outside their native range, particularly in North America, Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa. Invasive species include L. japonica, L. maackii, L. morrowii, L. tatarica, and the hybrid between the last two, L. × bella. Cultivation Honeysuckles are valued as garden plants, for their ability to cover unsightly walls and outbuildings, their profuse tubular flowers in early summer, and the intense fragrance of many varieties. The hardy climbing types need their roots in shade, and their flowering tops in sunlight or very light shade. Varieties need to be chosen with care, as they can become substantial. Cultivars of the dense, small-leaved L. nitida are used as low, narrow hedges. The following hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: L. × heckrottii 'Gold Flame' L. ‘Mandarin’ L. × purpusii 'Winter Beauty' L. × tellmanniana Other cultivars are dealt with under their species names. The honeysuckle species Lonicera japonica is grown as a commercial crop for traditional Chinese medicine use. Phytochemicals and sensory effects Honeysuckle is renowned for its colorful, fragrant flowers and variously colored fruit, indicating the presence of complex phytochemicals underlying these properties. Component analyses of berries from 27 different cultivars and 3 genotypes of edible honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica) showed the presence of iridoids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids. While sugars determine the level of sweetness in the berries, organic acids and polyphenols are responsible for the sour taste and tartness. Some 51 of the same compounds in berries are found in flowers, although the proportions of these compounds varied among cultivars studied. Interaction with other species Many insects in the order Lepidoptera visit honeysuckles as a food source. An example of this is the moth Deilephila elpenor. This nocturnal species of moth is especially attracted to honeysuckles, and they visit the flowers at night to feed on their nectar. Selected species Some 180 species of Lonicera are documented. Lonicera acuminata or Lonicera pampaninii – fragrant grove honeysuckle or vine honeysuckle Lonicera albiflora – white honeysuckle Lonicera alpigena – alpine honeysuckle Lonicera altmannii Lonicera × americana Lonicera angustifolia Lonicera anisocalyx Lonicera arborea Lonicera arizonica – Arizona honeysuckle Lonicera × bella – Bell's honeysuckle or showy fly honeysuckle Lonicera biflora Lonicera bournei Lonicera brevisepala Lonicera buchananii Lonicera buddleioides Lonicera caerulea – blue-berried honeysuckle Lonicera calcarata Lonicera calvescens Lonicera canadensis – Canada fly honeysuckle, American fly honeysuckle Lonicera caprifolium – goat-leaf honeysuckle, perfoliate