a weekly basis, for a period of six years. Carl Jung's contributions in psychodynamic psychology include: The psyche tends toward wholeness. The self is composed of the ego, the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains the archetypes which manifest in ways particular to each individual. Archetypes are composed of dynamic tensions and arise spontaneously in the individual and collective psyche. Archetypes are autonomous energies common to the human species. They give the psyche its dynamic properties and help organize it. Their effects can be seen in many forms and across cultures. The Transcendent Function: The emergence of the third resolves the split between dynamic polar tensions within the archetypal structure. The recognition of the spiritual dimension of the human psyche. The role of images which spontaneously arise in the human psyche (images include the interconnection between affect, images, and instinct) to communicate the dynamic processes taking place in the personal and collective unconscious, images which can be used to help the ego move in the direction of psychic wholeness. Recognition of the multiplicity of psyche and psychic life, that there are several organizing principles within the psyche, and that they are at times in conflict. Bowlby and Ainsworth John Bowlby was originally a follower of the Freudian tradition at the Tavistock Clinic in London, but broke away from Freud's key ideas. Bowlby's inspiration came from reading the work of Konrad Lorenz, the Nobel Prize–winning founder of the field of ethology or animal behaviour. In particular Bowlby was struck by the phenomenon of imprinting, which Lorenz had studied in birds, and he saw the possibility that infants might imprint on their mother in a similar way. Along with his student Mary Ainsworth he studied infant behaviour, and developed what he called attachment theory. He rejected Freud's ideas of damage caused by frustrated impulses, in favour of the idea that maternal deprivation is a major cause of disturbed development and later psychological problems. Later he argued that infants need a stable, safe person or persons to provide a feeling of security from which they can venture out and explore. See also Ernst Wilhelm Brücke Yisrael Salantar Cathexis Object relations theory Reaction formation Robert Langs References Further reading Brown, Junius Flagg & Menninger, Karl Augustus (1940). The Psychodynamics of Abnormal Behavior, 484 pages, McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. Weiss, Edoardo (1950). Principles of Psychodynamics, 268 pages, Grune & Stratton Pearson Education