energy consumed per capita per year, T is the measure of efficiency of technical factors utilising the energy and C represents the degree of cultural development. In his own words: "the basic law of cultural evolution" was "culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased." Therefore "we find that progress and development are affected by the improvement of the mechanical means with which energy is harnessed and put to work as well as by increasing the amounts of energy employed". Although White stops short of promising that technology is the panacea for all the problems that affect mankind, like technological utopians do, his theory treats technological factor as the most important factor in the evolution of society and is similar to the later works of Gerhard Lenski, the theory of Kardashev scale of Russian astronomer, Nikolai Kardashev and to some notions of technological singularity. Later research In White's formula C = ET, the T (technological efficiency) could hardly be mathematically expressed. Unhappy with the formula, historian Max Ostrovsky worked to find mathematical expression, as well as to reduce the totality of E (energy consumed) to an essential measurable indicator. Having researched several disciplines, including climatology, all civilizations and the Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions, he reduced White's formula to the following: C = total cereal tonnage produced by one percent of global manpower. Ostrovsky applied the same formula to measure national power, replacing global manpower with national. The formula mathematically demonstrates the unipolar distribution of power in the post-Cold War era. Ostrovsky claims that his version of White's law works since the Neolithic Revolution and was not altered by the Industrial Revolution. He refers to the same NASA image (above), stressing that its brightest regions are regions fertile for cereals. According to Ostrovsky, there is no any permanent geographic pivot of history because climate is impermanent. Paraphrasing Mackinder, he drew what he claims a pivot relevant for all historical ages: Who rules the largest temperate zone with the most optimum rainfall, rules the world. Another formula Ostrovsky derived from White's law explains great social revolutions: When the percentage of manpower engaged in agriculture declines from 80 to 60, a society undergoes great social revolution whether from above or below. Revolution from above means reformation. In one stroke, Ostrovsky mathematically