tombs of revered holy men, proclaiming the tombs contrary to Shariah. One refugee in the camp spoke of encountering Afghans, Pakistanis and Nigerians among the invading forces. See also Arab Islamic Front of Azawad Ansar Dine Arab Movement of Azawad Azawadi declaration of independence Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Niger Movement for Justice Northern Mali conflict Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964) Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995) Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009) Tuareg rebellion (2012) References Bibliography Baldaro, E., & Raineri, L. (2020). "Azawad: A Parastate Between Nomads and Mujahidins?" Nationalities Papers, 48(1), 100–115. . . Also available from Gallica. . . First published in 1999 as . . . . External links Orphans of the Sahara, a three-part documentary series about the Tuareg people of the Sahara desert. Tuareg Territorial disputes of Mali Separatism in Mali Disputed territories in Africa Arabic-speaking countries and territories States and territories established in 2012 Azawad Islamic states 2012 establishments in Mali Former unrecognized countries States and territories disestablished in 2013