Lokayata in Chinese by Japanese Buddhist writers." Xinchuan's paper explains how the Buddhists regarded the Lokayatikas as fellow-travellers of the Confucian and the Taoist Schools, and how they launched an attack on them because of their materialistic views. Xinchuan cites, as also Rasik Vihari Joshi noted in 1987, dozens of texts where Chinese classical works describe Lokayata either as "Shi-Jian-Xing" ("doctrine prevailing in the world"), "Wu-Hou-Shi-Lun" ("doctrine of denying after-life"), or refers to "Lu-Ka-Ye-Jin" (the "Lokāyata Sutra"). Commentators Aviddhakarṇa, Bhavivikta, Kambalasvatara, Purandara and Udbhatabhatta are the five commentators who developed the Carvaka/Lokayata system in various ways. Influence Dharmakirti, a 7th-century philosopher deeply influenced by Carvaka philosophy wrote in Pramanvartik. Pyrrho The influence of this heterodox doctrine is seen in other spheres of Indian thought. Organisations The Charvaka Ashram founded by Boddu Ramakrishna in 1973 has stood the test of time and continues to further the cause of the rationalist movement. Criticism from Islamic commentators Ain-i-Akbari, a record of the Mughal Emperor Akbar's court, mentions a symposium of philosophers of all faiths held in 1578 at Akbar's insistence (also see ). In the text, the Mughal historian Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak summarizes the Charvaka philosophy as "unenlightened" and characterizes their works of literature as "lasting memorials to their ignorance". He notes that Charvakas considered paradise as "the state in which man lives as he chooses, without control of another", while hell as "the state in which he lives subject to another's rule". On state craft, Charvakas believe, states Mubarak, that it is best when "knowledge of just administration and benevolent government" is practiced. See also Ajñana Atheism Cyrenaics Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya Epicureanism Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism Materialism Positivism Śramaṇa Notes References Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1964) Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction. New Delhi: People's Pub. House. Further reading Bhatta, Jayarashi. Tattvopaplavasimha (Status as a Carvaka text disputed) Gokhale, Pradeep P. The Cārvāka Theory of : A Restatement, Philosophy East and West (1993). External links The Lokāyata, Nāstika and Cārvāka, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940 Jayarāśi, a 9th-century Indian philosopher associated with Cārvāka / Lokāyata school, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011) Lokāyata/Cārvāka – Indian Materialism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Materialism in India: A Synoptic View Ramkrishna Bhattacharya Bibliography: Carvaka/Lokayata secondary literature, Karl Potter, University of Washington Atheism Nāstika Egoism Consequentialism Hedonism