machine Semyon Lavochkin (1900–1960), Russia – La-series aircraft, first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900), UK – superphosphate or chemical fertilizer Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901–1958), U.S. – Cyclotron Nikolai Lebedenko, Russia – Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history Sergei Lebedev (1874–1934), Russia – commercially viable synthetic rubber William Lee (1563–1614), UK – Stocking frame knitting machine Edward Leedskalnin (1887–1951), U.S. – construction techniques used to single-handedly lift massive coral blocks in the creation of his Coral Castle Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), The Netherlands – development of the microscope Jerome H. Lemelson (1923–1997), U.S. – Inventions in the fields in which he patented make possible, wholly or in part, innovations like automated warehouses, industrial robots, cordless telephones, fax machines, videocassette recorders, camcorders, and the magnetic tape drive used in Sony's Walkman tape players. Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822–1900), Belgium – internal combustion engine, motorboat Giacomo da Lentini (13th century), Italy – Sonnet R. G. LeTourneau (1888–1969), U.S. – electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapers Rasmus Lerdorf (born 1968), Greenland/Canada – PHP (programming language) Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980), U.S. – radiocarbon dating Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), Germany – nitrogen-based fertilizer Hon Lik (born 1951), China – electronic cigarette Otto Lilienthal (1848–1896), Germany – hang glider Lin Yutang (1895–1976), China/U.S. – Chinese language typewriter Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974), U.S. – organ perfusion pump Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist (1862–1931), Sweden – Kerosene stove operated by compressed air Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Sweden – formal Binomial nomenclature for living organisms, Horologium Florae Hans Lippershey (1570–1619), The Netherlands – associated with the appearance of the telescope Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921), France – Lippmann plate, Integral imaging, Lippmann electrometer Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich, Russia – samovar (the first documented makers) William Howard Livens (1889–1964), UK – chemical warfare – Livens Projector Eduard Locher (1840–1910), Switzerland – Locher rack railway system Fredrik Ljungström (1875–1964) and Birger Ljungström (1872–1948), Sweden - Ljungström turbine, Ljungström air preheater, Ljungström method Alexander Lodygin (1847–1923), Russia – electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament Louis Lombard-Gérin (1848-1918), France - trolleybus Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russia – night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, re-invented smalt Yury Lomonosov (1876–1952), Russia/UK – first successful mainline diesel locomotive Aleksandr Loran (1849 – after 1911), Russia – fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher Oleg Losev (1903–1942), Russia – light-emitting diode, crystadine Antoine Louis (1723–1792),