involved slow accumulation of influence through coercion or extortion, as distinguished from general raiding shortly followed by conquest: Alignment with Anatolian hypothesis (2000s) In the 2000s, Alberto Piazza and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza tried to align the Anatolian hypothesis with the steppe theory. According to Piazza, "[i]t is clear that, genetically speaking, peoples of the Kurgan steppe descended at least in part from people of the Middle Eastern Neolithic who immigrated there from Anatolia." According to Piazza and Cavalli-Sforza (2006), the Yamna-culture may have been derived from Middle Eastern Neolithic farmers who migrated to the Pontic steppe and developed pastoral nomadism. Wells agrees with Cavalli-Sforza that there is "some genetic evidence for migration from the Middle East." Nevertheless, the Anatolian hypothesis is incompatible with the linguistic evidence. Anthony's revised steppe theory (2007) David Anthony's The Horse, the Wheel and Language describes his "revised steppe theory". He considers the term "Kurgan culture" so imprecise as to be useless, and instead uses the core Yamnaya culture and its relationship with other cultures as points of reference. He points out: He does not include the Maykop culture among those that he considers to be Indo-European-speaking and presumes instead that they spoke a Caucasian language. See also Hamangia culture Animal sacrifice Ashvamedha Shaft tomb Revised Kurgan theory Germanic substrate hypothesis Genetics Archaeogenetics of Europe Haplogroup R1a Lactase persistence Competing hypotheses Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses Armenian hypothesis Anatolian hypothesis Out of India theory Paleolithic continuity theory References Bibliography . . . . External links Humanjourney.us, The Indo-Europeans 1956 in science 1956 introductions Historical linguistics Indo-European studies Proto-Indo-Europeans Nomadic groups in Eurasia Stone Age Europe Archaeological theory Horse history and evolution Indo-European