to be able to petition for promotion to the rank of cardinal priest. This is usually granted. In this case, he may be assigned a completely different cardinalatial church which has the rank of a "titulus". However, a commonly used alternative procedure is to raise the church to which he is already attached pro hac vice to the rank of a "titulus". In 2015 there were 67 "deaconries" assigned or assignable to one of the cardinals. Cardinal bishops The cardinal bishops were originally the successors of the residential bishops who governed the seven dioceses around Rome known as suburbicarian dioceses. They had varying roles in the running of the diocese of Rome, sometimes functioning similarly to present-day auxiliary bishops. Cardinal bishops are now honorarily granted the title of a suburbicarian diocese, with the dean of the College of Cardinals additionally gaining that of Ostia. Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who become cardinals (individually, not by right of their office) constitute an exception: their own patriarchal see is counted as their cardinal title. They belong to the order of cardinal bishops and, in the order of precedence, come before the cardinal priests and immediately after the cardinals who hold the titles of the seven suburbicarian sees. See also List of titular churches in Rome, listing present titular churches and their incumbents Churches of Rome Suburbicarian diocese References Bibliography Duchesne, Louis (1887). "Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies," H. W. Klewitz, "Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums," Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung 25 (1936), 115–221. Krautheimer, R., Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae, vol. 3. Lanzoni, Francesco (1925). "I titoli presbiteriali di Roma antica nella storia e nella leggenda," Rivista di archeologia cristiana II (1925), 195–257. Richardson, Carol M., Reclaiming Rome: cardinals in the fifteenth century, Leiden: Brill, 2009. Witte, Arnold (2020). "Cardinals and Their Titular Churches". In Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte (eds.), A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal (pp. 333-350). (Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition; Vol. 91). Brill. ISBN 978-9004415447 External links GCatholic Cardinal titles GCatholic Cardinal deaconries