most of the posterior skull is clustered together, and the infratemporal fenestra is reduced to a small diagonal hole. The quadratojugal is a curved sliver which twists back alongside the quadrate. Relative to T. longobardicus, the quadrate has a larger pterygoid ramus and a strongly hooked rearward projection at its upper extent. The palate of T. hydroides has several unique traits. The vomers are wide and tongue-shaped, each hosting a single row of 15 relatively large curved teeth along the outer edge of the bone, adjacent to the elongated choanae (internal openings of the nasal cavity). Other archosauromorphs, T. longobardicus included, generally have restricted vomers with rows of minuscule teeth. The rest of the palate is completely toothless in T. hydroides, even the palatines and pterygoids, which bear tooth rows in most early archosauromorphs. The pterygoids are also unusual for their broad palatal ramus (front plate) and a loose, strongly overlapping connection to the ectopterygoids (linking bones between the pterygoid and maxilla). The epipterygoids (vertical bones in front of the braincase) are tall and flattened from the side. T. hydroides is a rare example of an early archosauromorph with a three-dimensionally preserved braincase. The basioccipital (rear lower component of the braincase) was small, with inset basitubera (vertical plates connecting to neck muscles) linked by a transverse ridge, similar to allokotosaurs and archosauriforms. The parabasisphenoid (front lower component) is less specialized; it lies flat and tapers forwards to a blade-like cultriform process. The rear part of the bone has a deep triangular excavation (known as a median pharyngeal recess) on its underside, flanked by low crests and a pair of small basipterygoid processes (knobs connecting to the pterygoid). The remainder of the braincase is fully fused together into a strongly ossified composite bone, and its constituents must be estimated by comparison to other reptiles. The exoccipitals, which mostly encompass the foramen magnum (spinal cord hole), are perforated with nerve foramina. Each exoccipital merges outwards into the opisthotic, which sends out a straight, elongated paroccipital process (thick outer branch) to the edge of the cranium. In T. longobardicus, the paroccipital processes are shorter and narrower at their base. The stapes, a bone which transmits vibrations from the ear to the braincase, is slender and splits into two small prongs where it contacts the opisthotic. The opisthotic merges forwards into the prootic, which extensively contacts the parabasisphenoid and hosts a range of larger