at speakers of other natural languages, e.g. Minimal French, Minimal Polish, 65 Sanaa (Minimal Finnish) and so on. Minimal English differs from other simple Englishes (such as Basic English) as it has been specifically designed for maximal cross-translatability. Language engineering Applications of NSM have also been proposed for natural-language processing, natural-language understanding and artificial intelligence. Revivalistics Ghil'ad Zuckermann suggests that NSM can be of benefit in revivalistics (language revitalization) as it "can neutralize the Western semantic bias involved in reconnecting with ancient Aboriginal traditions using English, and may allow a fuller understanding of the original meaning of the Aboriginal lexical items." See also Metalanguage Semantic decomposition Upper ontology References Sources Goddard, Cliff. 1998. Semantic Analysis: A practical introduction. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Goddard, Cliff (ed.) 2006. Ethnopragmatics – Understanding discourse in cultural context. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Goddard, Cliff (ed.) 2008. Cross-Linguistic Semantics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Goddard, Cliff and Wierzbicka, Anna (eds.). 1994. Semantic and Lexical Universals – Theory and Empirical Findings. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Goddard, Cliff and Wierzbicka, Anna (eds.). 2002. Meaning and Universal Grammar: Theory and Empirical Findings (2 volumes). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Harkins, Jean & Anna Wierzbicka. 2001. Emotions in Crosslinguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Peeters, Bert (ed.) 2006. Semantic Primes and Universal Grammar: Empirical evidence from the Romance languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1972. Semantic Primitives. Frankfurt: Athenäum. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1992. Semantics, Culture, and Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1996. Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1997. Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1999. Emotions Across Languages and Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wierzbicka, Anna. 2003 (1991). Cross-cultural Pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction. 2nd edition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Wierzbicka, Anna. 2006. English: Meaning and culture''. New York: Oxford University Press. External links Natural Semantic Metalanguage at Griffith University Semantics Pragmatics