2.5 months. Of this group, 26.4% presented with language disorders. Treatment Treatment is recommended for people with serious health problems, such as people with HIV whose CD4 counts are under 200 cells/mm3. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice to prevent toxoplasmosis, but not for treating active disease. A 2012 study shows a promising new way to treat the active and latent form of this disease using two endochin-like quinolones. Acute The medications prescribed for acute toxoplasmosis are the following: Pyrimethamine – an antimalarial medication Sulfadiazine – an antibiotic used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis Combination therapy is usually given with folic acid supplements to reduce incidence of thrombocytopaenia. Combination therapy is most useful in the setting of HIV. Clindamycin Spiramycin – an antibiotic used most often for pregnant women to prevent the infection of their children. (other antibiotics, such as minocycline, have seen some use as a salvage therapy). If infected during pregnancy, spiramycin is recommended in the first and early second trimesters while pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and leucovorin is recommended in the late second and third trimesters. Latent In people with latent toxoplasmosis, the cysts are immune to these treatments, as the antibiotics do not reach the bradyzoites in sufficient concentration. The medications prescribed for latent toxoplasmosis are: Atovaquone – an antibiotic that has been used to kill Toxoplasma cysts inside AIDS patients Clindamycin – an antibiotic that, in combination with atovaquone, seemed to optimally kill cysts in mice Congenital When a pregnant woman is diagnosed with acute toxoplasmosis, amniocentesis can be used to determine whether the fetus has been infected or not. When a pregnant woman develops acute toxoplasmosis, the tachyzoites have approximately a 30% chance of entering the placental tissue, and from there entering and infecting the fetus. As gestational age at the time of infection increases, the chance of fetal infection also increases. If the parasite has not yet reached the fetus, spiramycin can help to prevent placental transmission. If the fetus has been infected, the pregnant woman can be treated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, with folinic acid, after the first trimester. They are treated after the first trimester because pyrimethamine has an antifolate effect, and lack of folic acid can interfere with fetal brain formation and cause thrombocytopaenia. Infection in earlier gestational stages correlates with poorer fetal and neonatal outcomes, particularly when the infection is untreated. Newborns who undergo 12 months of postnatal anti-toxoplasmosis treatment