to the existence of God, this problem is highly theoretical. There is also a possible threat to divine aseity by the existence of abstract objects, a threat that philosopher William Lane Craig attempts to provide reconciliations for in his book, God Over All. John states that "All things came into being through him, and without him not one thing came into being". The aorist tense implies that everything that exists (other than God) came into being at some time in the past. This verse carries the weighty metaphysical implication that there are no eternal entities apart from God, eternal either in the sense of existing atemporally or of existing sempiternally. Rather everything that exists, with the exception of God Himself, is the product of temporal becoming. Aseity has also been criticized as logically incompatible with the concept of God as a being or with God as existing. Furthermore, it can be argued that for the notion of aseity not to be logically circular or inconsistent, the supposed entity to which it applies would have to be identified with its properties, instead of instantiating, exemplifying or having its properties, and would therefore be a nonsentient force or potential of indeterminate vitality (see monad). This seems to contradict the notion that God is a person or a causal agent, for persons or agents are not properties (or complexes of properties). Schopenhauer attributes Aseity (self-dependent) to will, as the only being by and of itself, apart from causal relationships. See also Actus purus Altruism Anatta Causa sui Gnosiology Hypostasis (philosophy) Ousia Ontology Martin Heidegger Solipsism References Bibliography Alston, William P. "Hartshorne and Aquinas: A Via Media", in Divine Nature and Human Language. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989. Hartshorne, Charles. The Divine Relativity: A Social Conception of God. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1948. Morris, Thomas V. Our Idea of God. Chap. 6. Downer's Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1991. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica, I, Q. 3. Many editions. External links . See also: God: His Knowability, Essence, and Attributes by Joseph Pohle – Ebook. Conceptions of God Attributes of God in Christian theology