decade, prematurity has been the leading cause of worldwide mortality for neonates and children under the age of five. The overall PTB mortality rate in 2010 was 11.1% (15 million deaths) worldwide and was highest in low to middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia (60% of all PTBs), compared with high-income countries in Europe, or the United States. Low-income countries also have limited resources to care for the needs of preterm infants, which increases the risk of infant mortality. The survival rate in these countries, for infants born before 28 weeks of gestation is 10%, compared with a 90% survival rate in high-income countries.In the United States, the past two decades of the 20th century has seen a significant increase in Premature births,despite a decrease in the total number of infant mortality cases. Based on distinct clinical presentation, there are three main subgroups of preterm births; those that occur due to spontaneous premature labor, those that occur due to spontaneous membrane (Amniotic sac) rapture, and those that are medically induced. Both spontaneous factors are viewed to be a result of similar causes, hence two main classifications remain: spontaneous and medically induced causes.The risk of spontaneous PTB increases with "extremes of maternal age (both young and old), short inter-pregnancy interval, multiple gestation, assisted reproductive technology, prior PTB, family history, substance abuse, cigarette use, low maternal socioeconomic status, late or no prenatal care, low maternal prepregnancy weight, bacterial vaginosis, periodontal disease, and poor pregnancy weight gain." Medically induced PTB is often conducted when continued pregnancy poses significant risks to the pregnant parent or fetus. The most common attributing factors for medically induced PTB include preeclampsia, diabetes, maternal medical conditions, fetal distress, or developmental problems. Despite these risk factors, the underlying causes of premature infant death are often unknown and approximately 65% of all cases are not associated with any known risk factor. Infant mortality caused by premature birth is mainly attributed to the various complications of preterm births. A key characteristic of preterm birth is developmental immaturity, which directly impacts different organ systems of the infant's body. The main body systems affected include the respiratory system, which, due to failure of fetal breathing movement, may result in pulmonary hypoplasia, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (chronic lung disease), and apnea. Other body systems that rely on later gestational age to fully develop include the gastrointestinal system, the skin, the immune system,