use of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airway adjuncts, and manual removal of obstructions via direct laryngoscopy and use of magill forceps Thorocostomy and pericardiocentesis to relieve pneumothorax and pericardial tamponade Intravenous (IV) and intraosseous (IO) cannulation Oxygen administration and positive pressure ventilation via bag-valve-mask, CPAP device, or ventilator Fluid resuscitation Administration of emergency drugs/medications (see section below) Bleeding control and management of shock Spinal injury management, including immobilization and safe transport Fracture management, including assessment, splinting, and dislocation reduction Obstetrics, including assessment, childbirth, and recognition of and procedures for obstetrical emergencies such as breech presentation, cord presentation, and placental abruption Management of burns, including classification, estimate of surface area, recognition of more serious burns, and treatment Triage of patients in a mass casualty incident Surgical procedures such as field amputation, escharotomy, or thorocotomy (if trained and credentialed) Emergency Pharmacology Paramedics carry and administer a wide array of emergency medications. The specific medications they are permitted to administer vary widely, based on local standards of care and protocols. For an accurate description of permitted drugs or procedures in a given location, it is necessary to contact that jurisdiction directly. A representative list of medications may commonly include: Analgesic medications such as aspirin, ketorolac and paracetamol (acetaminophen), used to relieve pain or decrease nausea and vomiting Narcotics like morphine, pethidine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane, used to treat severe pain. Beta and calcium channel blockers such as diltiazem, metoprolol and verapamil used to slow down excessively high heart rates or severe hypertension Parasympatholytic drug such as Atropine, also known as anticholinergic drugs, used to speed up slow bradycardic heart rates Sympathomimetics such as dopamine, dobutamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine used for cardiac arrest, severe hypotension (low blood pressure), shock and sepsis. These are often known as "vasoactive" agents. Dextrose (often D50W, a solution of 50% dextrose in water), used to treat hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Sedatives like midazolam, lorazepam, etomidate, and ketamine used to reduce the irritability or agitation of patients, to relieve symptoms of seizure, or provide procedural sedation Paralytics such as succinylcholine, rocuronium, and vecuronium, used when an emergency procedure such as rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is required Antipsychotics like haloperidol or ziprasidone, used to sedate combative patients Respiratory medications such as albuterol and ipratropium bromide used to treat conditions such as asthma and acute bronchitis Steroids such as hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone used to treat inflammatory respiratory conditions and adrenal crisis Cardiac medications such