being, impressive or imposing (; ). The compound that is pronounced as in Japanese appears in Sino-Japanese dictionaries as a Chinese word in a sense similar to (ii), but does not, as it is an indigenous Japanese word. The 18th-century Kokugaku philologist Motoori Norinaga, in the preface to his 1798 treatise Tamaarare ('Ice Crystals (like) Jewels'; ) designed to stir people up from their sleepy acquiescence in acquired customs that were not authentically native, and was critical of the use of the word to express gratitude. He felt its use for such a purpose (along with those of and ) was vitiated by its ultimate derivation from imitating forms of Chinese rhetoric and greetings. In his 1934 essay Nihon-seishin to Bukkyō, the Buddhologist Katō Totsudō (; 1870-1949) included the "aversion to wastefulness" () in a putative series of what he considered to be "core Japanese personality traits". Modern Japanese environmentalism In November 2002, the English-language, Japan-based magazine Look Japan ran a cover story entitled "Restyling Japan: Revival of the 'Mottainai' Spirit", documenting the motivation amongst volunteers in a "toy hospital" in Japan to "develop in children the habit of looking after their possessions", the re-emergence of repair shops specializing in repairing household appliances or children's clothes, the recycling of PET bottles and other materials, the collection of waste edible oil, and more generally the efforts to stop the trend of throwing away everything that can no longer be used, i.e. the efforts of reviving "the spirit of ". In that context, Hitoshi Chiba, the author, described as follows: In a 2014 paper on an apparent increase in interest in the idea of in early 21st-century Japan, historian Eiko Maruko Siniawer summarized the views of several Japanese writers who claimed that was a specifically Buddhist concept. She also cited a number of views of Japanese authors who believed that it was a uniquely Japanese "contribution to the world", whose views she characterized as mostly being "deeply rooted in cultural generalizations, essentialisms, and disdainful comparisons between countries". Use by Wangari Maathai At a session of the United Nations, Kenyan environmentalist Wangari Maathai introduced the word as a slogan for environmental protection. According to Mizue Sasaki, Maathai worked to popularize the word in places outside Japan. At the 2009 United Nations Summit on Climate Change, she said, "Even at personal level, we can all reduce, re-use and recycle, what is embraced as Mottainai