as Elizabeth Wells Gallup, have claimed that Bacon used the cipher to encode messages revealing his authorship in the First Folio. However, American cryptologists William and Elizebeth Friedman refuted the claims that the works of Shakespeare contain hidden ciphers that disclose Bacon's or any other candidate's secret authorship in their The Shakespeare Ciphers Examined (1957). Typographical analysis of the First Folio shows that a large number of typefaces were used, instead of the two required for the cipher, and that printing practices of the time would have made it impossible to transmit a message accurately. The Friedmans' tombstone included a message in Bacon's cypher not spotted for many years. See also Baudot, a set of 5-bit codes for the English alphabet, used world-wide for teleprinter communications during most of the 20th century. References Further reading William Friedman and Elizebeth Friedman, The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined, Cambridge University Press, 1957 External links How to Make Anything Signify Anything Cipher Steganography Classical ciphers