Li-Fi, also demonstrated high speed point-to-point connectivity using any off-the-shelf LED light bulb. In previous work, high bandwidth specialist LEDs have been used to achieve the high data rates. The new system, the Li-1st, maximizes the available optical bandwidth for any LED device, thereby reducing the cost and improving the performance of deploying indoor FSO systems. Engineering details Typically, the best scenarios for using this technology are: LAN-to-LAN connections on campuses at Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet speeds LAN-to-LAN connections in a city, a metropolitan area network To cross a public road or other barriers which the sender and receiver do not own Speedy service delivery of high-bandwidth access to optical fiber networks Converged voice-data connection Temporary network installation (for events or other purposes) Reestablish high-speed connection quickly (disaster recovery) As an alternative or upgrade add-on to existing wireless technologies Especially powerful in combination with auto aiming systems, to power moving cars or a laptop while moving. or to use auto-aiming nodes to create a network with other nodes. As a safety add-on for important fiber connections (redundancy) For communications between spacecraft, including elements of a satellite constellation For inter- and intra-chip communication The light beam can be very narrow, which makes FSO hard to intercept, improving security. It is comparatively easy to encrypt any data traveling across the FSO connection for additional security. FSO provides vastly improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) behavior compared to using microwaves. Technical advantages Ease of deployment Can be used to power devices License-free long-range operation (in contrast with radio communication) High bit rates Low bit error rates Immunity to electromagnetic interference Full-duplex operation Protocol transparency Increased security when working with narrow beam(s) No Fresnel zone necessary Reference open source implementation Range-limiting factors For terrestrial applications, the principal limiting factors are: Fog (10 to ~100 dB/km attenuation) Beam dispersion Atmospheric absorption Rain Snow Terrestrial scintillation Interference from background light sources (including the sun) Shadowing Pointing stability in wind Pollution, such as smog These factors cause an attenuated receiver signal and lead to higher bit error ratio (BER). To overcome these issues, vendors found some solutions, like multi-beam or multi-path architectures, which use more than one sender and more than one receiver. Some state-of-the-art devices also have larger fade margin (extra power, reserved for rain, smog, fog). To keep an eye-safe environment, good FSO systems have a limited laser power density and support laser classes 1 or