stem, which can be mono-, duo- or polysyllabic, and either agent (transitive) or patient (intransitive). Most verb stems are passive. Altogether, the Chiwere verb complex is arranged as follows: [wa- pronoun] [wa- directional] [positional] [-wa/ri- pronouns] [ha-/ra- pronouns] [reflexive] [possession] [gi- directional] [instrumental] STEM [pronoun suffix] [causative] Positional prefixes Positional prefixes occupy the first position in the verbal complex. These prefixes refer to the location or direction of the verb's action: a- on, upon, over i- at, to, by u- in, within, into Pronominal prefixes Chiwere distinguishes three persons – first, second and inclusive, which functions as an inclusive first person plural. Each person has an agent (subject) and patient (object) form. The agent forms mark the subjects of active verbs, whereas the patient forms mark the objects of active verbs and the subjects of passive verbs, making Chiwere, like many other Siouan languages, active-stative. Third person forms as they exist in English are not directly marked. Following are the subject and object forms of the pronominal prefixes: First Person: ha- hi- Second Person: ra- ri- Inclusive: hi- wa-wa- (note that the inclusive object form is spelled "wa-wa" because it can be separated by the positional prefixes) The plural forms of these pronominal forms are expressed via a combination of the above listed prefixes with suffixes. Thus: First Person: hi-…wi, wa-wa…wi Second Person: ra-…wi, ri-…wi Inclusive (pl.): …wi, wa- Inclusive: …ñe, wa-…wi Wa- prefix This prefix, perhaps best translated as "something," occurs before every other verbal element except for the pronominal hi-, and approximates the English third person plural object of a transitive verb. Additionally, the prefix can be used as a dummy pronoun to make transitive verbs intransitive; these verbal forms are often used as nouns, and this prefix is thus the general method of forming nouns from verb stems. There are several intransitive verbs that take the wa- prefix idiomatically, wherein the prefix has no literal meaning. Reflexive prefix Verbs are made reflexive by the "ki-" prefix; reduplication of this prefix ("kiki-") expresses reciprocity. Thus: Uhákigisa (I helped myself) Ukikisa ke (They helped each other) A number of verbs that are non-reflexive in English take the reflexive prefix in Chiwere. Directional prefixes These three prefixes serve to indicate an indirect object and as such are grouped together, even though they do not occupy the same position within the verbal complex: wa- indicates that the action moves away from