to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized. It replaces the earlier Dawes Plan. October 29 The Great Depression begins with the Wall Street Crash. 1930 April 22 The United Kingdom, United States, France, Italy and Japan sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting naval shipbuilding. June 30 France withdraws its remaining troops from the Rhineland ending the occupation of the Rhineland. September 14 German election results in the Nazis becoming the second-largest party in the Reichstag. 1931 May 19 Launching of the first Deutschland-class cruiser, Deutschland. The construction of the ship causes consternation abroad as it was expected that the restriction of 10,000 tons displacement for these ships would limit the German Navy to coastal defense vessels, not ships capable of warfare on the open sea. September 18 Mukden Incident: the Japanese stage a false flag bombing against a Japanese-owned railroad in the Chinese region of Manchuria, blaming Chinese dissidents for the attack, an incident that many claim is the official start of what would become the Second World War. September 19 Using the Mukden Incident as a pretext, the Japanese invade Manchuria and set it up as a puppet state. 1932 The Soviet famine of 1932–33, also known as the Holodomor begins, caused in part by the collectivization of agriculture of the first five-year plan. January 7 The Stimson Doctrine is proclaimed by United States Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson in response to Japan invading Manchuria. The Doctrine holds that the United States government will not recognize border changes that are made by force. January 28 January 28 incident: using a flare-up of anti-Japanese violence as a pretext, the Japanese attack Shanghai, China. Fighting ends on March 6, and on May 5 a ceasefire agreement is signed wherein Shanghai is made a demilitarized zone. February 27 Fighting between China and Japan in Manchuria ends with Japan in control of Manchuria. March 1 Japan creates the puppet state Manchukuo out of occupied Manchuria. April 10 Paul von Hindenburg is reelected President of Germany, defeating Adolf Hitler in a run-off. May 4 The Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact is signed. It will enter into force on 18 August 1932 and will remain in force until 31 December 1945. May 30 Chancellor of Germany Heinrich Brüning resigns. President Hindenburg asks Franz von Papen to form a new government. July 25 Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed with