test aircraft rotated to an angle beyond the predicted IGE stalling angle. The over-rotation caused one wing-tip to stall and an uncommanded roll, which overpowered the lateral controls, led to loss of the aircraft. Ground-effect vehicle A few vehicles have been designed to explore the performance advantages of flying in ground effect, mainly over water. The operational disadvantages of flying very close to the surface have discouraged widespread applications. See also Coandă effect Ground effect (cars) Hovercraft Vortex ring References Notes Bibliography Pilot's Encyclopedia of Aeronautical Knowledge (Federal Aviation Administration). New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2007. . External links Engineering explanation. SE-Technology ('dead' site) Ask Us – Ground Effect and WIG Vehicles. Aerospaceweb.org DSTO-GD-0201. Sponsored by DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Australian Government. (WebArchive) Wing in Ground Effect and helicopters. dynamicflight.com Plane Can Fly Inches Over Water Tongji University Scientists in Shanghai announce design of a new vehicle, inventorspot.com, 14 July 2007 Ground-effect gliding. hanggliding.org Numerical Analysis of Airfoil in Ground Proximity Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 45, 2, pp. 425–36, Warsaw 2007. ptmts.org. PDF-715 KB Aerodynamics Articles containing video clips