to be illiterate). Ninety-eight percent of gitanos live below the poverty line. Health outcomes and housing - including reduced access to clean water and electricity supplies - is poorer amongst Roma compared to non-Roma in Spain and Portugal, in common with the other surveyed European countries. Roma continue to experience discrimination on an interpersonal level, such as by being refused entry to bars and clubs or losing their jobs if their ethnicity is made known to their employer. In 2016, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights reported that its survey showed 71 percent of Portuguese cigano, and 51 percent of Spanish gitano had suffered an episode of discrimination within the previous five years. A traditional discriminatory practice in Portugal, where shops and businesses display toad figurines at entrances to dissuade ciganos from entering, was reported as being still widely seen in Portugal in 2019. (Toads are viewed as symbolic of evil and ill-omen in Roma communities in Portugal.) Ciganos and anti-discrimination activists complained of hostility to Roma being commonplace and unremarkable. Some shopkeepers were noted as defending their discouragement of Roma as appropriate. The 2016 Pew Research poll found that 49% of Spaniards held unfavorable views of Roma. In literature The gitano in Spanish society have inspired several authors: Federico García Lorca, a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote Romancero Gitano ("Gypsy Ballad Book") Candela, the female protagonist of the story El Amor Brujo, by Manuel de Falla is Romani. Prosper Mérimée's Carmen (1845) features the protagonist as a femme fatale, ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for Georges Bizet's opera of the same name. The beauty of a dark-haired Gitana has inspired artists such as Julio Romero de Torres. La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by Miguel de Cervantes and part of his Exemplary Novels Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown Music and dance Spanish Roma contributed to flamenco. Many famous Spanish flamenco musicians are of Romani ethnicity. Notable gitanos Following are notable Spanish people of Calé (gitano) ethnicity: Leaders and politicians Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party MEP Sara Giménez, Spanish Gypsy Politic in Spanish Politic Party Ciudadanos Séfora Vargas Spanish Gypsy Political Activist and Lawyer Historians, philologists and writers Joaquín Albaicín, writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life Matéo Maximoff, French writer born in