genres musica vulgaris: cantus and cantilena. Both could be performed with the voice or with instruments. Each genre had three song types that Grocheio described as follows: Cantus gestualis, Cantus coronatus, and Cantus versiculatus Cantus gestualis, better known as chanson de geste, is a song that is sung in honor of great figures such as French kings, particularly Charlemagne, Doon de Mayence, and Renaud de Montauban. It is intended to make people feel sympathetic for the heroic deeds and would urge them to rise above their station and serve the public by doing their jobs. Cantus coronatus is a song written by kings and nobles that was sung for them in order to give them the ability to become great leaders. The literary themes of the song include friendship and love. Cantus versiculatus is a song that was intended to be performed from young people who refused to work. Cantilena rotunda, Cantilena stantipes, and Cantilena ductia All of the cantilenas that Grocheio defines are dance songs that were performed for young people. Cantilena rotunda is a dance song that was typically performed in the wester regions of northern France such as Normandy. where he grew up. Grocheio cited a song that featured a rhyme scheme similar to the rondeau. Cantilena stantipes is better known as the estampie, because it is a dance song that features separate texts and musical content for the verses and refrains. Grocheio also notes it is difficult to dance to the cantilena stantipes due to its complexity. Cantilena ductia is another dance song that Grocheio described as having the ability to draw the hearts of young men and women away from erotic love. The cantilena ductia is believed to have been an early version of the virelai based on the repetition of the first line of the first stanza being repeated in subsequent stanzas. Instrumental music Grocheio discusses the use of instruments such as the trumpet, reed instruments, flutes, organs, drums, bells, cymbals, psalterium, cithara, lyre, and vielle. He specifically highlighted the use of the vielle as requiring virtuosic talent by being able to play any of the genres of the musica vulgaris. Grocheio also denotes two genres performed by wind instruments which are also called stantipes and ductia, which are also dance songs. Musica mensurabilis Grocheio distinguishes musica vulgaris from musica mensurabilis (measured music), which is intended for the educated and includes genres such as