special ones on Jews in return for royal protection, those on market trading and tolls from traffic along the Rhine. Even though Bruno's successors as archbishops would not be dukes as well, they would be the secular as well as the ecclesiastical rulers of Cologne until the battle of Worringen three centuries later. Bruno's court in Cologne was the main intellectual and artistic centre of its period in Germany — far more so than that of his brother Otto, which was far more peripatetic and militarily oriented. Among others, Ratherius and Liutprand of Cremona spent time at the court. Many of the next generation of German ecclesiastical leaders were educated at Bruno's court, like Everaclus of Liège, Gerard bishop of Toul, Wikfrid, bishop of Verdun, and Theoderic, bishop of Metz. Bruno's effect on medieval Cologne was immense. Apart from building a palace, he extended the cathedral to the point where it was regarded as rivalling St Peter's in Rome (this cathedral burned down in 1248 and was replaced by the current one). He brought the area between the old Roman walls and the Rhine within the city fortifications; and built new churches to Saint Martin of Tours within this area and to Saint Andrew just outside the northern city wall and a Benedictine monastery dedicated to St Pantaleon to the south-west of the city. Bruno translated St. Patroclus' relics from Troyes and buried them in 964 at St Patrokli Dom in Soest, where Patroclus is still today venerated. See also Saint Bruno the Great, patron saint archive Notes References Timothy Reuter, Germany in the early Middle Ages (1991, Longman. ) Pierre Riché, The Carolingians: a family who forged Europe (translator Michael Idomir Allen, 1993, University of Pennsylvania Press. ) Carl Dietmar and Werner Jung, Kleine illustrierte Geschichte der Stadt Köln (9th edition, 2002, J. P. Bachem Verlag, Köln. ) Cora E. Lutz, Schoolmasters of the Tenth Century. Archon Books 1977. External links Santiebeati.it Bruno I Bruno I Bruno 1 German Roman Catholic saints Saints from East Francia Dukes of Lorraine 10th-century archbishops in Holy Roman Empire 10th-century Christian saints 10th-century rulers in Europe Ottonian dynasty Sons of kings