definition is a task which is infeasible for computers to do but feasible for humans. Specific practical applications include: Internet search, improving ranking of results by combining automated ranking with human editorial input. Distributed Proofreaders Analysis of astronomical images: Galaxy Zoo Stardust@home General scientific computing platforms: Zooniverse (citizen science project) Berkeley Open System for Skill Aggregation, by analogy with the distributed computing project Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing Criticism Human-based computation has been criticized as exploitative and deceptive with the potential to undermine collective action. In social philosophy it has been argued that human-based computation is an implicit form of online labour. The philosopher Rainer Mühlhoff distinguishes five different types of "machinic capture" of human microwork in "hybrid human-computer networks": (1) gamification, (2) "trapping and tracking" (e.g. CAPTCHAs or click-tracking in Google search), (3) social exploitation (e.g. tagging faces on Facebook), (4) information mining and (5) click-work (such as on Amazon Mechanical Turk). Mühlhoff argues that human-based computation often feeds into Deep Learning-based Artificial Intelligence systems, a phenomenon he analyzes as "human-aided artificial intelligence". See also Citizen science Collaborative intelligence Collaborative Innovation Networks Collaborative human interpreter Crowdsourcing Game with a purpose (or GWAP) Global brain Human computer Human Computer Information Retrieval Simulated reality Social software Social computing Social organization Symbiotic intelligence References