the United States, ICS has been tested by more than 30 years of emergency and non-emergency applications. All levels of government are required to maintain differing levels of ICS training and private sector organizations regularly use ICS for management of events. ICS is widespread in use from law enforcement to every-day business, as the basic goals of clear communication, accountability, and the efficient use of resources are common to incident and emergency management as well as daily operations. ICS is mandated by law for all Hazardous Materials responses nationally and for many other emergency operations in most states. In practice, virtually all EMS and disaster response agencies utilize ICS, in part after the United States Department of Homeland Security mandated the use of ICS for emergency services throughout the United States as a condition for federal preparedness funding. As part of FEMA's National Response Plan (NRP), the system was expanded and integrated into the National Incident Management System (NIMS). The United Nations recommended the use of ICS as an international standard. ICS is also used by agencies in Canada. New Zealand has implemented a similar system, known as the Coordinated Incident Management System, Australia has the Australasian Inter-Service Incident Management System and British Columbia, Canada, has BCERMS developed by the Emergency Management BC. In Brazil, ICS is also used by The Fire Department of the State of Rio de Janeiro (CBMERJ) and by the Civil Defense of the State of Rio de Janeiro in every emergency or large-scale events. Basis Incidents Incidents are defined within ICS as unplanned situations necessitating a response. Examples of incidents may include: Emergency medical situations (ambulance service) Hazardous material spills, releases to the air (toxic chemicals), releases to a drinking water supply Hostage crises or Active Shooter situation. Man-made disasters such as vehicle crashes, industrial accidents, train derailments, or structure fires Natural disasters such as wildfires, flooding, earthquake or tornado Public health incidents, such as disease outbreaks Search and Rescue operations Technological crisis Cyberattack, Cybersecurity Incident, or major information security breach. Terrorist attacks Traffic incidents Events Events are defined within ICS as planned situations. Incident command is increasingly applied to events both in emergency management and non-emergency management settings. Examples of events may include: Concerts Parades and other ceremonies Fairs and other gatherings Training exercises Key concepts Unity of command Each individual participating in the operation reports to only one supervisor. This eliminates the potential