before. (This treatise was once attributed to Johannes de Garlandia, but scholarship beginning in the 1980s determined that Garlandia edited an anonymous manuscript late in the 13th century.) The central part of Franco's treatise, and by far the most famous, is his suggestion that the notes themselves can define their own durations. Formerly, under the system of the rhythmic modes, rhythms were based on context: a stream of similar-appearing notes on the page would be interpreted as a series of long and short values by a trained singer based on a complex series of learned rules. While the old system was to remain largely in place for decades longer, under Franco's method the notes acquired new shapes indicating their duration. From the evidence of the spread of his treatise and the writings of later scholars, this innovation seems to have been received well; then again Franco was a papal chaplain and a preceptor of a large body of knights, and the acceptance of the method may have had little to do with democracy. The consensus date of most medieval music theory scholars on the Ars cantus mensurabilis is about 1250. The De mensurabili musica dates from about 1240, not long before; clearly the mid-13th century was a time of progress in music notation and theory, even if it were only catching up with the current state of composition and performance. The composer who most notably followed Franco's treatise in his own music was Petrus de Cruce, one of the most prominent composers of motets of the late ars antiqua, and one of the few whose name has been preserved; many of the surviving works are anonymous. The Franconian Motet The Franconian Motet was named after Franco of Cologne. These motets, composed around 1250–1280, differed from the earlier Notre Dame motets in that they did not use the rhythmic modes, the triplum was more subdivided, and the multiple texts could also be in multiple languages. An example of a Franconian Motet is Amours mi font/En mai/Flos filius eius. Editions References Sources Further reading M. Huglo: "La notation franconienne: antécédents et devenir", La notation des musiques polyphoniques aux XI–XIIIe siècles: Poitiers, 1986 (In Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, xxxi/2 (1988)) (In French) External links Ars antiqua composers German music theorists 13th-century German composers Year of birth unknown Place of birth unknown Year of death unknown German classical composers German male classical composers Medieval