first published anonymously, but posthumous editions were credited to John Ayrton Paris. In the 1999 Tim Burton film Sleepy Hollow, a bird and cage thaumatrope is demonstrated by Johnny Depp's character. In the 2006 Christopher Nolan film The Prestige, Michael Caine's character repeatedly uses a thaumatrope as a way of explaining persistence of vision. In the 2011 Martin Scorsese film Hugo, the final scene begins in the middle of a conversation about cinema precursors, including the thaumatrope. In the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite the bird and the cage thaumatrope is used several times. In the 2022 film The Wonder, a thaumatrope is featured frequently throughout the film. See also Strobe light References External links A collection of animated thaumatropes – The Richard Balzer Collection Demonstration BBC Film Network – The Persistent Resistance of Vision – short film parodying the thaumatrope demonstration of an antique/early thaumatrope Audiovisual introductions in 1824 Animation techniques History of animation Optical illusions Novelty items Optical toys