in the ninth inning or extra innings, the home team may employ strategies such as bunting or stealing bases, which oftentimes increase the chance of scoring one run, but decrease the chance of scoring multiple runs. Additionally in baseball, the host team is familiar with the unique dimensions of their home field yielding them advantages (pitching, hitting, fielding) over visiting teams. Before the Major League Baseball labor agreement that ended the 2021–22 lockout saw the designated hitter added permanently in the National League, the home league's rules concerning the designated hitter (DH) were followed during interleague games, including the World Series. This put AL teams at a disadvantage when they played in NL parks, as AL pitchers were typically not used to batting nor baserunning. NL teams at AL parks were at a disadvantage because a player who did not play often had to bat an entire game, usually on consecutive nights. The NL team's DH was a pinch-hitter who batted perhaps once every two or three games during the season, or alternated in a platoon system with other players (such as a catcher who does not start because the starting pitcher uses the other catcher), while the AL team's DH batted three or more times a game throughout the season. Measuring and comparing of home-field advantage Measuring the home-field advantage of a team (in a league with balanced schedule) requires a determination of the number of opponents for which the result at home-field was better (), same (), and worse (). Goals scored and conceded – in so called combined measure of home team advantage – are used to determine which results are better, same, and which are worse. Given two results between teams and , played at 's field and played at 's field, we can compute differences in scores (e.g. from 's point of view): and . Team played better at home field if , and played better at away field if (for example, if Arsenal won 3–1 at home against Chelsea, i.e. , and Arsenal won 3–0 at Chelsea, i.e. , then the result for Arsenal at home was worse). Same approach has to be used for all opponents in one season to obtain , , and . Values of , , and are used to estimate probabilities as , where is total number of opponents in a league (this is Bayesian estimator). To test hypothesis