the aerial hyphal formation from the substrate mycelium. Antifungals Streptomycetes produce numerous antifungal compounds of medicinal importance, including nystatin (from S. noursei), amphotericin B (from S. nodosus), and natamycin (from S. natalensis). Antibacterials Members of the genus Streptomyces are the source for numerous antibacterial pharmaceutical agents; among the most important of these are: Chloramphenicol (from S. venezuelae) Daptomycin (from S. roseosporus) Fosfomycin (from S. fradiae) Lincomycin (from S. lincolnensis) Neomycin (from S. fradiae) Nourseothricin Puromycin (from S. alboniger) Streptomycin (from S. griseus) Tetracycline (from S. rimosus and S. aureofaciens) Oleandomycin (from S. antibioticus) Tunicamycin (from S. torulosus) Mycangimycin (from Streptomyces sp. SPB74 and S. antibioticus) Boromycin (from S. antibioticus) Bambermycin (from S. bambergiensis and S. ghanaensis, the active compound being moenomycins A and C) Vulgamycin Clavulanic acid (from S. clavuligerus) is a drug used in combination with some antibiotics (like amoxicillin) to block and/or weaken some bacterial-resistance mechanisms by irreversible beta-lactamase inhibition. Novel antiinfectives currently being developed include Guadinomine (from Streptomyces sp. K01-0509), a compound that blocks the Type III secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria. Antiparasitic drugs S. avermitilis is responsible for the production of one of the most widely employed drugs against nematode and arthropod infestations, avermectin, and thus its derivatives including ivermectin. Other Less commonly, streptomycetes produce compounds used in other medical treatments: migrastatin (from S. platensis) and bleomycin (from S. verticillus) are antineoplastic (anticancer) drugs; boromycin (from S. antibioticus) exhibits antiviral activity against the HIV-1 strain of HIV, as well as antibacterial activity. Staurosporine (from S. staurosporeus) also has a range of activities from antifungal to antineoplastic (via the inhibition of protein kinases). S. hygroscopicus and S. viridochromogenes produce the natural herbicide bialaphos. Saptomycins are chemical compounds isolated from Streptomyces. Symbiosis Sirex wasps cannot perform all of their own cellulolytic functions and so some Streptomyces do so in symbiosis with the wasps. Book et al. have investigated several of these symbioses. Book et al., 2014 and Book et al., 2016 identify several lytic isolates. The 2016 study isolates Streptomyces sp. Amel2xE9 and Streptomyces sp. LamerLS-31b and finds that they are equal in activity to the previously identified Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E. See also Antimycin A – Chemical compound produced by Stroptomyces used as a piscicide Streptomyces isolates References Further reading External links Bacteria genera