Joseph of Spain was a Jewish merchant of the ninth and tenth centuries CE and may have been a Radhanite. It is unknown if he was the "Joseph of Spain" who authored numerous mathematical treatises in use in Europe in medieval times. Abraham ibn Daud and other sources credit Joseph with bringing the so-called "Arabic numerals" from India to Europe. References Weissenborn, Hermann Zur Geschichte der Einführung der jetzigen Ziffern in Europa durch Gerbert: eine Studie, Berlin: Mayer & Müller, 1892, pp. 74–78. Explorers of Asia 9th-century mathematicians 10th-century mathematicians Jewish Spanish history 9th-century merchants 10th-century merchants European Sephardi Jews