Popov (1859–1906), Russia – radio pioneer, created a radio receiver that worked as a lightning detector Nikolay Popov (1931–2008), Russia – first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80) Josef Popper (1838–1921), Austria – discovered the transmission of power by electricity. Aleksandr Porokhovschikov (1892–1941), Russia – Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first caterpillar amphibious ATV) Ignazio Porro (1801–1875), Italy – Porro prism, strip camera Valdemar Poulsen (1869–1942), Denmark – magnetic wire recorder, arc converter Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), UK – soda water Robert Taylor Pritchett (1828–1907), UK – Pritchett bullet Alexander Procofieff de Seversky (1894–1974), Russia/U.S. – first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, ionocraft, also developed air-to-air refueling Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002), Russia – co-inventor of laser and maser Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850), Russian Empire – early beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (1863–1944), Russia/France – early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures Mark Publicover (born 1958), U.S. – first affordable trampoline safety net enclosure George Pullman (1831–1897), U.S. – Pullman sleep wagon Michael I. Pupin (1858–1935), Serbia – pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillator Tivadar Puskás (1844–1893), Hungary – telephone exchange Q Calvin Quate (1923–2019), with Gerd Binnig (born 1947), and with Christoph Gerber (1942–), U.S./Germany/Switzerland – Atomic force microscope Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), France/Belgium – Body mass index (BMI) R Jacob Rabinow (1910–1999), U.S. – Magnetic particle clutch, various Phonograph-related patents John Goffe Rand (1801–1873), U.S. – Tube (container) Robert Ransome (1753–1830), England – improvement to the plough Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–965), Persia/Iran – distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, sodium hydroxide Alec Reeves (1902–1971), UK – Pulse-code modulation Karl von Reichenbach (1788–1869), Germany – paraffin, creosote oil, phenol Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996), Poland/Switzerland – Reichstein process (industrial vitamin C synthesis) Ira Remsen (1846–1927), U.S. – saccharin Ralf Reski (born 1958), Germany – Moss bioreactor 1998 Josef Ressel (1793–1857), Czechoslovakia – ship propeller William Reynolds (1758–1803), England – canal inclined plane Ri Sung-gi (1905–1996), North Korea – Vinylon Charles Francis Richter (1900–1985), U.S. – Richter magnitude scale Adolph Rickenbacker (1886–1976), Switzerland – Electric guitar Hyman George Rickover (1900–1986), U.S. – Nuclear submarine Niklaus Riggenbach (1817–1899), Switzerland – Riggenbach rack railway system, Counter-pressure brake Dennis Ritchie (1941–2011), U.S. – C (programming language) Gilles de Roberval (1602–1675), France – Roberval balance John Roebuck (1718–1794) UK – lead chamber process for