is a direct cause and effect between a debtor's deliberate action and the insolvency; mere poor management or accidental losses are not grounds for conviction. Taking into account judicial practice, the best defense is to claim a lack of deliberate intent, and demonstrate that the actions were reasonable at the time and not intended to cause insolvency. Explicit fraud and embezzlement, involving concealment or presenting fraudulent liabilities, are defined separately, as are the less serious deceitfulness and violation by a debtor. An example was a case involving the former CEO of a bank as the debtor. The debtor was ordered to pay FIM 1.8 million in damages due to reckless lending that had led to a bankruptcy of the bank. However, the debtor kept multiple credit accounts overdrawn by withdrawing large sums of cash, which he claimed were for daily expenses and frequent travel abroad. Thus, garnishment was not possible, because he could claim that he had no net worth. The court found it unlikely that such sums could be spent on daily expenses, but were in fact stashed somewhere, and convicted the debtor of aggravated debtor's dishonesty. In Swedish law, dishonesty to creditors (oredlighet mot borgenärer) and aggravated dishonesty to creditors (grov oredlighet mot borgenärer) carry a sentence of up to two-and-a-half years and six years of imprisonment, respectively. Studies A 2021 study by Fixgerald which tested academic cheating found that the USA was the most dishonest country. See also English law Intellectual dishonesty PiracyR v Ghosh Shoplifting Shrinkage (accounting) References Further reading Allen, Michael. Textbook on Criminal Law. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). . Ariely, Dan, and Ximena Garcia-Rada, "Contagious Dishonesty: Dishonesty begets dishonesty, rapidly spreading unethical behavior through a society", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 3 (September 2019), pp. 62–66. Criminal Law Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977. Griew "Dishonesty: The Objections to Feely and Ghosh" [1985] CLR 341. Griew, Edward. Theft Acts 1968 & 1978, Sweet & Maxwell. Halpin "The Test for Dishonesty" [1996] Crim LR 283. King, Barbara J., "Deception in the Wild: Homo sapiens is not the only species that lies. Dishonesty abounds in the animal kingdom", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 3 (September 2019), pp. 50–54. O'Connor, Cailin, and James Owen Weatherall, "Why We Trust Lies: The most effective misinformation starts with seeds of truth", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 3 (September 2019), pp. 54–61. Ormerod, David. Smith and