modern structural realist views on science. Bellarmine Robert Bellarmine wrote to heliocentrist Paolo Antonio Foscarini:Nor is it the same to demonstrate that by assuming the sun to be at the center and the earth in heaven one can save the appearances, and to demonstrate that in truth the sun is at the center and the earth in heaven; for I believe the first demonstration may be available, but I have very great doubts about the second… Modern physicist Pierre Duhem "suggests that in one respect, at least, Bellarmine had shown himself a better scientist than Galileo by disallowing the possibility of a 'strict proof of the earth's motion,' on the grounds that an astronomical theory merely 'saves the appearances' without necessarily revealing what 'really happens.'" See also Andreas Osiander Scientific community metaphor Notes Formalism (deductive) Metatheory of science Scientific method