as a "damning indictment of a policy meant to avoid Australia's international human rights obligations". Sources of rights As Australia does not have a Bill of Rights to implement all international human rights, some states have implemented their own charters. For example, in Queensland, in Victoria, and in the ACT. As such, other sources of rights exist to protect rights in Australia (the Constitution, through statutes, common law, and through implementation of international treaties). Australian Constitution Human rights are protected under the Australian Constitution in several ways: Self-determination is protected by the creation of a system of responsible government chosen by the people in the form of the Australian Parliament; Section 41 provides a right to vote; Section 51(xxiii) prohibits civil conscription in relation to medical and dental services; section 51(xxxi) empowers the Commonwealth to acquire property only "on just terms"; Section 80 provides a right to a jury trial for indictable offences; Section 92 protects freedom of interstate trade, commerce and communication among the States; Section 116 prohibits the Commonwealth from passing laws establishing religion, imposing religious observance, or requiring a religious test for qualification for public office; Section 117 prohibits discrimination on the basis of State residence. In addition, as a result of certain structural implications and principles, the Constitution protects human rights indirectly through several means, including: An implied freedom of political communication on government and political matters; A requirement that punishment (and, with some exceptions, imprisonment) only occur pursuant a court order, arising from the separation of powers; A requirement that courts be independent and impartial from the executive and legislature; The right to challenge the legality of government action for jurisdictional error, even where legislation purports to preclude judicial review. Statutes Human rights are protected through various statutory enactments in a broad variety of specific contexts. For example, there are statutes which prescribe and regulate police powers, use of personal information, secret recording of conversations, equal treatment when buying goods and services, consumer rights, and many other statutes. Common law The common law of Australia protects rights indirectly through various causes of action (such as in contract, tort, and property rights). The common law also protects human rights through principles of statutory interpretation. One example is found in Gleeson CJ's statement that it is presumed that it is not Parliament's intention to remove a fundamental human right(s) or freedom(s) unless such an intention is outlined