general purpose programmable digital computer Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931), U.S. – phonograph, commercially practical incandescent light bulb, etc. Pehr Victor Edman (1916–1977), Sweden – Edman degradation for Protein sequencing Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (1925–2013), UK – In vitro fertilisation Ellen Eglin (1849–c. 1890), U.S. – Clothes wringer Brendan Eich (born 1961), U.S. – JavaScript (programming language) Willem Einthoven (1860–1927), The Netherlands – the electrocardiogram Benjamin Eisenstadt (1906–1996), U.S. – Sugar packet Paul Eisler (1907–1992), Austria/U.S. – Printed circuit board (electronics) Giorgi Eliava (1892–1937), together with Félix d'Herelle (1873–1949), France / Georgia – Phage therapy Ivan Elmanov, Russia – first monorail (horse-drawn) Rune Elmqvist (1906–1996), Sweden – implantable pacemaker John Haven Emerson (1906–1997), U.S. – iron lung Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013), U.S. – the computer mouse John Ericsson (1803–1889), Sweden – the two screw-propeller Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), Germany – Erlenmeyer flask Sir Martin John Evans (born 1941), together with Mario Ramberg Capecchi (born 1937), and Oliver Smithies (1925–2017), U.S. – Knockout mouse, Gene targeting Ole Evinrude (1877–1934), Norway – outboard motor F Charles Fabry (1867–1945), together with Alfred Perot (1863–1925), France – Fabry–Pérot interferometer (physics) Samuel Face (1923–2001), U.S. – concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning Switch Federico Faggin (born 1941), Italy – microprocessor Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), The Netherlands – Fahrenheit temperature scale, Mercury-in-glass thermometer Michael Faraday (1791–1867), UK – electric transformer, electric motor Johann Maria Farina (1685–1766), Germany; Eau de Cologne Myra Juliet Farrell (1878–1957), Australia – stitchless button, Press stud Philo Farnsworth (1906–1971), U.S. – electronic television Muhammad al-Fazari (died 796/806), Persia – astrolabe John Bennett Fenn (1917–2010), U.S. – Electrospray ionization Henry John Horstman Fenton (1854–1929), UK – Fenton's reagent (chemistry) James Fergason (1934–2008), U.S. – improved liquid crystal display Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), Italy – nuclear reactor Humberto Fernández-Morán (1924–1999), Venezuela – Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtome Michele Ferrero (1925–2015), Italy – Kinder Surprise = Kinder Eggs, Nutella Bran Ferren (born 1953), U.S. – Pinch-to-zoom (multi-touch), together with Daniel Hillis Reginald Fessenden (1866–1932), Canada – two-way radio Robert Feulgen (1884–1955), Germany – Feulgen stain (histology) Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick (1829–1901), Germany – contact lens Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), Al-Andalus – fused quartz and silica glass, metronome Artur Fischer (1919–2016) Germany – fasteners including fischertechnik. Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together with Hans Schrader (1921–2012), Germany – Fischer assay (oil yield test) Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together with Hans Tropsch (1889–1935), Germany – Fischer–Tropsch process (refinery process) Gerhard Fischer (1899–1988), Germany/U.S.