superior to those obtained by the humans working alone or the cognitive systems working alone. The human component of the ensemble is therefore cognitively augmented. The degree of augmentation depends on the proportion of the total amount of cognition done by the human and that done by the cog. Six Levels of Cognitive Augmentation have been identified: In science fiction Augmented intelligence has been a repeating theme in science fiction. A positive view of brain implants used to communicate with a computer as a form of augmented intelligence is seen in Algis Budrys 1976 novel Michaelmas. Fear that the technology will be misused by the government and military is an early theme. In the 1981 BBC serial The Nightmare Man the pilot of a high-tech mini submarine is linked to his craft via a brain implant but becomes a savage killer after ripping out the implant. Perhaps the most well known writer exploring themes of intelligence augmentation is William Gibson, in work such as his 1981 story "Johnny Mnemonic", in which the title character has computer-augmented memory, and his 1984 novel Neuromancer, in which computer hackers interface through brain-computer interfaces to computer systems. Vernor Vinge, as discussed earlier, looked at intelligence augmentation as a possible route to the technological singularity, a theme which also appears in his fiction. See also Advanced chess Augmented learning Brain–computer interface Charles Sanders Peirce Collective intelligence Democratic transhumanism Emotiv Systems Extelligence Exocortex Knowledge worker Mechanization Neuroenhancement Noogenesis Nootropic Sensemaking (information science) The Wisdom of Crowds References Further reading Licklider's biography, contains discussion of the importance of this paper. External links Intelligence Amplification using speech synthesis technology IT Conversations: Doug Engelbart - Large-Scale Collective IQ 7 December 1951, Ashby first wrote about the possibility to build an 'information amplifier'. 12 August 1953, Ashby mentioned an objection to his 'intelligence-amplifier'. History of human–computer interaction Cybernetics Biocybernetics Transhumanism Texts related to the history of the Internet Intelligence