fluids displacement calculations, these capillary pressures should not be averaged like primary drainage capillary pressure data. These can be averaged by Leverett J-function. The averaging equations are as follows averaging primary drainage capillary pressure vs. normalized saturation data in which is the number of core samples, is the effective porosity, is the bulk volume of sample, and is the primary drainage capillary pressure data vs. normalized water saturation. averaging imbibition and secondary drainage capillary pressure vs. normalized saturation data in which is the number of core samples, is the effective porosity, is the absolute permeability, is the interfacial tension or IFT, and is the imbibition or secondary drainage capillary pressure data vs. normalized water saturation. In nature Needle ice In addition to being manipulated for medical and energy applications, capillary pressure is the cause behind various natural phenomena as well. For example, needle ice, seen in cold soil, occurs via capillary action. The first major contributions to the study of needle ice, or simply, frost heaving were made by Stephen Taber (1929) and Gunnar Beskow (1935), who independently aimed to understand soil freezing. Taber’s initial work was related to understanding how the size of pores within the ground influenced the amount of frost heave. He also discovered that frost heave is favorable for crystal growth and that a gradient of soil moisture tension drives water upward toward the freezing front near the top of the ground. In Beskow’s studies, he defined this soil moisture tension as “capillary pressure” (and soil water as “capillary water”). Beskow determined that the soil type and effective stress on the soil particles influenced frost heave, where effective stress is the sum of pressure from above ground and the capillary pressure. In 1961, D.H. Everett elaborated on Taber and Beskow’s studies to understand why pore spaces filled with ice continue to experience ice growth. He utilized thermodynamic equilibrium principles, a piston cylinder model for ice growth and the following equation to understand the freezing of water in porous media (directly applicable to the formation of needle ice): where: is the pressure of the solid crystal is the pressure in the surrounding liquid is the interfacial tension between the solid and the liquid is the surface area of the phase boundary is the volume of the crystal is the mean curvature of the solid/liquid interface With this equation and model, Everett noted the behavior of water and