The Amaranthoideae are a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae. The stamens have anthers with two lobes (locules) and four pollen sacs. The main distribution of the subfamily is in tropical America, in tropical and Southern Africa, and in Australia. The genera Amaranthus (the amaranths) and Celosia (the cockscombs) contain many ornamental species, as well as species whose seeds are used as pseudocereals and leaves as leaf vegetables. Systematics The subfamily Amaranthoideae comprises about 57 genera with about 330 species. Phylogenetical research revealed that the subfamily is polyphyletic and its traditional classification (tribe Amarantheae Rchb. with two subtribes Amaranthinae und Aervinae) does not reflect the phylogenetic relationship. Therefore, a new taxonomical grouping is required. Müller & Borsch (2005) recognized several clades: basal group: Bosea L., on Macaronesian Islands, and in Cyprus and western Himalaya. Charpentiera Gaudich., endemic to Hawaii and the Australian Ridge (Tubuai-Islands) Cladus Amaranthoids: Amaranthus L. (Syn.: Acnida L., Amblogyna Raf.), with about 60 species, occurring also extratropical in temperate regions. Chamissoa Kunth, with about 24 species in Middle and South America. Tribus Celosieae, with multiovulate ovaries. This tribe is the only monophyletic one. With about 5 genera and about 69 species: Celosia L., with about 45–60 species. Deeringia R.Br. (Syn.: Cladostachys D.Don, Dendroportulaca Eggli), with about 7 species. Henonia Moq. Hermbstaedtia Rchb., in southern Africa. Pleuropetalum Hook. f. Cladus Aervoids, in tropical regions of Africa and Asia: Aerva Forssk., with about 10 species. Nothosaerva Wight Ptilotus R.Br. (Syn.: Dipteranthemum F.Muell., Trichinium R.Br.), with about 110 species in Australia Cladus Achyranthoids, in tropical regions of Africa and Asia and on Pacific islands: Achyranthes L., with about 15 species, for example: Achyranthes mutica A.Gray Calicorema Hook. f. Cyathula Blume, with about 27 species. Nototrichium Hillebr. Pandiaka (Moq.) Hook. f. Psilotrichum Blume (Syn.: Psilostachys Hochst.), with about 14 species. Pupalia Juss. Sericostachys Gilg & Lopr. Many genera are not yet investigated for their grouping into clades: Achyropsis (Moq.) Hook. f. Allmania R.Br. ex Wight, with only one species: Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Brown ex Wight, in tropical Asia. Allmaniopsis Suess. Arthraerua (Kuntze) Schinz Centema Hook. f. Centemopsis Schinz Centrostachys Wall. Chionothrix Hook. f. Dasysphaera Volkens ex Gilg, with about 4 species in tropical eastern Africa Digera Forssk. Eriostylos C.C.Towns. Herbstia Sohmer (Syn. Siamosia K.Larsen & Pedersen) Indobanalia A.N.Henry & B.Roy (Syn.: Banalia Moq.) Kelita A.R.Bean Kyphocarpa (Fenzl) Lopr. (Syn.: Cyphocarpa (Fenzl) Lopr. orth. var.), in southern Africa. Lagrezia Moq. (Apterantha C.H.Wright) Lecosia Pedersen