j : nagyja 'most of it', adja 's/he gives it'; tolja 's/he pushes it'; unja 's/he is bored with it', hányja 's/he throws it'; látja 's/he sees it', atyja 'his/her father'. The cluster lyj is a simple orthographic variant of jj : folyjon 'let it flow'. Partial assimilation takes place if an alveolar stop (d, t) is followed by a palatal gy , ty : hadgyakorlat 'army exercises', nemzetgyűlés 'national assembly'; vadtyúk 'wild chicken', hat tyúk 'six hens'. Some sources report that alveolar stops change into their palatal counterparts before ny : lúdnyak 'neck of a goose', átnyúlik 'it extends over'. The majority of the sources do not mention this kind of assimilation. When the first consonant is nasal, the partial palatal assimilation is a form of the nasal place assimilation (see above). The full palatal assimilation is an obligatory feature in standard Hungarian: its omission is stigmatized and it is considered as a hypercorrection of an undereducated person. Partial palatal assimilation is optional in articulated speech. Degemination Long consonants become short when preceded or followed by another consonant, e.g. folttal 'by/with (a) patch', varrtam 'I sewed'. Intercluster elision The middle alveolar stops may be omitted in clusters with more than two consonants, depending on speed and articulation of speech: azt hiszem ~ 'I presume/guess', mindnyájan 'one and all', különbség ~ 'difference'. In morpheme onsets like str- , middle stops tends to be more stable in educated speech, falanxstratégia ~ ~ 'strategy based on phalanxes'. Elision of assimilates to a following (e.g. balra , 'to the left'). also tends to be omitted between a preceding vowel and an adjacent stop or affricate in rapid speech, causing the lengthening of the vowel or diphthongization (e.g. volt 'was', polgár 'citizen'). This is quite common in dialectal speech, but considered non-standard in the official language. Hiatus Standard Hungarian prefers hiatus between adjacent vowels. However some optional dissolving features can be observed: An optional weak glide may be pronounced within a word (or a compound element) between two adjacent vowels if one of them is i , e.g. fiaiéi ~ ('the ones of his/her sons'). This, however, is rarely transcribed. Adjacent identical short vowels other than a and e may be pronounced as the corresponding long vowel, e.g. zoológia ~ ('zoology'). Adjacent double i is always pronounced as single short in the word endings, e.g. Hawaii . This reduction is reflected in the current