reference to the Crusades, specifically the New York Herald (see picture), referring to the last time Jerusalem was under non-Muslim rule in 1244 AD when a Turkic army under Al-Salih Ayyub, defeated the Franks. The secular groups of the Italian politics characterized the victory as a crusade but giving secular and contemporary meanings to this term: The military episode was considered part of the Entente's crusade in the name of freedom and civilization against the cruelty of the German "Kultur", a widely spread image of the Great War propaganda based on the demonization of the enemy. With different approaches, the Italian Catholic clergy and laity appeared generally reluctant to explicitly use of the ideology of crusade due to theological and doctrinal reasons: the conquest of Jerusalem was part of the just war conducted by the Entente, but it could not be considered like a step or the conclusion of a crusade. Britain would hold Jerusalem until the end of Mandatory Palestine in 1948. Notes Footnotes Citations References Jerusalem 1917 in British-administered Palestine Jerusalem Military history of Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem History of the Royal Air Force during World War I 20th century in Jerusalem November 1917 events December 1917 events Sieges of Jerusalem 1910s in Jerusalem