means of sharing documents, shadowing, mentoring, and more, Proximity & architecture (the physical situation of employees can be either conducive or obstructive to knowledge sharing) Storytelling (as a means of transferring tacit knowledge) Cross-project learning After-action reviews Knowledge mapping requires the organization to know what kind of knowledge organization has and how is it distributed throughout the company, and how to efficiently use and re-use that knowledge. (a map of knowledge repositories within a company accessible by all) Communities of practice Expert directories (to enable knowledge seeker to reach to the experts) Expert systems (knowledge seeker responds to one or more specific questions to reach knowledge in a repository) Best practice transfer Knowledge fairs Competency-based management (systematic evaluation and planning of knowledge related competences of individual organisation members) Master–apprentice relationship, Mentor-mentee relationship, job shadowing Collaborative software technologies (wikis, shared bookmarking, blogs, social software, etc.) Knowledge repositories (databases, bookmarking engines, etc.) Measuring and reporting intellectual capital (a way of making explicit knowledge for companies) Knowledge brokers (some organisational members take on responsibility for a specific "field" and act as first reference on a specific subject) Knowledge farming (using note-taking software to cultivate a knowledge graph, part of knowledge agriculture) Knowledge capturing (refers to a process where trained people extract valuable or else desired knowledge from experts and embed it in databases) Motivations Multiple motivations lead organisations to undertake KM. Typical considerations include: Making available increased knowledge content in the development and provision of products and services Achieving shorter development cycles Improving consistency of knowledge and standardized expert skills among staff Facilitating and managing innovation and organisational learning Leveraging expertises across the organisation Increasing network connectivity between internal and external individuals Managing business environments and allowing employees to obtain relevant insights and ideas appropriate to their work Solving intractable or wicked problems Managing intellectual capital and assets in the workforce (such as the expertise and know-how possessed by key individuals or stored in repositories) KM technologies Knowledge management (KM) technology can be categorised: Collaborative software(Groupware)—Software that facilitates collaboration and sharing of organisational information. Such applications provide tools for threaded discussions, document sharing, organisation-wide uniform email, and other collaboration-related features. Workflow systems—Systems that allow the representation of processes associated with the creation, use and maintenance of organisational knowledge, such as the process to create and utilise forms and documents. Content management and document management systems—Software systems that automate the process of creating web