electrochemical behavior of the system, like the involvement of the solvated electron in electricity transfer and electrode equilibria, as analyzed by Alexander Frumkin and B. Damaskin, Sergio Trasatti, etc. Time dependence of the potential The expression of time dependence has been established by Karaoglanoff. Significance in other scientific fields The Nernst equation has been involved in the scientific controversy about cold fusion. Fleischmann and Pons, claiming that cold fusion could exist, calculated that a palladium cathode immersed in a heavy water electrolysis cell could achieve up to 1027 atmospheres of pressure inside the crystal lattice of the metal of the cathode, enough pressure to cause spontaneous nuclear fusion. In reality, only 10,000–20,000 atmospheres were achieved. The American physicist John R. Huizenga claimed their original calculation was affected by a misinterpretation of the Nernst equation. He cited a paper about Pd–Zr alloys. The Nernst equation allows the calculation of the extent of reaction between two redox systems and can be used, for example, to assess whether a particular reaction will go to completion or not. At chemical equilibrium, the electromotive forces (emf) of the two half cells are equal. This allows the equilibrium constant of the reaction to be calculated and hence the extent of the reaction. See also Concentration cell Dependency of reduction potential on pH Electrode potential Galvanic cell Goldman equation Membrane potential Nernst–Planck equation Pourbaix diagram Reduction potential Solvated electron Standard electrode potential Standard electrode potential (data page) Standard apparent reduction potentials in biochemistry at pH 7 (data page) References External links Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator Nernst Equation Calculator Interactive Nernst/Goldman Java Applet DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package- "The Nernst Equation and Pourbaix Diagrams" Walther Nernst Electrochemical equations