the Franks, called Old Frankish by linguists. However, in the Middle Ages Firanj was a generic term used by Arabs (and Eastern Christians) for Western Europeans generally. It is possible that Ibn Khordadbeh uses "Frank" as a counterpoint to "Roman" (Byzantine Greek), indicating that the Radhanites spoke the languages of both Eastern and Western Christians. Though some, such as Moshe Gil, maintain that "Firanja" as used in this context refers to the Frankish-occupied areas of Italy, and not to France proper. Gil 299–310. Adler 2–3; for alternative translations see, e.g., De Goeje 114; Rabinowitz 9–10; Among the minor differences between the accounts is Rabinowitz's rendering of "Khamlif" in place of "Khamlidj" and his reference to the "Yourts of the Toghozghuz" as opposed to Yurt and Toghuzghuz as separate entities. Rabinowitz's version, translated, means "Tents of the Uyghurs". See also Dunlop 138, 209, 230. Bendiner 99–104. See, e.g., Enc. of World Trade, "China". e.g., Enc. of World Trade, "Radanites" 764. Adler x.; Weissenbron 74–78; see also Encyclopedia of World Trade — From Ancient Times to the Present , "Radanites" 764. Antiquities 18.6.3 Rabinowitz 91. e.g., Enc. of World Trade, "Radanites" 764; see also Pritsak 265. Brook 77; Schipper 116. Rabinowitz 150–212. Shefler, Gil "Scrolls raise questions as to Afghan Jewish history", 'The Jerusalem Post, Jerusalem, 2 January 2012. References "China." Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present, vol. 1, ed. Cynthia Clark Northrup, p. 29. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. Adler, Elkan. Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages. New York: Dover Publications, 1987 Bendiner, Elmer. The Rise and Fall of Paradise. New York: Putnam Books, 1983. Bareket, Elinoar. "Rādhānites". Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Norman Roth, ed. Routledge, 2002. pp 558–561. Brook, Kevin. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006 De Goeje, Michael. Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum. Leiden, 1889. Volume VI. Dunlop, Douglas. The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1954. Fossier, Robert, ed. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages, vol. 1: 350–950. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997. Gottheil, Richard, et al. "Commerce". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906. Gil, Moshe. "The Radhanite Merchants and the Land of Radhan." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17:3 (1976). 299–328. Gregory of Tours. De Gloria Martyrorum. Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. Rabinowitz, Louis. Jewish Merchant Adventurers: a study of the Radanites. London: Edward Goldston, 1948. "Radanites". Encyclopedia