chemists 19th-century German chemists Thermodynamicists Inventors of musical instruments Academic staff of the University of Göttingen 1864 births 1941 deaths Humboldt University of Berlin alumni University of Graz alumni Foreign Members of the Royal Society Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) University of Würzburg alumni Rare earth scientists German people of World War I Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class 20th-century German chemists