world community. Discrepancies between the systems were too great, the hostility of the Soviet Union toward capitalist countries too great." In 1946, he disagreed with his friend and mentor, Ambassador George F. Kennan, on how to deal with the Soviets. Kennan proposed a strategy of containment of Soviet expansion, but Bohlen was more cautious and recommended accommodation by allowing Stalin to have a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe without it being disturbed by the US. Bohlen, criticized by some of the hawks in the US Congress, paid close attention to public opinion as he considered domestic influence in a democracy to be inevitable. When George Marshall became Secretary of State in 1947, Bohlen became a key adviser to Truman. Bohlen, at George C. Marshall's request and guidance, wrote Marshall's June 5, 1947 speech that led to the Marshall Plan. Bohlen was US minister to France from 1949 to 1951. Kennan, declared persona non grata for some criticism of the Soviet Union in Berlin in September 1952, would not be allowed to return there. Oversight of the embassy was then awarded to Chargé d'Affaires Jacob Beam. On January 20, 1953, Dwight Eisenhower became US President. When Stalin died in March 1953, the post of ambassador was still vacant, and the embassy was still being led by Beam. In April 1953, Eisenhower named Bohlen as ambassador to the Soviet Union. He was confirmed 74–13 despite criticisms from US Senator Joseph McCarthy, who had also criticized Bohlen's brother-in-law, also an affiliate of the US embassy in Moscow, Charles W. Thayer. Bohlen oversaw several key events during his time as ambassador to the Soviet Union, including the rise of Georgy Malenkov to the premiership, the arrest and execution of Lavrentiy Beria, the ascendency of Nikita Khrushchev, the Hungarian Revolution and the Suez Crisis. Bohlen's relationship with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles soured. He was demoted on April 18, 1957 by Eisenhower after Dulles forced Bohlen's resignation. Bohlen later served as ambassador to the Philippines from 1957 to 1959. He returned to the US in 1959 by request of Secretary of State Christian Herter to serve in the newly-formed Bureau of Soviet Affairs. He served as ambassador to France from 1962 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. According to the Kennedy advisor Theodore Sorensen, Bohlen participated in early discussions surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. During