The Kingdom of France () in the early modern period, from the Renaissance (circa 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch). This corresponds to the so-called Ancien Régime ("old rule"). The territory of France during this period increased until it included essentially the extent of the modern country, and it also included the territories of the first French colonial empire overseas. The period is dominated by the figure of the "Sun King", Louis XIV (his reign of 1643–1715 being one of the longest in history), who managed to eliminate the remnants of medieval feudalism and established a centralized state under an absolute monarch, a system that would endure until the French Revolution and beyond. Geography In the mid 15th century, France was significantly smaller than it is today, and numerous border provinces (such as Roussillon, Cerdagne, Calais, Béarn, Navarre, County of Foix, Flanders, Artois, Lorraine, Alsace, Trois-Évêchés, Franche-Comté, Savoy, Bresse, Bugey, Gex, Nice, Provence, Corsica and Brittany) were autonomous or foreign-held (as by the Kingdom of England); there were also foreign enclaves, like the Comtat Venaissin. In addition, certain provinces within France were ostensibly personal fiefdoms of noble families (like the Bourbonnais, Marche, Forez and Auvergne provinces held by the House of Bourbon until the provinces were forcibly integrated into the royal domaine in 1527 after the fall of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon). The late 15th, 16th and 17th centuries would see France undergo a massive territorial expansion and an attempt to better integrate its provinces into an administrative whole. During this period, France expanded to nearly its modern territorial extent through the acquisition of Picardy, Burgundy, Anjou, Maine, Provence, Brittany, Franche-Comté, French Flanders, Navarre, Roussillon, the Duchy of Lorraine, Alsace and Corsica. French acquisitions from 1461–1789: under Louis XI – Provence (1482), Dauphiné (1461, under French control since 1349) under Henry II – Calais, Trois-Évêchés (1552) under Henry IV – County of Foix (1607) under Louis XIII – Béarn and Navarre (1620, under French control since 1589 as part of Henry IV's possessions) under Louis XIV Treaty of Westphalia (1648) – Alsace Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) – Artois, Northern Catalonia (Roussillon, Cerdagne) Treaty of Nijmegen (1678–79) – Franche-Comté, Flanders under Louis XV – Lorraine (1766), Corsica (1768) Only the Duchy of Savoy, the city of Nice and some other small papal (e.g., Avignon) and foreign possessions