for Applied Linguistics. Labov, W. 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Labov, W. 1981. Resolving the Neogrammarian controversy. Language 57:267–308. Labov, W. 2005. Transmission and Diffusion. Trager, G. L. 1930. The pronunciation of "short a" in American Standard English. American Speech 5:396–400. Trager, G. L. 1934. What conditions limit variants of a phoneme? American Speech 9:313–15. Trager, G. L. 1940. One phonemic entity becomes two: The case of "short a". American Speech 15:255–58. Trager, G. L. 1941. Maître Phonétique 17–19. Wood, Jim. 2011. Short-a in Northern New England. Journal of English Linguistics 39:135-165. External links Sounds Familiar? – Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website, including an audio "bath" map of the UK Splits and mergers in English phonology Australian English American English