and third-person forms distinguish only singular and plural numbers, but first-person forms distinguish between singular, dual inclusive, dual exclusive, and plural numbers. All pronouns may be expressed bu conjunctive particles. The subject pronouns are unique in that they can also be expressed by an independent particle. The first-person subject conjunctive forms have special allomorphs when they occur with the exhortative suffix -ma: The third-person conjunctive form is usually null, but it is expressed by -d͡za after the exhortative or permissive suffixes. (The suffix often undergoes syncope and devoicing, yielding -t͡s.) The second-person conjunctive plural subject form may also syncopate, and medial vowel then shortens as well: -bum. The first-person conjunctive singular subject form may also syncopate, triggering devoicing but no irregular phonology: the suffix then has the form -k. Subject pronouns typically lean on verbs (if conjunctive) and correspond to grammatical subject: iwikkːɨki "I discarded (it)" (with devoicing); anabaːhaʃta "they can throw it" (with metathesis of the components of the affricate and a change of s > ʃ). Object pronouns also lean on verbs and indicate any non-possessive oblique function, including transitive objects, ditransitive objects or benefactives, objects of imperative verbs, and subjects of subordinate verbs if not equivalent to the subject of the matrix verb. Possessive pronouns typically lean on the possessum: "my house"; "his wife". Syntax Word order is generally flexible. According to , "Word-order in general is stylistic rather than obligatory." (p. 185) Orthography Transcriptions in this article follow the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Much published material concerning Tübatulabal uses the Americanist orthography. In addition, the most important linguistic work on Tübatulabal, the original grammatical description of the language, uses a somewhat different orthography. Voegelin writes as and as . He also writes as , as , as , as and as . He also uses a number of special symbols for vocalic allomorphs. is an allomorph of , is an allomorph of , is an allomorph of (IPA ), and is an allomorph of both and . The letter in the name Tübatulabal represents the central unrounded vowel . Notes Bibliography Arvidson, Lucy. Alaawich (Our Language): First Book of Words in the Tübatulabal Language of Southern California External links Tubatulabal language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages "Tubatulabal Language" at native-languages.org Recordings of Tübatulabal recorded by JP Harrington OLAC resources in and about the Tübatulabal language Audio recordings of word lists in