explained the Dutch Revolt, the British, German and Japanese reformations, the French, Russian and Chinese great revolutions, the American Civil War and the untouched by sociologists ancient Roman revolution. Liberté, égalité, fraternité and many other slogans were heard over the barricades and frontlines but in all cases, he emphasizes, the longest result and sometimes the only result was transfer of power from land owners (plantation owners in the American case) to industrial entrepreneurs (the order of knights in the Roman case). See also Kardashev scale Gerhard Lenski References Anthropology Historical determinism Theories of history