not rely on radical-pair based magnetoreception, perhaps due to their subterranean lifestyle. Experimental exposure to magnetic fields leads to an increase in neural activity within the superior colliculus, as measured by immediate gene expression. The activity level of neurons within two levels of the superior colliculus, the outer sublayer of the intermediate gray layer and the deep gray layer, were elevated in a non-specific manner when exposed to various magnetic fields. However, within the inner sublayer of the intermediate gray layer (InGi) there were two or three clusters of cells that respond in a more specific manner. The more time the mole rats were exposed to a magnetic field, the greater the immediate early gene expression within the InGi. Bats may use magnetic fields to orient themselves. They use echolocation to navigate over short distances. When big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) are taken from their home roosts and exposed to magnetic fields rotated 90 degrees from magnetic north, they are disoriented; it is unclear whether they use the magnetic sense as a map, a compass, or a compass calibrator. Another bat species, the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis), appear to use the earth's magnetic field to provide their compass, but to calibrate this with the direction of sunset. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) may use magnetoreception when predating small rodents like mice and voles. They attack this kind of prey using a specific high-jump, preferring a north-eastern compass direction. Successful attacks are tightly clustered to the north. Humans do not have a magnetic sense, despite having a cryptochrome (cry2) in the retina which is magnetosensitive when exposed to light. A 2019 study found that magnetic fields do affect human alpha brain waves, but it is not known whether this results in any change in behaviour. See also Electroreception Magnetobiology Quantum biology Salmon run References Biophysics Perception Magnetism Magnetoreception Quantum biology