one of the earliest examples of computer and procedural animation in history programmed on BESM-4. Cat's movements and mimics were modelled using the second-order differential equation system. It was also one of the first attempts to render realistic animal motion digitally. Programmed at the Moscow State Pedagogical University, Kitty was made into a movie and screened at the Moscow State University. It was later shown to students at mathematics competitions and used for educational purposes at schools. From 1970 on, new studios appeared across the RSFSR, most famously Multtelefilm division of Studio Ekran (Moscow) that focused on lower-budget television animation. It was known for several popular TV series such as Leopold the Cat (1975–1987), (1984–1987), Investigation Held by Kolobki (1986–1987) and (1986–1988), as well as various experiments. re-discovered paint-on-glass animation with films like Wonders (1980), (1982) and (1984), while Alexander Tatarsky pioneered clay animation with Plasticine Crow (1981), Last Year's Snow Was Falling (1983) and the Good Night, Little Ones! opening (computerized in 2002 as the very first CGI Animation in Russia, made for state television). He and his students also practiced total animation (flying camera with characters and backgrounds moving simultaneously). Multtelefilm served as a base for Pilot, the first private Soviet animation studio founded by Alexander Tatarsky and Igor Kovalyov in 1988. They aimed at both auteur and commercial animation, producing absurd adult-themed films. In several years half of the team left Russia to work for Klasky Csupo where they created popular animated series such as Rugrats and Aaahh!!! Real Monsters. The Sverdlovsk Film Studio also gained fame for its paint-on-glass animation with complete new level of quality by and Aleksandr Petrov (Welcome!, The Cow), as well as sand animation by Vladimir and Elena Petkevich (A Small Tale of a Small Bug). The rest included the animation department at Lennauchfilm that produced educational and popular science films, the Permtelefilm studio (Perm) responsible for TV animation mostly based on the Ural folklore, Kuybyshevtelefilm (Kuybyshev) known for its stop motion Forest Tales series, Saratovtelefilm (Saratov) and some others. In 1989, another independent studios Christmas Films was founded by Soyuzmultfilm veterans that focused on international coproduction. It became famous during later years with the Russian-British Shakespeare: The Animated Tales series (1992–1994) that earned several Primetime Emmy Awards. Russian animation today After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the situation for Russian animators changed dramatically. Due to the new management and the