Olgerd Ipolyt Bochkovsky (Olgierd Hipolit Boczkowski, 1885–1939) – Ukrainian sociologist, journalist, diplomat and political activist whose political writings were published in Ukrainian newspapers in Canada, Czechoslovakia, Poland and other countries. His selected writings have recently appeared in a three-volume edition. Born in a Polish-Lithuanian family in Dolynska village, Kherson Gubernia (Russian Empire), he studied in St. Petersburg, where he was involved in the socialist movement. After the revolution in 1905 he emigrated to Austro-Hungary and settled in Prague. In 1909 he graduated from Charles University (sociology, faculty of philosophy). At that time he was involved in the movement for abolition of the death penalty, and in this, as well as in the study of small nations movements, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was an inspiration for him. Before WWI Bochkovsky worked for several Czech journals, the most influential of which was Slovanský Přehled (Slavonic Review), and also for the Ukrainian newspaper Rada (Council, Kyiv) and the Russian-language Ukrainskaia zhizn’’ (Ukrainian Life, Moscow). At that time he combined political activity in a milieu of immigrants from the Russian Empire with the study of the sociology of the nation. He focused on so called "non-historical / non-state nations" or "enslaved nations" of the Russian Empire. At the outbreak of WWI Bochkovsky was imprisoned in Austria as a Russian citizen. His status was changed to that of interned person thanks to Masaryk's help. He was able to work on his first book in nationalities studies "Enslaved nations of the Russian Empire" (Ponevoleni narody Rosiis’koii imperii, 1917). He also was publishing his articles in the "Herald of Union for the Liberation of the Ukraine" (Visnyk SVU, Vienna, 1917–1918). During 1918–1921 he served as the secretary of the Ukrainian diplomatic representation in Prague. When (again, with Masaryk’s support) the Ukrainian Engineering Academy in Podĕbrady near Prague was established, Bochkovsky became professor of sociology at the Academy. During the interwar period Bochkovsky elaborated a theory in nationalities studies and named it natiology. First, like Masaryk, he focused on the cultural identity of small Eastern European nations, and then during the late 1920s he started to examine national movements in all of Europe. In the late 1930s he drew attention to Asian and African nations, foreseeing their national revivals. The main idea of his approach was his assessment that nation is the spiritus movens of modern history and that small nations, despite the efforts of imperial policies, would not