Bruno Bauer (; 6 September 180913 April 1882) was a German philosopher and theologian. As a student of G. W. F. Hegel, Bauer was a radical Rationalist in philosophy, politics and Biblical criticism. Bauer investigated the sources of the New Testament and, beginning with Hegel's Hellenophile orientation, concluded that early Christianity owed more to ancient Greek philosophy (Stoicism) than to Judaism. Bruno Bauer is also known for his association and sharp break with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and by his later association with Max Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche. Starting in 1840, he began a series of works arguing that Jesus of Nazareth was a 2nd-century fusion of Jewish, Greek, and Roman theology. Biography Bauer was the son of a painter in a porcelain factory and his wife at Eisenberg in Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He studied at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin from spring (1828 to spring 1832). He became associated with the "Right Hegelians'" under Philip Marheineke, who engaged Bauer years later to edit the second edition of Hegel's "Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion" (1818–1832). This was to become one of Bauer's best-known works—a three-volume, critical edition. (In 1834 he began to teach in Berlin as a licentiate of theology, and in 1839 was transferred to the University of Bonn.) In 1838 he published his (Critical Exhibition of the Religion of the Old Testament) in two volumes. This work showed Bauer was faithful to the Hegelian Rationalist theology that interpreted all miracles in Naturalistic terms. Consistent with his Hegelian Rationalism, Bauer continued in 1840 with, (Critique of the Evangelical History of John). In 1841 Bauer continued his Rationalist theme with, (Critique of the Evangelical History of the Synoptics). At no time in his writing was Bauer ever an orthodox Christian. From his earliest days of academic scholarship under Hegel, Bauer maintained a firm criticism of Immanuel Kant and a firm fealty to both Hegel's dialectic and his Rationalist Theology. He was called a "Right Hegelian" by his contemporary David Strauss. (cf. David Strauss, In Defense of My 'Life of Jesus' Against the Hegelians, 1838). Also, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels accused Bauer of being a right-wing fanatic in their book The Holy Family: Against Bruno Bauer and Co. (1845), and in The German Ideology(1846). Further, several scholars (e.g., Dr. Lawrence Stepelevich) still maintain that Bauer's book, Trumpet of the Last Judgment Against Hegel the Atheist and Antichrist (1841), was