but his refusal to negotiate concessions and divisions among his opponents led to the Second English Civil War in 1648. Overview The 1642 to 1646 First English Civil War is one in a series of connected civil wars between 1639 and 1653, fought in England and Wales, along with the separate kingdoms of Scotland and Ireland. It was the culmination of a long-running struggle for political and religious control between the monarchy and Parliament that began in 1603 when James VI and I became king, and continued after the 1660 Stuart Restoration. Many of the issues involved were only resolved with the 1688 Glorious Revolution, and arguably continued beyond that point. American historians like Kevin Phillips have identified many similarities between those at stake in 1642 and the American Revolution in 1776. Known collectively as the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, other conflicts include the 1641 to 1653 Irish Confederate Wars, the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, and the 1649 to 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Separately, the First and Second English Civil Wars are grouped together into the 1642 to 1649 English Civil War. What was previously known as the 1650 to 1652 Third English Civil War is now more commonly referred to as the Anglo-Scottish war, since it was fought between Scots and English armies and not accompanied by an uprising in England. Royalist versus Parliamentarian Splitting the parties into Cavaliers, 'wrong, but romantic', and Roundheads, 'right, but repulsive', is a perspective largely promulgated by the Victorians, and while long accepted as outdated, this view still informs modern perceptions. One reason is the complex personal nature and historical reputation of Oliver Cromwell, particularly in Ireland. The installation of his statue outside the Houses of Parliament was approved in 1856, but not carried out until 1895, with most of the funds supplied by Lord Rosebery, then Prime Minister. In 2004, a group of MPs unsuccessfully proposed a motion to have it melted down, and the debate continues. In reality, individual motives for choosing a side were complex and there were considerable areas of overlap, particularly in the early stages. Historian Tim Harris suggests that by 1640 there was general agreement attempts by Charles to govern without Parliament had gone too far. This changed after the Grand Remonstrance was submitted in late 1641, when moderates like Edward Hyde switched sides, arguing Parliament was trying to alter the