The Sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of wasps of the suborder Apocrita that includes sand wasps, mud daubers, and other thread-waisted wasps. The name Sphecidae was formerly given to a much larger grouping of wasps. This was found to be paraphyletic, so most of the old subfamilies have been moved to the Crabronidae. Biology The biology of the Sphecidae, even under the restricted definition, is still fairly diverse; some sceliphrines even display rudimentary forms of sociality, and some sphecines rear multiple larvae in a single large brood cell. Many nest in pre-existing cavities, or dig simple burrows in the soil, but some species construct free-standing nests of mud and even (in one genus) resin. All are predatory and parasitoidal, but the type of prey ranges from spiders to various dictyopterans, orthopteroids and larvae of either Lepidoptera or other Hymenoptera; the vast majority practice mass provisioning, providing all the prey items prior to laying the egg. Phylogeny This phylogenetic tree is based on Sann et al., 2018, which used phylogenomics to demonstrate that both the bees (Anthophila) and the Sphecidae arose from within the former Crabronidae, which is therefore paraphyletic, and which they suggested should be split into several families; the former family Heterogynaidae nests within the Bembicidae, as here defined. These findings differ in several details from studies published by two other sets of authors in 2017, though all three studies demonstrate a paraphyletic "Crabronidae." Family Sphecidae (sensu stricto) The old digger wasp family Sphecidae (sensu lato) was paraphyletic and has been broken up. Only the following subfamilies remain in the new family Sphecidae (sensu stricto) which is a monophyletic clade. Subfamily Ammophilinae Ammophila W. Kirby, 1798 Eremnophila Menke, 1964 Eremochares Gribodo, 1883 Hoplammophila de Beaumont, 1960 Parapsammophila Taschenberg, 1869 Podalonia Fernald, 1927 Subfamily Chloriontinae Chlorion Latreille, 1802 Subfamily Sceliphrinae Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845 †Hoplisidia Cockerell, 1906 Penepodium Menke, 1976 Podium Fabricius, 1804 †Protosceliphron Antropov, 2014 Sceliphron Klug, 1801 Trigonopsis Perty, 1833 Subfamily Sphecinae Chilosphex Menke, 1976 Isodontia Patton, 1880 Palmodes Kohl, 1890 Prionyx Vander Linden, 1827 Sphex Linnaeus, 1758 Stangeella Menke, 1962 Both of the historical definitions of the Sphecidae (a conservative one, where all the sphecoid wasps other than ampulicids and heterogynaids were in a single large family, and a more refined one, where the seven large sphecid subfamilies were each elevated to family rank) have recently been shown to be paraphyletic, and