such as Chile and Argentina. One of the most famous, though controversial, of these works to be translated into English is I, Rigoberta Menchú. The autobiographies of Frederick Douglass can be considered among the earliest significant English-language works in this genre. Philosophy In philosophy, testimony is a proposition conveyed by one entity (person or group) to another entity, whether through speech or writing or through facial expression, that is based on the entity's knowledge base. The proposition believed on the basis of a testimony is justified if conditions are met which assess, among other things, the speaker's reliability (whether her testimony is true often) and the hearer's possession of positive reasons (for instance, that the speaker is unbiased). We can also rationally accept a claim on the basis of another person's testimony unless at least one of the following is found to be true: The claim is implausible; The person or the source in which the claim is quoted lacks credibility; The claim goes beyond what the person could know from his or her own experience and competence. See also Bayesian epistemology Daubert standard Deposition Eyewitness memory Direct examination Hostile witness In limine Leading question Philosophical problems of testimony Redirect examination Rashomon effect Strike from the record Testimony in Jewish law References External links Bethel Music Testimonies Examples of Christian testimonies Evidence law Religious practices Sources of knowledge Social epistemology Latter Day Saint terms