overturned, and both Louis Botha and Jan Smuts rose as leaders in the new South Africa. However, the country remained loyal to the Crown, and both men played important roles for Great Britain during the First World War. The influence of the Kindergarten is hard to measure. During its time, modern democratic representation was introduced at the local level. Finances too, were under strict British control during the transition to British rule. The 5% tax levied by the Boers on the gold industry was increased to 10%, and in return, the new South African State received £9.5 billion in grants to rebuild.Headlam, The Milner Papers, Vol II, pg. 372 Meanwhile, the Lyttelton Constitution, which Lord Milner favoured, and which became law on 31 March 1905, was nullified by the Campbell-Bannerman Government, and the Boers were given complete self government in their former territories. Despite an orchestrated effort in 1906-07 to keep South Africa British, led by Curtis, Kerr, and Robinson, after popular elections in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony in 1907, 400 British civil service workers were dismissed.Thompson, A Wider Patriotism, pg. 105 Although the Kindergarten's desire for an American-style federal republic was defeated in favor of a unitary government in 1909, the Kindergarten continued to apply federalist principals in the Round Table Journal, in the belief that a federalist form of government (three branches of government vs one) was better than that existing in Great Britain. Post South Africa In July 1909, with most of their business done in South Africa, Lord Selborne and many members of the Kindergarten returned to England. With experience under their belt, with Lord Milner as their guide, and back in their home country, they renamed their group the Round Table. The Roundtablers attracted additions of William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne (Undersecretary at the Colonial Office), Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor and F. S. Oliver (businessman and writer of a book on Alexander Hamilton). Despite their affiliation with South Africa and colonialism, which was a polarizing matter in much of England, "the group scorned any connection with political parties". The dominant political factions of the day in England were the Unionist government and the Liberal Party. The unpopular war forced an early end to the conservative government of Arthur Balfour on December 4, 1905, and to the reign of conservative leadership (in place since 1895). With the generation of imperial leadership that