the district education offices provide services. The National Center for Educational Development (NCED) is Nepal's teacher-training body. It has 34 educational training centers (ETCs) to provide pedagogical support for teachers. Nepal has two primary types of schools: community and institutional. Community (public) schools receive government grants, and institutional (private) schools are self-funded. Institutional schools are non-profit trusts or companies. With one exception, all universities and academies are publicly managed and supported by public funding. Public universities also provide affiliation to private colleges. Academies of higher education are typically single-college institutes, and universities have constituent and affiliated colleges across Nepal. Structure Primary education in Nepal called Basic Education consists of grades one through eight. Secondary levels are grades nine to twelve. Pre-primary education is available in some areas, and students usually begin grade one at age five. A Basic Level Examination (BLE), previously known as District Level Examination (DLE), is given on grade eight while a national Secondary Education Exam (SEE), previously known as School Leaving Certificate (SLC), is examination is conducted at the end of grade 10, while completing the Grade 12 examination leads to the School Leaver's Certificate. The National Examinations Board (NEB) supervises all BLE, SEE and 12th grade exams. University education leads successfully to the degrees of bachelor, master and doctor (PhD). Depending upon the educational stream and degree subject, a bachelor's degree may require as much as three to five years of study, but two years is the typical duration. Some universities offer M.Phil. and post-graduate diplomas. Vocational education begins after lower secondary education, and students can follow a two-year curriculum leading to a Technical School Leaving Certificate. Universities also offer professional and technical degrees. In addition to the formal track, one-year programs focusing on skills development are also available. The District Level Examination is given in grade eight. The new educational system has two levels: basic (grades one through eight) and secondary (grades nine through twelve). Crisis and illiteracy Although the Jhapa District has 99.33% literate in 2014 many children in remote villages do not have access to education past the primary level. Sociologists have identified the Chepang people the "poorest of the poor" in Nepal. Students often leave primary schools after they learn to read and write, but without any additional education. The April 2015 earthquake destroyed schools and severely impacted the nation's ability to keep its remaining schools open. Textbooks Government schools use