leaders advocated in response to racial violence and the summer's rioting. It faulted the leadership of the black community for an "ill-governed reaction toward race rioting.… In all discussions of the recent racial riots against blacks there is reflected the note of pride that the Negro has found himself. That he has 'fought back,' that never again will he tamely submit to violence and intimidation." It described "the dangerous spirit of defiance and vengeance at work among the Negro leaders." Arts Claude McKay's sonnet, "If We Must Die", was prompted by the events of Red Summer. See also African-American veterans lynched after World War I African Blood Brotherhood First Red Scare King assassination riots List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Mass racial violence in the United States Racial Equality Proposal Notes References Bibliography - Total pages: 472 - Total pages: 304 Dray, Philip, At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America (NY: Random House, 2002) - Total pages: 243 - Total pages: 265 - Total pages: 428 Krist, Gary. City of Scoundrels: The Twelve Days of Disaster That Gave Birth to Modern Chicago. New York, NY: Crown Publisher, 2012. . - Total pages: 912 - Total pages: 328 - Total pages: 270 - Total pages: 368 - Total pages: 240 - Total pages: 930 Tuttle, William M., Jr., Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), originally published 1970 - Total pages: 65 - Total pages: 386 External links "Remembering Red Summer — Which Textbooks Seem Eager to Forget" by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca, The Zinn Education Project, October 3, 2019. Race riots in the United States 1919 in the United States African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement Anti-communism in the United States White American riots in the United States Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 1919 riots in the United States Racially motivated violence against African Americans Lynching deaths in the United States History of racism in the United States Riots and civil disorder in the United States Mass murder in 1919 Red Scare