Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Tense, aspect and mood Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries "otyr" (sit), "tūr" (stand), "jür" (go) and "jat" (lie), encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару (go) and келу (come) may not combine with "otyr". Any verb, however, can combine with "jat" (lie) to get a progressive tense meaning. While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion: In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + köru, with the auxiliary verb köru (see), indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみる temiru construction). Annotated text with gloss From the first stanza of "Menıñ Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan: See also BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh Turkic languages Kazakh literature Languages of Kazakhstan Kazakh Sign Language References Further reading Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: The Turkic languages. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318-332. External links Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (new) converter Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (old)–Arabic converter Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation Aliya S. Kuzhabekova, "Past, Present and Future of Language Policy in Kazakhstan" (M.A. thesis, University of North Dakota, 2003) Kazakh language recordings, British Library Kazakh – Apertium Kazakh<>Turkish Dictionary Kazakhstan in the CIA World Factbook US Peace Corps Kazakh Language Courses transcribed to HTML Agglutinative languages Languages of Kazakhstan Languages of China Languages of Russia Turkic languages Vowel-harmony languages Subject–object–verb languages Languages of Uzbekistan Languages of Mongolia