atom itself is about 100,000 (105) times the diameter of the nucleus. This could be related to putting a grain of sand in the middle of a football field. Contribution to modern science After Rutherford's discovery, scientists started to realise that the atom is not ultimately a single particle, but is made up of far smaller subatomic particles. Subsequent research determined the exact atomic structure which led to Rutherford's gold foil experiment. Scientists eventually discovered that atoms have a positively charged nucleus (with an exact atomic number of charges) in the center, with a radius of about 1.2 × 10−15 meters × [atomic mass number]. Electrons were found to be even smaller. Later, scientists found the expected number of electrons (the same as the atomic number) in an atom by using X-rays. When an X-ray passes through an atom, some of it is scattered, while the rest passes through the atom. Since the X-ray loses its intensity primarily due to scattering at electrons, by noting the rate of decrease in X-ray intensity, the number of electrons contained in an atom can be accurately estimated. Symbolism Rutherford's model deferred to the idea of many electrons in rings, per Nagaoka. However, once Niels Bohr modified this view into a picture of just a few planet-like electrons for light atoms, the Rutherford–Bohr model caught the imagination of the public. It has since continually been used as a symbol for atoms and even for "atomic" energy (even though this is more properly considered nuclear energy). Examples of its use over the past century include but are not limited to: The logo of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, which was in part responsible for its later usage in relation to nuclear fission technology in particular. The flag of the International Atomic Energy Agency is a Rutherford atom, enclosed in olive branches. The US minor league baseball Albuquerque Isotopes' logo is a Rutherford atom, with the electron orbits forming an A. A similar symbol, the atomic whirl, was chosen as the symbol for the American Atheists, and has come to be used as a symbol of atheism in general. The Unicode Miscellaneous Symbols code point U+269B (⚛) uses a Rutherford atom. The television show The Big Bang Theory uses a Rutherford atom as its logo. The JavaScript library React uses the Rutherford atom as its logo. On maps, it is generally used to indicate a