Bovines (subfamily Bovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is still debated, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hooves and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns. The largest extant bovine is the gaur. In many countries, bovid milk and meat is used as food by humans. Cattle are kept as livestock almost everywhere except in parts of India and Nepal, where they are considered sacred by most Hindus. Bovids are used as draft animals and as riding animals. Small breeds of domestic bovid, such as the Miniature Zebu, are kept as pets. Bovid leather is durable and flexible and is used to produce a wide range of goods including clothing and bags. Systematics and classification Family Bovidae Subfamily Bovinae Tribe Boselaphini Genus Tetracerus Four-horned antelope, Tetracerus quadricornis T. q. quadricornis T. q. iodes T. q. subquadricornis Genus Boselaphus Nilgai, Boselaphus tragocamelus B. t. tragocamelus (Indian nilgai) Genus †Duboisia †D. santeng Tribe Bovini Genus Bubalus Wild water buffalo, Bubalus arnee Domestic water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis Lowland anoa, Bubalus depressicornis Mountain anoa, Bubalus quarlesi Tamaraw, Bubalus mindorensis Cebu tamaraw†, Bubalus cebuensis Genus Bos Aurochs, Bos primigenius Eurasian aurochs†, B. p. primigenius Indian aurochs†, B. p. namadicus Banteng, Bos javanicus Gaur, Bos gaurus Gayal, Bos frontalis Domestic yak, Bos grunniens Wild yak, Bos mutus Bos palaesondaicus†, Kouprey, Bos sauveli Domestic cattle, Bos taurus Taurine cattle, B. t. taurus Zebu cattle, B. t. indicus Sanga cattle, B. t. africanus Genus Pseudoryx Saola, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Genus Syncerus African buffalo, Syncerus caffer Cape buffalo, S. c. caffer Nile buffalo, S. c. aequinoctialis Sudan buffalo, S. c. brachyceros Forest buffalo, S. c. nanus Giant buffalo, Syncerus antiquus† Genus Bison American bison, Bison bison Wood bison, B. b. athabascae Plains bison, B. b. bison European bison, Bison bonasus Bison palaeosinensis†, (extinct) Steppe wisent†, Bison priscus Ancient bison†, Bison antiquus Long-horned bison†, Bison latifrons Genus Pelorovis† (extinct) Pelorovis oldowayensis† Pelorovis turkanensis† Pelorovis kaisensis† Pelorovis howelli† Tribe Tragelaphini Genus Tragelaphus (antelope-like) Bongo, Tragelaphus eurycerusT. e. isaaciT. e. eurycerus Greater kudu, Tragelaphus strepsicerosT. s. strepsicerosT. s. choraT. s. cottoni Cape bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus Harnessed bushbuck, Tragelaphus sylvaticus Lesser kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis Mountain nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni