males and females at all ages. In obese subjects, however, the prediction formulas slightly overestimated the BF%. The prediction error is comparable to the prediction error obtained with other methods of estimating BF%, such as skinfold thickness measurements and bioelectrical impedance. The formula for children is different; the relationship between BMI and BF% in children was found to differ from that in adults due to the height-related increase in BMI in children aged 15 years and younger. where sex is 0 for females and 1 for males. However – contrary to the aforementioned internal and external cross-validation –, these formulae definitely proved unusable at least for adults and are presented here illustratively only. Still, the following formula designed for adults proved to be much more accurate at least for adults: where, again, gender (sex) is 0 if female and 1 if male to account for the lower body fat percentage of men. Other indices may be used; the body adiposity index was said by its developers to give a direct estimate of body fat percentage, but statistical studies found this not to be so. See also Adipose tissue Andreas Münzer Body water Classification of obesity Lizzie Velásquez, a woman with "zero percent body fat" Relative Fat Mass (RFM) References External links Classification of obesity Dietetics Medical signs Obesity Percentages Sports nutrition