the quality of life." The United States Department of State characterized that these provisions provide Buddhism as the de facto official religion of Thailand. There have been calls by Buddhists to make an explicit reference to Buddhism as the country's state religion, but the government has turned down these requests. Academics and legal experts have argued that Thailand is a secular state as provisions in its penal code are generally secular and irreligious by nature. The Constitution of Tonga opens by referring to "the will of God that man should be free". Article 6 provides, "the Sabbath Day shall be kept holy", and prohibits any "commercial undertaking" on that day. Article 5 provides: "All men are free to practice their religion and to worship God as they may deem fit in accordance with the dictates of their own worship consciences and to assemble for religious service in such places as they may appoint". There is no established church or state religion. Any preaching on public radio or television is required to be done "within the limits of the mainstream Christian tradition", though no specific religious denomination is favoured. The Republic of Turkey is officially a secular country. Although the current governing party has a close affinity with Sunni Islam, the latest Constitution of 1982 neither recognizes an official religion nor promotes any. The Directorate of Religious Affairs, an official state institution established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924, expresses opinions on religious matters and is responsible for all administration of the Sunni institutions. According to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, together with the Free Exercise Clause, which forms the constitutional right of freedom of religion, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." An act of Congress changed the official United States motto to "In God we trust". Prior to this act of Congress, the official motto of the United States had been "E pluribus Unum" or "out of many, one" since the country's creation. Additionally, the motto of "In God we trust" has been printed on their currency since 1864. See also Civil religion Freedom of religion Secular education Secularism Secularity Secular religion Separation of church and state State atheism State religion Theocracy Notes References Bibliography Temperman, Jeroen, State Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, BRILL, 2010,