speaking but it is implied by the context and by the use of the accusative and infinitive construction: (Livy) 'she sent a messenger to say that they should come: a terrible thing had happened' (Caesar) 'they sent ambassadors to Caesar: (they declared that) they were prepared to open the gates...' A future tense in indirect speech is turned into a future participle + . The infinitive is very often omitted: (Livy) 'they replied that they would follow the dictator' A pronoun is usually used for the subject of an infinitive, even if it is omitted in direct speech. However, in some cases, when the pronoun is easily understood from the context, it can be dropped: (Caesar) 'he found out that (those things) were true' When the verb is impersonal, such as 'it seems' or 'it is fitting', there is no subject: (Servius) '(he told me that) it was hoped, however, that he would be able to live' When the infinitive is combined with a future or perfect participle, a gerundive, or an adjective, is sometimes omitted: (Caesar) 'Lucius Piso, the Censor, promised that he would go to Caesar' The accusative and infinitive is also used for expressing what someone shows or pretends to be the case: (Caesar) 'he pretended that he was setting off to see Caesar' Verbs of perception An accusative and infinitive can also be used to express a piece of information which someone has been told, or by extension which someone has learnt about, noticed, realised, seen, dreamed of, perceived or simply knows: ([Caesar]) 'they learnt that Caesar himself had come in the fleet' (Livy) 'he realised that the plot had been betrayed.' (Nepos) 'he foresaw that he was going to be in great danger, unless he took some precautions' Verbs of perception such as 'I see' and 'I find' can also be followed by a present participle (without ). In the following example, the two constructions are shown side by side: (Livy) 'looking back, he saw them following at wide intervals, and that one of them was not far away from him' Introductory verbs of speaking, thinking, realising, pretending etc. are known as , while those of learning, seeing, hearing, noticing, and knowing are known as . The accusative and present participle construction can also sometimes be found after verbs such as 'I learn': (Nepos) 'but when he arrived in Carthage, he found out that the