and longer handle allows it to be used in tighter operating fields. Knife to scalpel to electrocautery Primitive knives were made of perishable materials such as sharp leaf margins or bamboo. After the Dark Ages, Muslims, and later European countries started to develop surgical instruments, scalpels, for cutting. In 1904, King Gillette developed a double-edged safety razor blade with a disposable blade. After 10 years, Morgan Parker, an engineer, developed and patented another type of disposable scalpel, consisting of an overlapping blade locked into a metal handle that allows for easily replacing dull and used blades with fresh sterile blades. Compared to the Gillette ones, this new blade provides stability whilst still being able to exchange blades between uses. Despite the knowledge that heat can control bleeding since the sixth-century BC, it was not until the 18th-century that people started to use electricity to generate heat for cautery. William Stewart Halsted was the pioneer of the technique, which later was called Diathermy. In 1900, physician Joseph Rivière used electrical current to treat a benign carcinomatous ulcer on the dorsum of his patient's hand. Then in 1907, Physician Karl Franz Nagelschmidt used diathermy to treat lesions as well as the coagulation of vascular tumors and hemorrhoids. In the early 1900s, William T. Bovie proposed the use of different current (flow of electrical charge of the carrier) for cutting and coagulation. Bovie collaborated with Dr. Harvey Cushing, which led to the birth of “Bovie”, a diathermy apparatus. It allows for careful dissection of tissue while maintaining hemostasis. Retractors During the Renaissance, retractors were lacking so the surgeons uses their fingers to supply the necessary retraction of tissue exploration. Albucasis, a pioneer of modern medicine, devised numerous hooks for surgical retraction including circumcisions, tracheostomies, hemorrhoidectomies, and central extractions in his famous book Al Tasreef Liman ‘Ajaz ‘Aan Al-Taleef around 1000 AD. In the 19th century, Doyen abdominal retractors were invented by French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen. The doyen retractors are auto-static, self-retaining retractors that are used primarily in abdominal OB/GYN procedures. It facilitates the completion of difficult surgeries by providing improved exposure. In the late 19th century, Nicholas Senn, an early adopter of Listerism, felt that having a smooth surface on a surgical instrument was important to help to prevent infection. Thus, he developed what is now called the Senn retractor, a double-ended retractor with an end of three bent prongs that may be