predicate or a pronoun, both of which follow the copula. (42) "Is Seán the teacher?" (42.1) "Yes, he is." (42.2) "No, he isn't." (43) "Is Seán a teacher?" (43.1) "Yes, he is." (43.2) "No, he isn't." Omission of In all dialects, the copula may be omitted if the predicate is a noun. ( cannot be deleted.) If is omitted, the following preceding the noun is omitted as well. (44a) "I am the teacher." (44b) "Seán is the teacher." (44c) "I am a student." Comparison of the existential verb and the copula Both the existential verb and the copula may take a nominal predicate, but the two constructions have slightly different meanings: sounds more permanent: it represents something absolute about Seán; it is a permanent characteristic of Seán that he is a doctor. That is known as an individual-level predicate. In the sentence , one says rather that Seán performs the job of a doctor, he is a doctor at the moment, or he has become a doctor. That is known as a stage-level predicate. Subordination Most complementizers (subordinating conjunctions) in Irish cause eclipsis and require the dependent form of irregular verbs. The word order in an Irish subordinate clause is the same as in a main clause. The types of subordination discussed here are: complementation, relative clauses, and wh-questions (which are formed as a kind of relative clause in Irish). Complementation Syntactic complementation The subordinate clause is a part of the main clause in a purely syntactic complementation. In Irish it is introduced by "that" in the positive and "that... not" in the negative. Other examples of complex sentences using complementizers: (47a) "People were afraid of him because he was quick-tempered." (47b) "I don't believe it although I see it." (47c) "She wrote it down so that she wouldn't forget it." (47d) "Wait until he comes." Conditional complementation A conditional clause gives the condition under which something will happen. In Irish there are two kinds of conditional clauses, depending on the plausibility of the condition. The particle introduces a conditional clause that is plausible, also called a realis condition. causes lenition and takes the independent form of irregular verbs. Its negated form is and causes eclipsis. Preceding the preterite it is and causes lenition. If the condition of the clause is hypothetical, also called an irrealis condition or counterfactual conditional, the word is used, which causes eclipsis and takes the