All stops and affricates are geminated in word-final position, regardless of the length of the preceding vowel. Prosody Tübatulabal has predictable word stress, which is tied to morphological constituency and syllable weight. Primary stress falls on the final syllable of the stem. Secondary stress is assigned right to left from the final syllable, falling on every other mora: "he is wanting to roll string on his thigh" "the fruit is mashing" Words with the form VːCVCV will be stressed as ˌVːCVˈCV: "the pine-nut pole" For the purposes of stress assignment, two identical short vowels that are separated only by a glottal stop are treated as a single vowel if and only if they belong to the same morpheme: "the little one" Morphology There are three basic word types in Tübatulabal: verbs, nouns, and particles. Verbs may be formed from verbal stems or from noun stems with verbalizing morphology; similarly, nouns can be formed from noun stems or from verbal stems with nominalizing morphology. Particles have their own stems, but they have comparatively little inflection, whereas both verbs and nouns tend to be very morphologically complex. There are four word-formation processes in Tübatulabal: suffixation, reduplication, conjunction and compounding. Suffixation Suffixation is the most common and productive process in agglutinative word-formation. Suffixes form a closed class and occur in a fixed order according to the word type. Reduplication There are two kinds of reduplication: full reduplication and partial reduplication. Full reduplication is the less common type and marks the iterative aspect in verbs. Partial reduplication can occur as initial or final reduplication. Final reduplication is very rare and always expresses the idea of plural allegiance. It is also apparently limited to occurring with noun stems or suffixes that end in . Voegelin illustrates with an example: 'his hunting partner' 'his hunting partner (in the sense that the partner referred to, being very proficient, has many companions in hunting)' Initial reduplication is far more productive. It is used to express collective plurality in nouns and to express aspect reversal in verbs. Initial reduplication prefixes a copy of the first vowel of the stem (as well as any immediately following nasal), preceded by a fixed . The underlying stem-initial consonant (if any) may also undergo changes, particularly in voicing and length. Some examples illustrate the reduplication process: Conjunction Conjunction involves the combination of a particle with a word of another type. According to Voegelin,