models of customer commitment conceptualized it as a unidimensional construct (e.g., Garbarino and Johnson 1999; Moorman et al. 1992). More recently, scholars have developed a five dimensional scale to measure customer commitment and relate it to customer loyalty. The five commitment dimensions include: Affective commitment Normative commitment Economic commitment Forced commitment Habitual commitment Data collection Typically, loyalty data is being collected by multi-item measurement scales administered in questionnaires by software providers such as Confirmit, Medallia, and Satmetrix. However, other approaches sometimes seem more viable if managers want to know the extent of loyalty for an entire data warehouse. This approach is described in Buckinx, Verstraeten & Van den Poel (2006). All historical trends for different segmentations and their standard of living may also be very helpful in developing customer retention strategy. Lifestyle is also a very powerful tool, can be used for better customer retention and to know his/her needs in better way. See also Loyalty marketing Business model Customer loyalty programs Strategic management Brand engagement Relationship marketing Net Promoter Score American Customer Satisfaction Index Notes References Buchanan, R. and Gilles, C. (1990) "Value managed relationship: The key to customer retention and profitability", European Management Journal, vol 8, no 4, 1990. Buckinx W., Geert Verstraeten, and Dirk Van den Poel (2007), "Predicting customer loyalty using the internal transactional database," Expert Systems with Applications, 32 (1). Carrol, P. and Reichheld, F. (1992) "The fallacy of customer retention", Journal of Retail Banking, vol 13, no 4, 1992. Dawkins, P. and Reichheld, F. (1990) "Customer retention as a competitive weapon", Directors and Boards, vol 14, no 4, 1990. Duff and Einig (2015) "Debt Issuer - Credit Rating Agency Relations and the Trinity of Solicitude: An Empirical Study of the Role of Commitment", Journal of Business Ethics, vol 129, no 3, pp. 553–569. Fornell, C. and Wernerfet, B. (1987) "Defensive marketing strategy by customer complaint management : a theoretical analysis", Journal of Marketing Meili, Alexander. (2022) "Loyalty Program Assessment: KPI-Based Evaluation of Customer Loyalty Programs", https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521984 HWZ Working Paper Series, Zurich, 2022. Moloney, Chris X. (2006) "Winning Your Customer’s Loyalty: The Best Tools, Techniques and Practices" AMA Workshop Event(s). Misc. materials distributed related to event(s). San Diego, 2006. Reichheld, F. (1996) The Loyalty Effect, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1996. Reichheld, F. and Sasser, W. (1990)"Zero defection: quality comes to services", http://hbr.org/1990/09/zero-defections-quality-comes-to-services/ar/1 Harvard Business Review, Sept-Oct, 1990, pp 105–111. Schlesinger, L. and Heskett, J.