footnotes, and is a stand-in for the last-cited author, rather than title. The Latin adverb supra, meaning "above", means simply "see above" and can therefore be somewhat imprecise. Examples Footnotes 9 to 15: (9) R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar (Academic: New York, 1997), p. 23. (10) G. Wiki, Language and Its Uses (Blah Ltd.: London, 2000), p. 217. (11) G. Wiki, Towards a More Perfect Speech (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p. 354. (12) G. Wiki, I Say, You Say (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p. 35. (13) Millan, op. cit., p. 5. (14) Wiki 2000, op. cit., p. 66. (15) Wiki, I Say, You Say, op. cit., p. 4. Reference number 13 refers to the last cited work by the author R. Millan, and hence, it is the same as in number 9 (R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar), although the page referred to is different. Reference number 14 refers to reference number 10, Language and Its Uses (because the work was published in 2000), page 66. Reference number 15 refers to reference number 12: there are two works by Wiki published in 2003 so you must use the title. For the short-title form: (9) R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar (Academic: New York, 1997), p. 23. (10) G. Wiki, Language and Its Uses (Blah Ltd.: London, 2000), p. 217. (11) G. Wiki, Towards a More Perfect Speech (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p. 354 (12) G. Wiki, I Say, You Say (Blah Ltd.: London, 2003), p. 35 (13) Art of Latin Grammar, p. 5. (14) Language and Its Uses, p. 66. (15) I Say, You Say, p. 4. This is exactly the same as the long form above. See also Bibliography MLA style (may or may not apply to APA style) References External links Dictionary.com: ibid Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles Bibliography Latin literary phrases de:Ebenda#a. a. O.