes Thermal Expansion Calculators Thermal expansion via density calculator Thermodynamics Heat transfer Physical quantities Building defects