and link latencies are large. To meet these challenges, systems based on Ethernet require significant amounts of processing power, software and memory throughout the network to implement protocols for flow control, data transfer, and packet routing. RapidIO is optimized for energy efficient, low latency, processor-to-processor communication in fault tolerant embedded systems that span geographic areas of less than one kilometre. SpaceFibre is a competing technology for space applications. Time Triggered Ethernet is a competing technology for more complex backplane (VPX) and backbone applications for space (launchers and human-rated integrated avionics). See also Bus (computing) PCI Express References External links . . . Computer buses Open standards RapidIO (SRIO) Computer standards Computer networking Local area networks