schema he is a reductivist. Coady offers an anti-reductivist account of testimony. He claims that testimony is like perception, we don't have to have reasons for believing it, only an absence of reasons not to believe it. On Coady's account we are justified in being credulous. Proponents of anti-reductivism in the history of philosophy include Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Reid. Perhaps also significant is that Bertrand Russell argued that knowledge by acquaintance played an important part in epistemology. Locke on Testimony This article needs reference to two recent papers: - Joseph Shieber, 'Locke on Testimony: A Reexamination' History of Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Jan., 2009), pp. 21-41 - Mark Boespflug (2019): Locke on testimony, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, DOI: 10.1080/09608788.2019.1566692 The abstract of the second runs as follows: "There is good reason to regard John Locke’s treatment of testimony as perhaps the most important of the early modern period. It is sophisticated, well developed, pioneering, and seems to have given shape to the later debate that would occur between Hume and Reid. I attempt to do three things in this essay. First, I argue that Hume’s landmark treatment of testimony is an appropriation of that developed by Locke. Second, I suggest that understanding Locke’s view of testimony is of critical importance to Locke’s broader epistemology. Finally, I claim that Locke’s reflection on testimony is valuable in its own right in that it is not confined to isolating the conditions under which testimonial beliefs are warranted or justified. Locke’s interest is, rather, in a variety of doxastic states, or degrees of assent, that testimony may serve to ground" Notes References Coady, C.A.J. (1992), ‘Testimony; A Philosophical Study’, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Gelfert, A. (2014), ‘A Critical Introduction to Testimony’, Bloomsbury Academic, London. Owens, D. (2000), ‘Reason without Freedom: The Problem of Epistemic Normativity’, Routledge, London. Shieber, J. (2015), "Testimony: A Philosophical Introduction", Routledge, London. Hume, D. (1748), ‘An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding’, Hackett Publishing Company, Cambridge. Further reading Jonathan Adler, Epistemological problems of testimony (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Paul Faulkner, "On the Rationality of Our Response to testimony", Synthese 131 (2002) 353-70. Elizabeth Fricker, "The Epistemology of Testimony", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Suppl. vol. 61 (1987) 57-83. Axel Gelfert, "Kant on Testimony", British Journal for the History of Philosophy 14 (2006) 627-652. Peter J. Graham, "Transferring Knowledge", Nous 34 (2000) 131-152. Peter King and Nathan