is from Dilkes (1998), a study with a small sample of "prolacertiforms" but closer resemblance to most analyses of the 2000s and 2010s: Recent studies and the rejection of "prolacertiform" monophyly (2000s-present) Starting with Dilkes (1998), phylogenetic analyses began to recover Prolacerta in a position close to archosauriforms and away from other "prolacertiforms". In addition, a 2009 redescription of Protorosaurus shifted it away from Tanystropheus and close to the base of Archosauromorpha. These results have driven paleontologists to the conclusion that "Protorosauria" / "Prolacertiformes" is not a natural clade and fails to adequately describe the structure of Archosauromorpha. In the modern cladistic framework, it could be considered a paraphyletic or polyphyletic category of archosauromorphs united by "primitive" characteristics (such as a slender neck and lizard-like body) rather than a shared evolutionary history. The family Tanystropheidae has come to succeed those older names, acting as a monophyletic clade oriented around Tanystropheus. Tanystropheidae hosts a growing list of former "protorosaurs" with closer affinities to Tanystropheus than to Prolacerta, Protorosaurus, or other major archosauromorph groups. Tanystropheus is well-nested within Tanystropheidae, often as the sister taxon to Amotosaurus. Macrocnemus is most commonly the basal-most (first diverging) tanystropheid. The following cladogram is from Pritchard et al. (2015), a study focused specifically on tanystropheids: The following cladogram is from Ezcurra (2016), a study focused generally on archosauromorphs and early archosauriforms: A set of phylogenetic analyses by Spiekman et al. (2021) attempted to tackle the question of “protorosaur” relationships using an expanded and updated sample of archosauromorph species described over the past few decades. Tanystropheus was split into five taxonomic units in this study: T. longobardicus, T. hydroides, T. “conspicuus”, “T. antiquus” (Protanystropheus), and GMPKU P1527 (the large Chinese Tanystropheus specimen). Two types of analyses were designed to test for bias: one disregarded non-discrete characters and character state ordering, while the other included these settings. In some analyses, “wildcard” taxa with inconsistent positions were excluded to improve resolution. Regardless of the setting, T. longobardicus, T. hydroides, T. “conspicuus”, and GMPKU P1527 always formed a clade, though the latter two were excluded from some analyses as “wildcards”. Under some settings (but not the most stable analysis), another tanystropheid was added to this clade: Raibliania calligarisi, from the Carnian of Italy. The main Tanystropheus clade was well-nested within Tanystropheidae. “Tanystropheus antiquus”, whenever included in an analysis, was never found to clade with the other Tanystropheus taxa. Instead, it was