from politics in order to focus on his business interests. In sharp contrast, Gamble lost his seat at the election, and was later expelled from the party in 1988 after running as an independent against the official PC candidate in Markham. To the surprise of many in the media, the party's caucus remained united throughout Mulroney's tenure, even after dismal poll numbers, constitutional talks, and the formation of the Reform Party and the Bloc Québécois in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Clark won the leadership of the party again in 1998, and retired as leader in 2002 and as an MP in 2004. References Works consulted See also Progressive Conservative leadership conventions Photographs from the floor of the 1983 convention 1983 elections in Canada 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election