large, sophisticated borrowers paying competitive, regulated interest rates; that the arguments advanced for why interest is unjust, exploitative and forbidden, do not "hold up", and can seldom be backed up by any studies or in depth research on the subject because so few have been done — the orthodox usually talking about injustice only in their polemical arguments, that attempts to replace interest with an Islamic banking system based on profit and risk sharing have not been successful, thanks to practical problems such as dealing with inflation, the time value of money, "information asymmetry", additional costs; which have led profit and loss sharing itself to become a minor player, while the backbone of the system (debt-like instruments such as murabaha) have used hiyal (legal stratagem) to get around religious requirements until they resemble conventional banking in most everything besides the terminology they use; and that promises made for this system — such as that it would fund long-term economic development and help low-income small traders — have not been fulfilled; and that ultimately the campaign against bank interest can best be explained not by scriptural-based argument, but by a need to create a complete and separate Islamic realm — with its own financial sector — by which Muslims can strengthen their identity and avoid lapsing into being "partial Muslims". Injustice of fixed return The (alleged) injustice of fixed return and its (alleged) lack of risk, has been attacked by Ismail Ozsoy, M.N. Siddiqi, and M. Hameedullah. Ismail Ozsoy defines interest as riba and as "an unearned or unequally distributed income." He argues that both those who pay and receive interest are sinful and behaving unjustly because the interest rate is "fixed at the very beginning, but it is impossible to predict the outcome of the business at which the loan is used, profit or loss, or how much either would be." Ozsoy states that his argument is supported by . Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi argues that charging interest on loans — whether intended for consumption or production — is forbidden exploitation. If a loan is to buy consumer goods, those who have wealth should assist those without and not charge any increment above principal. If a business borrows to invest in plant or equipment, a guaranteed return on capital is unjust because there is no sharing of profits between entrepreneur and financier, the borrower is "obliged to pay to the bank