added. Both avoir and être have irregular future stems, but with the exception of -re verbs, most verbs use the infinitive as the future stem (je parler-ai, I will speak), the future stem of avoir "is" aur-, and the future stem of être is ser-. To form the past participle in French, one usually adds -é, -i, and -u to the roots of -er, -ir, and -re verbs, respectively. However, there are many exceptions to this rule, including these commonly used ones (and all of their related verbs): faire: fait mettre: mis ouvrir: ouvert prendre: pris venir: venu Verbs related to mettre ("to put"): promettre ("to promise"); to ouvrir: offrir ("to offer"), souffrir ("to suffer"); to prendre ("to take"): apprendre ("to learn"), comprendre ("to understand"); to venir ("to come"): revenir ("to come again"), devenir ("to become"). When using être as the auxiliary verb, one must make sure that the past participle agrees with the subject: je serai venu ("I [masc.] will have come"), je serai venue ("I [fem.] will have come"); nous serons venus ("We [masc. or mixed] will have come"), nous serons venues ('We [fem.] will have come"). Verbs using avoir do not need agreement. To make this form negative, one simply adds ne (n if before a vowel) before the auxiliary verb and pas after it: je n'aurai pas parlé; je ne serai pas venu. For reflexive verbs, one puts the reflexive pronoun before the auxiliary verb: from se baigner ("to take a bath"), je me serai baigné; negative: je ne me serai pas baigné. German The future perfect in German (called "Futur II", "Vorzukunft" or "vollendete Zukunft") is formed like it is in English, by taking the simple future of the past infinitive. For that, the simple future of the auxiliary sein (= ich werde sein, du wirst sein etc.) or haben (= ich werde haben, du wirst haben, etc.) is used to enclose the past participle of the relevant verb (ich werde gemacht haben, du wirst gemacht haben, etc.): Ich werde etwas geschrieben haben. "I will have written something." Morgen um diese Uhrzeit werden wir bereits die Mathe-Prüfung gehabt haben. "Tomorrow at the same time we already will have had the math exam." Es wird ihm gelungen sein. "He will have succeeded." Wir werden angekommen sein. "We will have arrived." Dutch The Dutch future perfect tense is very similar to the German future perfect tense. It