congregations, and does not extend over whole groups of congregations like the Portuguese, the Reform, and the Polish organizations. The office of the Grand Rabbin du Consistoire Central in France is also of similar nature, but differs in that the chief rabbi acts merely in his capacity as member of the consistory, and not as hierarchic chief. References , by Gotthard Deutsch () Abraham Löb, Die Rechtsverhältnisse der Juden im ehemaligen Königreiche und der jetzigen Provinz Hannover, Frankfurt upon Main: Kauffmann, 1908; simultaneously: Göttingen, Univ., PhD., 1908. Samuel Freund (1868-1939), Ein Vierteljahrtausend Hannoversches Landrabbinat: 1687 - 1937 ; zur 250jährigen Wiederkehr seiner Begründung, Hanover: Synagogen-Gemeinde Hannover, 1937. Notes See also Chief Rabbi (Oberrabbiner, Großrabbiner, (de)) Court Jew Crown rabbi Hakham Bashi Landsmanshaft Schutzjude Shtadlan Landesrabbiner Landesrabbiner German rabbis Austrian rabbis Hungarian rabbis Jewish leadership roles Titles of national or ethnic leadership Jewish religious occupations