between Dome A and Dome F which recorded even lower temperatures of , with the lowest reliable temperature being recorded in 2010, at , at an elevation of . The extreme low temperatures are found in hollows slightly below the peak of the ice ridge, where cold air gets trapped as it flows downhill, and since the same low temperature ranges were detected at several different sites along the ridge across multiple years, it is thought this may be the lowest temperature achievable under local atmospheric conditions. Northern hemisphere In the northern hemisphere, there are two towns in Sakha, Russia that compete for the title of "Pole of Cold". These are Verkhoyansk (located at ) and Oymyakon (located at ). However the World Meteorological Organization has recognized in 2020 a temperature of - 69.6°C (-93.3°F) measured near the topographic summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet on 22 December 1991, as the lowest in the Northern Hemisphere. The record was measured at an automatic weather station and was uncovered after nearly 30 years. In December 1868 and then in February 1869 Ivan Khudyakov made the discovery of the Northern Pole of Cold by measuring a record temperature of in Verkhoyansk. Later, on January 15, 1885, a temperature of was registered there by Sergey Kovalik. This measurement was published in the Annals of the General Physical Observatory in 1892; by mistake it was written as , which was later corrected. One can still find this incorrect value in some literature. The coldest reliably measured temperature in Verkhoyansk was on February 5 and 7 of 1892. On February 6, 1933, a temperature of was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station. At the time, this was the coldest reliably measured temperature for the Northern Hemisphere. The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and Tomtor. The station is at and the surrounding mountains at , causing cold air to pool in the valley: recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area "increase" with elevation by as much as . The average temperature in Oymyakon has risen about 2.7 degrees Celsius since preindustrial times. On December 22, 1991, the Klinck Automatic Weather Station (AWS) in Greenland recorded a temperature of . The WMO validated the metadata and observations and was able to conclude that the observation was credible in terms of instrument calibration, monitoring of the station and the synoptic situation. The WMO Rapporteur