laws. In media theory many writers take the position that political arrangements are determined by the mass media images that people see, and that these, by displacing other forms of culture, determine the economic and political arrangements. In modern conservatism, individuals such as commentator Patrick Buchanan and economist Robert Barro argue that cultural norms determine the behavior of political arrangements. However, the cultural determinism of Buchanan and like-minded conservatives is currently a source of conflict among American conservatives. See also Arnold J. Toynbee Cultural pessimism Determinism Oswald Spengler Paleoconservatism Racialism (racial categorization) Romantic nationalism Semere Standard social science model T. S. Eliot Tribalism References Cultural anthropology Determinism Philosophy of history