under test. One of the most widely used models is defined in the JEDEC 22-A114-B standard, which specifies a 100 picofarad capacitor and a 1,500 ohm resistor. Other similar standards are MIL-STD-883 Method 3015, and the ESD Association's ESD STM5.1. For compliance to European Union standards for Information Technology Equipment, the IEC/EN 61000-4-2 test specification is used. Another specification referenced by equipment maker Schaffner calls for C = 150 pF and R = 330 Ω which provides high fidelity results. While the theory is mostly there, very few companies measure the real ESD survival rate. Guidelines and requirements are given for test cell geometries, generator specifications, test levels, discharge rate and waveform, types and points of discharge on the "victim" product, and functional criteria for gauging product survivability. A charged device model (CDM) test is used to define the ESD a device can withstand when the device itself has an electrostatic charge and discharges due to metal contact. This discharge type is the most common type of ESD in electronic devices and causes most of the ESD damages in their manufacturing. CDM discharge depends mainly on parasitic parameters of the discharge and strongly depends on size and type of component package. One of the most widely used CDM simulation test models is defined by the JEDEC. Other standardized ESD test circuits include the machine model (MM) and transmission line pulse (TLP). See also ESD Association, the industry leader in electrostatic discharge education and standards. Automotive Electronics Council, which defines in some of its standards, ESD test qualification requirements for electronic components used in vehicles Dielectric wireless receiver Electric arc Electromagnetic pulse Electrostatic voltmeter ggNMOS Latchup, for qualification testing of semiconductor devices, ESD and latchup are commonly considered together Spark gap Static electricity Wimshurst machine References External links http://www.esda.org - ESD Association Electrical breakdown Electrical safety Electrostatics Plasma physics