1844, brigandage has been well kept down. At the close of the Carlist War in 1874 a few bands infested Catalonia. In Andalusia, the Sierra Morena, and the Serrania de Ronda, have produced the bandits whose achievements form the subject of popular ballads, such as Francisco Esteban El Guapo (Francis Stephen, the Buck or Dandy), Don Juan de Serralonga, Pedranza, &c. Jose Maria, called El Tempranillo (The Early Bird), was a liberal in the rising against Ferdinand VII, 1820–1823, then a smuggler, then a bandolero. He was finally bought off by the government and took a commission to suppress the other brigands. Jose Maria was at last shot by one of them, whom he was endeavouring to arrest. United States In relatively unsettled parts of the United States there was a considerable amount of a certain kind of brigandage, in early days, when the travel routes to the American West were infested by highwaymen. Such outlaws, when captured, were often dealt with in an extra-legal manner by groups of vigilantes known as vigilance committees. A notable example is the Harpe brothers, who were active during the late 18th century. See also Banditry in Chile Outlaw Cangaço Social bandit Thuggee Piracy Shifta Ghazi (warrior), Bedouin military expeditions in pre-Islamic times Free company Hajduk Notes References Attribution The article cites: Mr McFarlane's Lives and Exploits of Banditti and Robbers (London, 1837). Eugenio de la Iglesia, Resena Historica de la Guardia Civil (Madrid, 1898). W.J.C. Moens, English Travellers and Italian Brigands (London, 1866). S. Soteropoulos (trans. by the Rev. J. O. Bagdon) The Brigands of the Morea (London, 1868). Criminal law Robbery Theft Legal history Outlaws