Seaways Corp [1979] 2 FC 541 China According to Professor Jianfu Chen of La Trobe University, "officially, the drafting of the 2007 Law of Rights in rem started in 1993, ... [but] rights in rem have always been part of the effort to draft a civil code in the PRC." "Rights in rem are defined to mean the rights by the right-holder to directly and exclusively control specific things (property); it includes ownership rights, usufruct and security interests in property." See also Civil forfeiture in the United States Jus ad rem, a term in civil law meaning "a right to a thing", distinguished from jus in re, which is dominion over a thing as against all persons. Canadian maritime law References Civil procedure Jurisdiction