engaging with the cable. These locomotives were also able to handle the wagons in the terminal station and between the sections so that the operation of the incline system was facilitated. The locomotives have been called Locobreque (transl.: Brake locomotives). In case the weight of the wagons to be lifted was too heavy compared to the wagons lowered at the same time, tank cars filled with water were used to counterbalance the system. The incline system was used in revenue service till 1982. Protests In 1889, the first protests were made against the British monopoly over the route to Porto de Santos, which culminated in the construction of Mairinque–Santos in 1937, by the . Nationalisation On 1946-09-13, the railroad was nationalised by the Brazilian government, and renamed the Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí, and on 1948-09-27, it was merged with most of the other Brazilian railways into the Rede Ferroviária Federal SA (RFFSA). Sistema Cremalheira-Aderência – the Rack-and-adhesion railway In the 1970s (well after it had been renamed), the haulage system was replaced by an Abt rack system which was installed by Japanese firm Marubeni. The locomotives for this changeover were constructed by Hitachi with the help of SLM. They work with 3 kV DC supplied by overhead lines. See also Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos List of funicular railways References External links History of the São Paulo Railway in Portuguese A Gateway to Brazil The Estrada de Ferro Santos a Jundiaí A Very British Railway (book by Paul Catchpole) illustrated description of the São Paulo Railway Fawcett, Brian, "Coffee on a Shoestring", Trains magazine (USA), June 1956 (Concise early history, and description of operations on the second incline section as it was in 1956) Transport in São Paulo Railway companies of Brazil 5 ft 3 in gauge railways in Brazil Railway lines in Brazil Rack railways in Brazil