– hand-held metal detector Paul C. Fisher (1913–2006), U.S. – Space Pen Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), Scotland – Penicillin John Ambrose Fleming (1848–1945), UK – Vacuum diode Sandford Fleming (1827–1915), Canada – Universal Standard Time Nicolas Florine (1891–1972), Georgia/Russia/Belgium – first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely Tommy Flowers (1905–1998), UK – Colossus an early electronic computer. Thomas J. Fogarty (born 1934), U.S. – Embolectomy catheter (medicine) Enrico Forlanini (1848–1930), Italy – Steam helicopter, hydrofoil, Forlanini airships Eric Fossum (born 1957), U.S. – intra-pixel charge transfer in CMOS image sensors Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (1819–1868), France – Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy current Benoît Fourneyron (1802–1867), France – water turbine John Fowler (1826–1864), UK – steam-driven ploughing engine Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), U.S. – the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonica Herman Frasch (1851–1914), Germany / U.S. – Frasch process (petrochemistry), Paraffin wax purification Ian Hector Frazer (born 1953), together with Jian Zhou (1957–1999), U.S./China – HPV vaccine against cervical cancer Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827), France – Fresnel lens William Friese-Greene (1855–1921), UK – cinematography Julius Fromm (1883–1945), Germany – first seamless Condom Arthur Fry (born 1931), U.S. – Post-it note Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983), U.S. – geodesic dome C. W. Fuller (inv. 1953), U.S. – Gilhoolie Robert Fulton (1765–1815), United States – first commercially successful steamboat, first practical submarine Ivan Fyodorov (c. 1510–1583), Russia/Poland–Lithuania – invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000), Russia – radial keratotomy Vladimir Fyodorov (1874–1966), Russia – Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle) G Dennis Gabor (1900–1979), Hungarian-British – holography Boris Borisovich Galitzine (1862–1916), Russia – electromagnetic seismograph Joseph G. Gall (born 1928), U.S. – In situ hybridization (cell biology) Alfred William Gallagher (1911–1990), New Zealand – Electric fence for farmers Dmitri Garbuzov (1940–2006), Russia/U.S. – continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers Elmer R. Gates (1859–1923), U.S. – foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")* Richard J. Gatling (1818–1903), U.S. – wheat drill, first successful machine gun Georgy Gause (1910–1986), Russia – gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics E. K. Gauzen, Russia – three bolt equipment (early diving costume) Norman Gaylord (1923–2007), U.S. – rigid gas-permeable contact lens Karl-Hermann Geib (1908–1949), Germany / USSR – Girdler sulfide process Hans Wilhelm Geiger (1882–1945), Germany – Geiger counter Andrey Geim (born 1958), Russia/United Kingdom –