This is a list of monarchs (and other royalty and nobility) sorted by nickname. This list is divided into two parts: Cognomens: Also called cognomina. These are names which are appended before or after the person's name, like the epitheton necessarium, or Roman victory titles. Examples are "William the Conqueror" for William I of England, and "Frederick Barbarossa" for Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Sobriquets: Names which have become identified with a particular person, and are recognizable when used instead of the personal name. Some are used only in a particular context: for example, "Grandmother of Europe" for Queen Victoria is generally only used when referring to her family links throughout the royal families of Europe. On the other hand, in some cases the nickname supersedes the personal name, and the individual is referred to by this nickname even in scholarly works: for example, Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus is universally known by his nickname, Caligula. Notes: Nicknames are listed in each section alphabetically, ignoring articles and prepositions. Non-English words are rendered in italics, and translated where possible. When the name and nickname are rendered in a non-English language, the nickname will be in boldface italics. Cognomen A swung dash, or tilde (~) is used to indicate where the personal name occurs in the nickname; thus "~ the Accursed" means "Sviatopolk the Accursed". A "~ the Abandoned": John I of Aragon (; also known as John the Hunter or John the Lover of Elegance) "~ the Absolutist": Miguel I of Portugal () "~ the Accursed": Sviatopolk I of Kiev () Iskander the Accursed (Middle Persian: Gizistag Aleksandar; more commonly known as Alexander the Great) Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia ( irgum tekle hāymānōt) "~ the Adopted": Childebert of Austrasia () "~ (the) Ætheling": Edgar Ætheling of England () "~ the Affable": Charles VIII of France () "~ the African": Afonso V of Portugal () "~ the Aggressor": Indulf of Alba () "~ the Alchemist": John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach () "~ Albanian-slayer": Thomas of Epirus (, ) "~ All-fair": Eadwig of England "~ the Apostate": Julian, Roman Emperor () "~ the Arab": Philip I, Roman Emperor () "~ the Artist-King": Ferdinand II of Portugal () "~ the Asleep": Sebastian of Portugal () "~ the Astrologer": Alfonso X of Castile (; more commonly known as Afonso the Wise) "~ the Avenger": Alfonso XI of Castile (; also known as Afonso the