rolling friction (CRF), and is the normal force, the force perpendicular to the surface on which the wheel is rolling. is the force needed to push (or tow) a wheeled vehicle forward (at constant speed on a level surface, or zero grade, with zero air resistance) per unit force of weight. It is assumed that all wheels are the same and bear identical weight. Thus: means that it would only take 0.01 pounds to tow a vehicle weighing one pound. For a 1000-pound vehicle, it would take 1000 times more tow force, i.e. 10 pounds. One could say that is in lb(tow-force)/lb(vehicle weight). Since this lb/lb is force divided by force, is dimensionless. Multiply it by 100 and you get the percent (%) of the weight of the vehicle required to maintain slow steady speed. is often multiplied by 1000 to get the parts per thousand, which is the same as kilograms (kg force) per metric ton (tonne = 1000 kg ), which is the same as pounds of resistance per 1000 pounds of load or Newtons/kilo-Newton, etc. For the US railroads, lb/ton has been traditionally used; this is just . Thus, they are all just measures of resistance per unit vehicle weight. While they are all "specific resistances", sometimes they are just called "resistance" although they are really a coefficient (ratio)or a multiple thereof. If using pounds or kilograms as force units, mass is equal to weight (in earth's gravity a kilogram a mass weighs a kilogram and exerts a kilogram of force) so one could claim that is also the force per unit mass in such units. The SI system would use N/tonne (N/T, N/t), which is and is force per unit mass, where g is the acceleration of gravity in SI units (meters per second square). The above shows resistance proportional to but does not explicitly show any variation with speed, loads, torque, surface roughness, diameter, tire inflation/wear, etc., because itself varies with those factors. It might seem from the above definition of that the rolling resistance is directly proportional to vehicle weight but it is not. Measurement There are at least two popular models for calculating rolling resistance. "Rolling resistance coefficient (RRC). The value of the rolling resistance force divided by the wheel load. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has developed test practices to measure the RRC of tires. These tests (SAE J1269 and SAE