scattering does not depend on the flavor of the neutrino. Background suppression Most neutrino experiments must address the flux of cosmic rays that bombard the Earth's surface. The higher-energy (>50 MeV or so) neutrino experiments often cover or surround the primary detector with a "veto" detector which reveals when a cosmic ray passes into the primary detector, allowing the corresponding activity in the primary detector to be ignored ("vetoed"). Since the atmospheric muon incident flux is isotropic, a localised and anisotropic detection is discriminated in relation to the background betraying a cosmic event. For lower-energy experiments, the cosmic rays are not directly the problem. Instead, the spallation neutrons and radioisotopes produced by the cosmic rays may mimic the desired signals. For these experiments, the solution is to place the detector deep underground so that the earth above can reduce the cosmic ray rate to acceptable levels. Neutrino telescopes Neutrino detectors can be aimed at astrophysics observations, since many astrophysical events are believed to emit neutrinos. Underwater neutrino telescopes: DUMAND Project (1976–1995; cancelled) Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope (1993 on) ANTARES (2006 on) KM3NeT (future telescope; under construction since 2013) NESTOR Project (under development since 1998) P-ONE (prospective telescope; path finders deployed in 2018, 2020) Under-ice neutrino telescopes: AMANDA (1996–2009, superseded by IceCube) IceCube (2004 on) DeepCore and PINGU, an existing extension and a proposed extension of IceCube Underground neutrino observatories: Baksan Neutrino Observatory, Russia, site of SAGE, GGNT and the future BLVSD. Gran Sasso National Laboratories (LNGS), Italy, site of Borexino, CUORE, and other experiments. Soudan Mine, home of Soudan 2, MINOS, and CDMS Kamioka Observatory, Japan Underground Neutrino Observatory, Mont Blanc, France / Italy Others: GALLEX (1991–1997; ended) Tauwer experiment (construction date to be determined) Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna See also List of neutrino experiments Neutrino astronomy Multi-messenger astronomy Footnotes References External links Neutrino astronomy Neutrinos Particle detectors