the name of its inventor(s) (for example, the Kocher forceps), or a compound scientific name related to the kind of surgery (for example, a tracheotomy is a tool used to perform a tracheotomy). Classification There are several classes of surgical instruments: Graspers, such as forceps (non-locking forceps/ grasping forceps, thumb forceps, pick-ups) Used for tissue or object grasping. Forceps are categorized into toothed or non-toothed at the tip. (e.g.,Tissue forceps, Adson forceps, Bonney forceps, DeBakey forceps, Russian forceps) Clamps (locking forceps) Clamps stabilize or hold tissue and objects in place. They can be used for traumatic or atraumatic purposes. (e.g., Crile hemostat, Kelly clamp, Kocher clamp) Surgical scissors Tool for tissue cutting, dissection, and suture. Straight and curved scissors are used for cutting different structures. (e.g. Mayo scissors, Metzenbaum scissors, Pott’s scissors, Iris Scissors). Bone cutters: unpowered or powered saws, drills and pliers-like devices Needles/Sutures Tools used for suturing dissection sites or closing cuts. Needles have different shapes (e.g. j shape, ½ circle, straight) and cutting edges (tapered - round, conventional cutting - triangular) depending on the application and areas of the suture. Sutures can be categorized based on different sizes (e.g.#5-#11, higher numbers represent larger suture diameter) and types (absorbable and nonabsorbable and braided and non-braided) as well. Needle drivers(needle holders) Tools used to hold suture needle while it is passed through tissue and to grasp suture while instrument knot tying. Retractors, used to spread open skin, ribs and other tissue Tools for various purposes depending on the condition. Retractors can be used to expose incision openings, hold tissue back, or maintain operating areas. They can be categorized into either hand-held retractors or self-retaining ones (via a ratcheting mechanism) (e.g., Deaver retractor, Weitlaner retractor, Malleable Retractor). Distractors, positioners and stereotactic devices Mechanical cutters (scalpels, lancets, trocars, Harmonic scalpel, rongeurs etc.) Dilators and specula, for access to narrow passages or incisions Suction tips and tubes, for removal of bodily fluids Tools used to remove secretion, debris, or any fluid in the surgical area. (e.g. Yankauer Suction Tube, Poole Suction Tube, Frazier Suction Tip) Sealing devices, such as surgical staplers Tools used for resection (Removing part of an organ), transaction (Cutting through and sealing organs and tissues), and anastomoses (Creating connections between structures). (e.g. linear stapler, linear cutter, clips) Irrigation and injection needles, tips and tubes, for introducing fluid Powered devices, such as cranial drills and dermatomes Scopes and probes, including