as "a thesis that purports to offer a nonviolent, market road to socialism—that is, Marx's integral socialism, which necessitates the full suppression of private property, profit, and the market." The second one "purports to find the impetus behind Stalin's 'revolution from above' of 1929–1933 in a 'cultural revolution' from below by Party activists and workers against the 'bourgeois' specialists dear to Bukharin, a revolution ultimately leading to massive upward mobility from the factory bench." Malia writes that "perhaps a moral, rather than a social, approach to the Communist phenomenon can yield a truer understanding for the much-investigated Soviet social process claimed victims on a scale that has never aroused a scholarly curiosity at all proportionate to the magnitude of the disaster." Estimated number of victims According to the introduction, the number of people killed by the Communist governments amounts to more than 94 million. The statistics of victims include deaths through executions, man-made hunger, famine, war, deportations, and forced labor. The breakdown of the number of deaths is given as follows: 65 million in the People's Republic of China 20 million in the Soviet Union 2 million in Cambodia 2 million in North Korea 1.7 million in Ethiopia 1.5 million in Afghanistan 1 million in the Eastern Bloc 1 million in Vietnam 150,000 in Latin America 10,000 deaths "resulting from actions of the international Communist movement and Communist parties not in power" According to Courtois, the crimes by the Soviet Union included the following: The execution of tens of thousands of hostages and prisoners The murder of hundreds of thousands of rebellious workers and peasants from 1918 to 1922 The Russian famine of 1921 which caused the death of 5 million people The decossackization, a policy of systematic repression against the Don Cossacks between 1917 and 1933 The murder of tens of thousands in the Gulag during the period between 1918 and 1930 The Great Purge which killed almost 690,000 people The dekulakization, resulting in the deportation of 2 million so-called kulaks from 1930 to 1932 The death of 4 million Ukrainians (Holodomor) and 2 million others during the famine of 1932 and 1933 The deportations of Poles, Ukrainians, Moldovans, and people from the Baltic states from 1939 to 1941 and from 1944 to 1945 The deportation of the Volga Germans in 1941 The deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 Operation Lentil and deportation of the Ingush in 1944