heritage recipes. The NCNW did not produce another cookbook for over thirty years, until the 1990's. In the 1990's, the NCNW came out with The Black Family Reunion Cookbook: Recipes and Food Memories (1991), The Black Family Dinner Quilt Cookbook: Health Conscious Recipes and Food Memories (1993), and Celebrating Our Mothers' Kitchens: Treasured Memories and Tested Recipes (1994). These three cookbooks were dedicated to food itself much more than The Historical Cookbook of the American Negro (1958), but still included more than just recipes. They include oral histories, personal narratives, political commentary, popular culture, food and food customs, and intertwine all with culinary instruction. The recipes are from both old family recipes from African American women around the country, as well as documented historical recipes. Many recipes in these newer cookbooks start with an opening vignette about a loved family member or a story that ties the food to a special event or place. One of the goals of these cookbooks was to emphasize the potency of food, happy memories with family, and the image of well-fed children in order to contribute to a positive African American collective memory and to resist negative stereotypes about African American women that have circulated in the U.S. since the times of slavery. The NCNW cookbooks work to form a cohesive African American identity surrounding food. Political standpoint Although Bethune and the NCNW were very much involved in the struggle over the Equal Rights Amendment, especially in the late 1940s, even she was careful to keep her organization on the conservative side of the issue and refused to support the amendment. In 1965 the NCNW recruited many northern women with professional backgrounds in such fields as psychology, social work, and education as well as unskilled volunteers to aid the Freedom Schools and other developing programs under the Office of Economic Opportunity which the NCNW had held to establish in Mississippi. Mary McLeod Bethune From 1936 to 1942, Bethune was simultaneously the president of Bethune-Cookman College (founded by her for black students in Daytona, Florida), the first president and founder of the NCNW and the special Roosevelt as Director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration. Her plans were to plan, initiate, and carry out the dreams of African-American women who felt unheard and mistreated. Other founders When Bethune stepped down from the presidency of the NCNW, in November 1949 at