kaláwa, High doubling is canceled because Final Lowering applies, so the last syllable has a Low tone. In the second example, the first H tone in kaláwá has spread to the next syllable (High Doubling) and Final Lowering again causes the last syllable of the utterance to be Low in tone. Morphosyntax Koti has a typical Bantu noun class system, in which every noun belongs to a nominal class which class markers throughout the sentence are in agreement with. Classes pair up in 'genders' for the derivation of plurals. Verbal words consist of a stem to which various morphemes and clitics can be affixed. Notes Mucanheia 1997 as cited in Schadeberg & Mucanheia (henceforth S&M) 2000:4. S&M, p. 7 cite Newitt 1995 as saying that these traders, probably from Kilwa, established Angoche; however, they do not exclude the possibility of a much earlier Swahili settlement in Angoche. See note 2 above. S&M, 17-8. S&M, 19. Adapted from S&M, 10. Symbols are given according to the orthography used in S&M; IPA transcriptions are provided where the symbols differ from their IPA value. Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents the voiced consonant. References References Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1999) 'Katupha's Law in Makhuwa', in Bantu historical linguistics: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, ed. by J.-M. Hombert and L.M. Hyman. Stanford: CSLI, pp. 379–394. Schadeberg, Thilo C. & Mucanheia, Francisco Ussene (2000) Ekoti: The Maka or Swahili language of Angoche. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. External links Alphabet and pronunciation Makua languages Languages of Mozambique