administration: the large number of unemployed refugees, and the great tracts of land abandoned by big proprietors in the preceding chaos. Impact The tuntian system was to have far-reaching effects, both for Cao Cao himself and for the overall economy of China. Once the scheme had proven successful initially, Cao Cao wasted no time in extending the scheme to all areas under his control; as a result the positive effects of this organised farming was soon felt all over northern China, which he reunified. In the short-term, meanwhile, the tuntian system was also instrumental to the success of Cao Cao's campaigns, many of which were long-range offensives across the plains of northern China; with a massive and efficient agriculture to support his army, he was able to sustain these offensives and gain victory. Overall, the tuntian system, along with the repair of irrigation works, were among the foremost contributions of Cao Cao to the economy of the Han dynasty, and contributed to the enduring strength of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Ming dynasty The tuntian in Ming dynasty had two variants, known as Tunpu (屯堡) and Weisuo (衛所制). Qing dynasty Tuntian was widely practiced to fight the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877). People's Republic of China Tuntian was known as tuanchang (团场, literally "Regiment farms"), a military-run polity established by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps since 1953. A large amount of other P&C Corps were established in 1968-1970 (see the Chinese Wikipedia disambiguation page for P&C Corps) and all were disbanded by 1976. The general concept of fully government-owned agricultural developments in the PRC is known as nóngkĕn. A is part of the State Council of the People's Republic of China during the periods of 1956–1970 and 1979–1982. It controlled state-owned farms including tuanchang. Nóngkĕn in a broader sense would also include smaller-scale farms managed by government assets such as schools; these are outside of the Ministry's scope. Other countries The term tuntian is exported to a number of countries in the East Asian cultural sphere, forming their own readings, some of which are Sino-Xenic. Taiwan The Han-led Kingdom of Tungning practiced a variant of the Ming-era Tuntian system. The system was established by Koxinga immediately after landing in 1661 to supply his troops. Many places in southwest Taiwan retain their tuntian names. Viet Nam The Sino-Vietnamese reading is đồn điền in Vietnamese. During the Nam