term for the prehistoric people who had built complex, monumental earthwork mounds. Archaeologists, both amateur and professional, were divided between believing the mounds were built by passing groups of people who settled in various places elsewhere, or believing they could have been built by Native Americans. Cyrus Thomas, the Bureau's appointed head of the Division of Mound Exploration, eventually published his conclusions on the origins of the mounds in the Bureau's Annual Report of 1894. It is considered to be the last word in the controversy over the Mound builders' identities. After Thomas' publication, scholars generally accepted that varying cultures of prehistoric indigenous peoples, Native Americans, were the Mound builders. See also History of indigenous peoples of North America Native American history Moon eyed people National Anthropological Archives References Fagan, Brian M. Ancient North America. Thames & Hudson. New York, 2005 Hinsley, Curtis M. 1994. The Smithsonian and the American Indian: making a moral anthropology in Victorian America. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Hodge, Frederick Webb, and Corinne L. Gilb. 1956. Frederick Webb Hodge, ethnologist. Berkeley, Calif: University of California. Judd, Neil Merton. The Bureau of American Ethnology; a partial history. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967. Thomas, Cyrus. Report on the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. Pp. 3–730. Twelfth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890–91, by J. W. Powell, Director. XLVIII+742 pp., 42 pls., 344 figs. 1894. Woodbury, Richard B., and Nathalie F. S. Woodbury. "The Rise and Fall of the Bureau of American Ethnology." Journal of the Southwest, vol. 41, no. 3, 1999, pp. 283–296. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40170100. External links List of Publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution A History of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1897–1997 Digitized copies of the BAE Annual Reports at Gallica Digitized copies of BAE Annual Reports No. 1 - 15 at Biodiversity Heritage Library Digitized copies of BAE Annual Reports No. 16 - 81 at Biodiversity Heritage Library Digitized copies of BAE Bulletins No. 1 – 24 Digitized copies of BAE Bulletins No. 25 – 200 Register to the Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution Lewis, Herbert S., 2022. “American Anthropology and Colonialism: A Factual Account”, in BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology,