into two parts, the Lower Pool and Upper Pool. The Lower Pool traditionally runs from the Cherry Garden Pier in Rotherhithe to Tower Bridge. The Upper Pool consists of the section between Tower Bridge and London Bridge. In the 18th and 19th centuries the river was lined with nearly continuous walls of wharves running for miles along both banks, and hundreds of ships moored in the river or alongside the quays. The lack of capacity in the Pool of London prompted landowners to build London's Docklands with enclosed docks with better security and facilities. The abrupt collapse of commercial traffic in the Thames due to the introduction of shipping containers and coastal deep-water ports in the 1960s emptied the Pool and led to all of the wharves being closed down. The Lower Pool area was extensively redeveloped in the 1980s and 1990s to create new residential and commercial neighbourhoods, often using converted warehouses. In the Upper Pool this provided scope for office development in the City of London and Southwark. Major crossings Rotherhithe Tunnel (Maurice Fitzmaurice, 1908) Thames Tunnel (Wapping to Rotherhithe Tunnel) (Marc Brunel, 1843; the world's first underwater tunnel, now part of the East London Line) Tower Bridge (1894) Inner London Between London Bridge and Putney Bridge, the river passes through Central London and some of the most famous landmarks. River boats carry tourists up down and across the river, and also provide a regular commuter service. Major crossings Northern line, Waterloo & City line, Bakerloo line, Jubilee line, Victoria line, tunnels London Bridge (1973) Cannon Street Railway Bridge (1982) Southwark Bridge (1921) Millennium Bridge (2002) Blackfriars Railway Bridge (1886) Blackfriars Bridge (1869) Waterloo Bridge (1945) (the "women's bridge") Hungerford Footbridges (Golden Jubilee Bridges) (2002) Charing Cross (Hungerford) Bridge (1864) Westminster Bridge (1862) Lambeth Bridge (1932) Vauxhall Bridge (1906) Grosvenor Bridge (Victoria Railway Bridge) (1859) Chelsea Bridge (1937) Albert Bridge (1873) Battersea Bridge (Sir Joseph Bazalgette, 1890) (Henry Holland, 1771) Battersea Railway Bridge (1863) Wandsworth Bridge (1938) Fulham Railway Bridge (1889) Tributaries (culverted tributaries largely converted to sewers are marked ‡) Walbrook‡ River Fleet‡ Neckinger‡ (save for mouth) Tyburn‡ Westbourne‡ Counter's Creek (also known as 'Chelsea Creek')‡ (save for mouth) Effra‡ Wandle Outer London From Putney Bridge to Teddington Lock, the river passes through inner and outer suburbs such as Hammersmith, Chiswick, Barnes, Richmond on Thames and Ham. This part of the Tideway is home to most of