wa-hi "I arrive (coming)" (I-arrive) ya-hi "you arrive" (you-arrive) hi "he arrives" u-hi "we (you and I) arrive" u-hi-pi "we (excl. or pl.) arrive" ya-hi-pi "you (pl.) arrive" hi-pi they arrive" active transitive wa-kte "I kill him" (0-I-kill) wicha-wa-kte "I kill them" (them-I-kill) chi-kte "I kill you" (I-you (portmanteau)- kill) ya-kte "you kill him" (0-you-kill) wicha-ya-kte "you kill them" (them- you-kill) wicha-ya-kte-pi "you (pl.) kill them" ma-ya-kte "you kill me" (me-you-kill) u-ya-kte-pi "you kill us" (we-you-kill-pl.) ma-ktea "he kills me" (0-me-kill-pl.) ni-kte-pi "they kill you" (0-you-kill-pl.) u-ni-kte-pi "we kill you" (we-you-kill-pl.) wicha-u-kte "we (you and I) kill them" (them-we-kill) The phonology, morphology, and syntax of Dakota are very complex. There are a number of broad rules that become more and more specific as they are more closely examined. The components of the language become somewhat confusing and more difficult to study as more sources are examined, as each scholar has a somewhat different opinion on the basic characteristics of the language. Notes Bibliography Bismarck Tribune. (2006, March 26). Scrabble helps keep Dakota language alive. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from Catches, Violet (1999?). Txakini-iya Wowapi. Lakxota Kxoyag Language Preservation Project. DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001). "The Sioux until 1850". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718–760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . de Reuse, Willem J. (1987). One hundred years of Lakota linguistics (1887–1987). Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12, 13–42. (Online version: https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/handle/1808/509). de Reuse, Willem J. (1990). A supplementary bibliography of Lakota languages and linguistics (1887–1990). Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 15 (2), 146–165. (Studies in Native American languages 6). (Online version: https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/handle/1808/441). Eastman, M. H. (1995). Dahcotah or, life and legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling. Afton: Afton Historical Society Press. Howard, J. H. (1966). Anthropological papers number 2: the Dakota or Sioux Indians: a study in human ecology. Vermillion: Dakota Museum. Hunhoff, B. (2005, November 30). "It's safely recorded in a book at last". South Dakota Magazine: Editor's Notebook. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from McCrady, D.G. (2006). Living with strangers: the nineteenth-century Sioux and the Canadian-American borderlands. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Palmer, J.D. (2008). The Dakota peoples: a history of the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota through 1863. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Parks, D.R. & DeMallie, R.J. (1992). "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification". Anthropological Linguistics vol. 34, nos. 1-4