in 2008). During these surveys, the respondents are asked which notions they spontaneously associate with the EU. Democracy, Human Rights, Freedom of movement and the euro are the most cited. There are divergences between generations: those who knew war directly or through their parents' narrations mention peace, while the younger evoke market economy. The idea that identity is built through opposition to other groups is also confirmed since 60% of Europeans state they rather or fully agree with the idea that "compared with other continents, it is distinctly easier to see what Europeans have in common in terms of values" A recent study shows that the extent of the division over European identity are greater than that of national identity and even comparable to the magnitude of religious divide in most of countries included in the study. Moreover, it shows that outgroup derogation dominates ingroup favoritism in 22 out of 25 countries. The risk, defining a European identity, is to close up from other cultures that would not correspond to pre-defined criteria. To face this difficulty, vagueness is necessary: the Treaty of Lisbon mentions, for example, "cultural, religious and humanist inheritance". Moreover, it would be illusory to impose a principle of cultural homogeneity to states with various national identities. Jean-Marc Ferry considers that the European construction developed new differentiation, between citizenship and nationality for example, with the birth of post national citizenship in 1992. According to Raymond Aron, the construction can predate the European sentiment, but the last is essential to avoid a fictional Europe, a Europe that would only be a meaningless word in which the people do not recognize themselves. This idea is backed by Jacques Delors, who wrote in 1992 that it is needed to "give Europe a soul, (...) a spirituality, a meaning" beyond the simple economic and administrative realities. See also Symbols of Europe Symbols of the European Union Brand EU Captain Euro Continentalism Europe a Nation Eurocentrism The European Dream (2004) Paneuropean Union Pan-European nationalism Pan-nationalism European integration Europeanisation Europeanism Euroscepticism Federalisation of the European Union Fourth Reich Potential Superpowers – European Union Pre-1945 ideas on European unity Pro-Europeanism United States of Europe NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum Volt Europa Panhispanism References Further reading Dedman, Martin. The origins and development of the European Union 1945–1995: a history of European integration (Routledge, 2006). De Vries, Catherine E. "Don't Mention the War! Second