a judge on a parole violation and begged to be sent to the state prison rather than returned to Elmira. An investigation by the State Board of Charities revealed that Brockway himself regularly inflicted violent corporal punishment on individuals incarcerated there, and utilized forced labor, solitary confinement for negligible offenses, refusal of medical care, and starvation as methods of governance. Individuals incarcerated at Elmira also testified that sexual violence was rampant and in some cases facilitated by guards, that the grading system was used arbitrarily as a method to keep people imprisoned for longer terms, and that Brockway refused to release some people from prison unless they'd agree to take employment at Elmira Reformatory upon release. One such individual coerced into employment as a watchman at Elmira after release was found to have committed suicide during his shift. In his research on the investigation, Alexander Pisciotta writes, "The final report of the committee, released on 14 March 1894, was unequivocal; its findings were unanimously endorsed by the ten members of the New York State Board of Charities: 'That the charges and the allegations against the general superintendent Z.R. Brockway of 'cruel, brutal, excessive, degrading and unusual punishment of the inmates' are proven and most amply sustained by the evidence, and that he is guilty of the same.' Brockway retired at the age of 72 in 1900 after further criticism. Brockway was such a popular man in Elmira that he was elected mayor five years later at 77. In 1912, he wrote Fifty Years of Prison Service: An Autobiography (1912). Death Zebulon Brockway died in Elmira, on October 21, 1920 at the age of 93. References External links Penologists 1827 births 1920 deaths People from Lyme, Connecticut People from New York (state) American criminologists Elmira Correctional Facility Prison reformers