cause the interaction to continue as the first actor desires. Whereas in a communicative action one actor seeks rationally to motivate another by relying on the illocutionary binding/bonding effect of the offer contained in the speech act (J.L. Austin). Donative and Littoral art practices work in a way that challenges the strategies of the postmodern era: taking, quoting, and appropriating. In a number of essays on "littoral art," Barber has emphasized donative art practices as examples of communicative action. Donative art actions insist that giving can be used strategically to further a number of identifiable lifeworld and humanitarian goals, as well as provide some critical intervention into the ideological fabric of our culture. While donative practices may activate a cycle of reciprocity, gifts may remain unreciprocated. Each cultural intervention, exemplary or not, engages a "logic of practice" (Pierre Bourdieu) that encourages an infinite variety of exchanges or gifts, challenges, ripostes, reciprocations, and repressions. The logic of practice privileges agency in its unpredictability and provides, according to Habermas, an alternative to money and power as a basis for societal integration. Among the artists engaged in donative art practices and who are mentioned in Barber's writings are: Istvan Kantor, David Mealing, Yin Xiaofeng, REPOhistory, Kelly Lycan & Free Food, Bloom 98, WochenKlausur, Ala Plastica, Peter Dunn & Lorraine Leeson, Art Link, Hirsch Farm Project. References Further reading Bruce Barber, ed. Condé and Beveridge: Class Works (Halifax: NSCAD Press, 2008). Bruce Barber, Performance, [Performance] and Performers: Volume 1, Conversations, edited by Marc James Léger (Toronto: YYZ Press, 2007). Allen, Jim "The Skin of Years" Interviews with Jim Allen by Phil Dadson and Tony Green Clouds Publishing and Michael Lett Gallery Auckland New Zealand 2014 Curnow, Wystan "The Critic's Part: Wystan Curnow Art Writings" 1971-2013 edited by Christina Barton and Robert Leonard Adam Art Gallery Te Pataka Toi Institute of Modern Art at Victoria University press, Wellington New Zealand 2014 "TRAFFIC: Conceptual Art in Canada 1965-1980" eds: Grant Arnold, Karen Henry, Douglas and McIntyre Co-published with Vancouver Art Gallery (2012) "The Last Art College: Nova Scotia College of Art and Design 1968-1978 " Garry Neill Kennedy (Editor) MIT Press (2012) External links Official site Official site Living people Canadian performance artists New Zealand emigrants to Canada Canadian expatriates in Switzerland NSCAD University faculty 1950 births Canadian conceptual artists European Graduate School alumni