William Morgan Shuster (23 February 1877 in Washington, D.C. – 26 May 1960 in New York City), was an American lawyer, civil servant, and publisher, who is best known as the treasurer-general of Persia by appointment of the Iranian parliament, or Majles, from May to December 1911. Background Shuster was born in Washington, D.C. and educated in the Columbian University and Law School. After graduation, Shuster became a customs collector for the U.S. government, serving in the United States Military Government in Cuba in 1899 following the Spanish–American War, and in the Philippines, which was at that time an American colony. In 1906 he was appointed Secretary of Public Instruction in the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and a member of the Philippine Commission. In Iran In 1906, the Constitutional Revolution of Iran sought to establish a Western-oriented, democratic civil society in Iran, then known as Persia to the outside world. The movement forced the Shah to agree to the election of the first Majlis, the opening up of a relatively free press, and a number of other reforms. After being recommended by the U.S. government to the Iranian minister in Washington, Shuster was appointed by the 2nd Majlis to help manage the country's financial position. Persia was on shaky financial footing at the time due to heavy debts accumulated by the Qajars, the Persian royal family, to Great Britain and Imperial Russia. Great Britain and Russia had previously divided Persia into two spheres of influence pursuant to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. Shuster became active in supporting the Constitutional revolution of Persia financially. When Iran's government ordered Shu'a al-Saltaneh (شعاع السلطنه), the Shah's brother, who was aligned with the goals of the Russian Empire in Persia, to surrender his assets to the government, Shuster was assigned this task, which he promptly moved to execute. Imperial Russia immediately landed troops in Bandar Anzali demanding a recourse and apology from the Persian government. The hiring of Shuster and his American associates as financial advisors concerned the imperial powers, who sought to keep Persia from independent influences and dampen national feeling. Prior to Shuster's hiring the Iranian central government was weak, and Shuster oversaw the creation of a 12,000-member gendarmerie to collect taxes. The Imperial Russian Army, which had occupied large parts of northern Iran, claimed that Shuster had violated the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention by sending Iranian gendarmes into Russian-occupied territory