D.C.; Member of the District of Columbia and New York Bars; Hanqin Xue, Judge at the International Court of Justice; Secretary General Yves Daudet, Professor emeritus at the University Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne). The Administrative Council The Administrative Council is in charge of the financial and material aspects of the academy's operations. This is a Dutch body whose members are of Dutch nationality, and whose president is always a leading personality currently, the former minister for foreign affairs, Ben Bot). The Administrative Council has close ties with the Dutch Carnegie Foundation which owns and manages the Peace Palace. Programmes Summer Courses The Summer Courses of the academy are held in July (Public International Law) and August (Private International Law); each session lasts three weeks. The academy is not a University: it does not have a permanent teaching staff, but its scientific body, the Curatorium, freely calls upon academics, practitioners, diplomats, and other personalities from all over the world whom it considers qualified to give courses, in English or French (with simultaneous interpretation). These courses are given in the form of a series of lectures, on general or special subjects. In principle, the courses are then published in the Collected Courses of the Academy of International Law, which now run to more than 360 volumes and are certainly among the most important encyclopædic publications on private and public international law. The Summer programme is directed to advanced students and practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of international law, public or private. The summer courses are open to candidates who have completed at least four years of studying at university, including subjects of international law, and who can prove to the Curatorium that they possess a sufficient knowledge of the subject; to candidates holding a 3-year law degree at the opening of the session of the academy. All candidates must master one of the two working languages (French or English). A merit-based scholarship program allows approximately 20% of the students to receive assistance from public and private funding sources. Each year, attendees representing between 80 and 100 nationalities participate. Centre for Studies and Research in International Law and International Relations Since 1957, the Centre for Research is open, for three weeks from mid-August, to persons undertaking high-level research, working under the direction of professors who are highly qualified in the particular subject being studied, with the best results of the work being published in