roles in the society of what are now Estonia and Latvia throughout most of the period from 13th to mid-20th century, with many of them becoming noted scientists, including Karl Ernst von Baer and Emil Lenz, and explorers, such as Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Adam Johann von Krusenstern, Ferdinand von Wrangel and Otto Schmidt. A number of Baltic Germans served as ranking generals in the Russian Imperial Army and Navy, including Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden, Paul von Rennenkampf and Franz Eduard von Totleben. Many Baltic Germans, such as Baron Pyotr Wrangel, Baron Ungern, Eugen Müller and Prince Anatol von Lieven, sided with the Whites and related anti-Bolshevik forces (like the Baltische Landeswehr and the Freikorps movement) during the Russian Civil War. See also Baltic nobility Cemeteries Kopli cemetery Mõigu cemetery Great Cemetery Raadi cemetery Courland Deutsch-Baltische Gesellschaft Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) Freikorps in the Baltic History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union Livonia Livonian Confederation Nazi-Soviet population transfers Northern Crusades Revalsche Zeitung Teutonic Knights Estonian Swedes List of Russian explorers References Further reading Short history of Baltic Germans from Berlin centre against expulsions Detailed history of the Baltic Germans in Estonia Detailed history of the Baltic Germans in Latvia Richards Olafs Plavnieks, 1939-1945 “Wall of blood”: The Baltic German case study in national socialist wartime population policy European Population Transfers, 1939–1945 by Joseph B. Schechtman Eestist saksamaale ümberasunute nimestik : Verzeichnis der aus Estland nach Deutschland Umgesiedelten, Oskar Angelus, Tallinn 1939 "Izceļojušo vācu tautības pilsoņu saraksts" : "The list of resettled citizens of German ethnicity". 1940 The "repatriation" of the Baltic Germans after the signing of the pacts International Affairs: The Return of the Baltic Germans, E. C. Helmreich, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Aug., 1942), pp. 711–716 Helmreich E.C. (1942). The return of the Baltic Germans. The American Political Science Review 36.4, 711–716. Whelan, Heide W. (1999). Adapting to Modernity: Family, Caste and Capitalism among the Baltic German Nobility. Ostmitteleuropa in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, vol. 22. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 1999. Hiden, John W. (1970). The Baltic Germans and German policy towards Latvia after 1918. The Historical Journal 13.2, 295–317. Hiden, John (1987). The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anders Henriksson (1983). The Tsar's Loyal Germans. The Riga Community: Social Change and the Nationality Question, 1855–1905. Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs. Mikko Ketola