nature. Advocates of counterfactual history often respond that all statements about causality in history contain implicit counterfactual claims—for example, the claim that a certain military decision helped a country win a war presumes that if that decision had not been made, the war would have been less likely to be won, or would have been longer. Since counterfactual history is such a recent development, a serious, systematic critique of its uses and methodologies has yet to be made, as the movement itself is still working out those methods and frameworks. Aviezer Tucker has offered a range of criticism of this approach to the study of the past both in his review of Ferguson's Virtual History in History and Theory and in his book Our Knowledge of the Past: A Philosophy of Historiography, as has Richard J. Evans in his book Altered Pasts. See also Jonbar hinge Stalin's Missed Chance Wargame What If? (essays) References Further reading External links Counterfactual Thought Experiments: A Necessary Research Tool (archived link)—Academic discussion of counterfactuals in history, and suggested ground rules for their use Counterfactual History: A User's Guide (archived link), by Martin Bunzl from The American Historical Review The Counterfactual History Review Fields of history Historiography Theories of history Thought experiments