and suggest that in a participatory economy facilitation boards could modify prices on a regular basis. According to Hahnel these act according to democratically decided guidelines, can be composed of members from other regions and are impossible to bribe due to parecon's non-transferable currency. However, Takis Fotopoulos argues that "no kind of economic organisation based on planning alone, however democratic and decentralized it is, can secure real self-management and freedom of choice." Loss of efficiency Parecon might reduce efficiency in the workplace. For one, expert and exceptional workers (e.g. exceptional surgeons and scientists) would not be performing their tasks full-time. Participatory economics would expect them to share in "disempowering work" and would not offer opportunities to seek additional compensation for their high ability or finding solutions to problems. In a lecture at Willamette University in Oregon in 2015, Hahnel responded to this criticism by explaining that these jobs could be filled by machines, which are underutilized in capitalist economic systems due to the lowered rates of profit, and also division of labor wouldn't exist under a participatory economic system as much as it does under capitalism, so people would not always have the same jobs. Theodore Burczak argues that it is impossible for workers to give the unbiased assessments of the "largely unobservable" characteristics of effort proposed as the basis for salary levels, and the absence of market exchange mechanisms likewise makes calculating social costs of production and consumption impossible. See also Anarchist economics Anarcho-syndicalism Collaborative e-democracy Complementary holism Co-operative Economic democracy Inclusive Democracy Libertarian municipalism Participatory politics Social justice References Further reading A Quiet Revolution In Welfare Economics, Albert and Hahnel, Princeton University Press, 1990. Looking Forward: Participatory Economics for the Twenty First Century, Albert and Hahnel, South End Press, 1991. The Political Economy of Participatory Economics, Albert and Hahnel, Princeton University Press, 1991. Moving Forward: Program for a Participatory Economy, Albert, AK Press, 1997. Parecon: Life After Capitalism, Albert, Verso Books, 2003. Economic Justice And Democracy: From Competition To Cooperation, Hahnel, Routledge, 2005. Realizing Hope: Life Beyond Capitalism, Albert, Zed Press, 2006. Real Utopia: Participatory Society for the 21st Century, Chris Spannos (Ed.), AK Press, 2008. Takis Fotopoulos (2003), Inclusive Democracy and Participatory Economics, Democracy & Nature, Volume 9, Issue 3 November 2003, pp. 401–25 – a comparison with Inclusive Democracy Rameez Rahman, Michel Meulpolder, David Hales, Johan Pouwelse, Henk Sips (2009), "Revisiting Social Welfare in P2P", Delft