The Choco languages (also Chocoan, Chocó, Chokó) are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama. Family division Choco consists of six known branches, all but two of which are extinct. The Emberá languages (also known as Chocó proper, Cholo) Noanamá (also known as Waunana, Woun Meu) Anserma (†) Arma (†) ? (unattested) Sinúfana (Cenufara) (†) ? Caramanta (†) ? Anserma, Arma, and Sinúfana are extinct. The Emberá group consists of two languages mainly in Colombia with over 60,000 speakers that lie within a fairly mutually intelligible dialect continuum. Ethnologue divides this into six languages. Kaufman (1994) considers the term Cholo to be vague and condescending. Noanamá has some 6,000 speakers on the Panama-Colombia border. Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016): († = extinct) Choko Waunana Embera Embera, Southern: Embera Baudo; Embera Chami; Epena Embera, Northern: Embera Katio; Embera Darien Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Guahibo, Kamsa, Paez, Tukano, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Chibchan, and Bora-Muinane language families due to contact. Genetic links between Choco and Chibchan had been proposed by Lehmann (1920). However, similarities are few, some of which may be related to the adoption of maize cultivation from neighbors. Genetic relations Choco has been included in a number of hypothetical phylum relationships: within Morris Swadesh's Macro-Leco Antonio Tovar, Jorge A. Suárez, and Robert Gunn: related to Cariban Čestmír Loukotka (1944): Southern Emberá may be related to Paezan, Noanamá to Arawakan within Paul Rivet and Loukotka's (1950) Cariban Constenla Umaña and Margery Peña: may be related to Chibchan within Joseph Greenberg's Nuclear Paezan, most closely related to Paezan and Barbacoan with Yaruro according to Pache (2016) Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chocó languages. Proto-language For reconstructions of Proto-Chocó and Proto-Emberá by Constenla and Margery (1991), see the corresponding Spanish article. See also Embera-Wounaan, who speak the Choco languages, Embera and Wounaan Quimbaya language References Bibliography Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; & Margery Peña, Enrique. (1991). Elementos de fonología comparada Chocó. Filología y lingüística, 17, 137-191. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Gunn, Robert D. (Ed.). (1980). Claificación de los idiomas indígenas de Panamá, con un vocabulario comparativo de los mismos. Lenguas de Panamá (No. 7). Panama: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Instituto