computer automated book authoring Thomas Parker (1843–1915), England – electric car Alexander Parkes (1831–1890), UK – celluloid Florence Parpart ( 1856–?), U.S. – industrial sweeping machine, electrical refrigerator Forrest Parry (1921–2005), U.S. – Magnetic stripe card Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), British – steam turbine Spede Pasanen (1930–2001), Finland – ski jumping sling, boat ski Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), France – Pascal's calculator Gustaf Erik Pasch (1788–1862), Sweden – safety match Dimitar Paskov (1914–1986), Bulgaria – Galantamine C. Kumar N. Patel (born 1938), India/U.S. – Carbon dioxide laser Les Paul (1915–2009), U.S. – multitrack recording Andreas Pavel (born 1945), Brazil – audio devices Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Russia, – classical conditioning Floyd Paxton (1918–1975), U.S. – Bread clip John Pemberton (1831–1888), U.S. – Coca-Cola Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (1871–1922), Croatia – mechanical pencil Ralph Peo (1897–1966), U.S. – early Automobile air conditioning, shock absorbers William Henry Perkin (1838–1907), UK – first synthetic organic chemical dye Mauveine Henry Perky (1843–1906), U.S. – shredded wheat Alfred Perot (1863–1925), together with Charles Fabry (1867–1945), France – Fabry–Pérot interferometer (physics) Stephen Perry, UK (fl. 19th century) – rubber band Aurel Persu (1890–1977), Romania – first aerodynamic car, aluminum body with wheels included under the body, 1922 Vladimir Petlyakov (1891–1942), Russia – heavy bomber Julius Richard Petri (1852–1921), Germany – Petri dish Peter Petroff (1919–2004), Bulgaria – digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instruments Fritz Pfleumer (1881–1945), Germany – magnetic tape Auguste Piccard (1884–1962), Switzerland – Bathyscaphe Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967), together with Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), U.S./China – Combined oral contraceptive pill Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881), Russia – early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations Fyodor Pirotsky (1845–1898), Russia – electric tram Arthur Pitney (1871–1933), U.S. – postage meter Hippolyte Pixii (1808–1835), France – Pixii dynamo Joseph Plateau (1801–1883), Belgium – phenakistiscope (stroboscope) Baltzar von Platen (1898–1984), Sweden – gas absorption refrigerator James Leonard Plimpton (1828–1911), U.S. – roller skates Ivan Plotnikov (1902–1995), Russia – kirza leather Roy Plunkett (1910–1994), U.S. – Teflon Petrache Poenaru (1799–1875), Romania – fountain pen Christopher Polhem (1661–1751), Sweden – Padlock Nikolai Polikarpov (1892–1944), Russia – Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced biplane) Eugene Polley (1915–2012), U.S. – wireless remote control (with Robert Adler) Ivan Polzunov (1728–1766), Russia – first two-cylinder steam engine Mikhail Pomortsev (1851–1916), Russia – nephoscope Olivia Poole (1889–1975), U.S. – the Jolly Jumper baby harness Alexander