having apertures surrounding the tubes and attached to the separate chamber into which a warm gas is passed to heat the tubes and cause the ice rods to slide down. Tube ice can be used in cooling processes, such as temperature controlling, fresh fish freezing, and beverage bottle freezing. It can be consumed alone or with food or beverages. Global Applications and Impact of Refrigeration As of 2019 there were approximately 2 billion household refrigerators and over 40 million square meters of cold-storage facilities operating worldwide. In the US in 2018 almost 12 million refrigerators were sold. This data supports the assertion that refrigeration has global applications with positive impact upon the economy, technology, social dynamics, health, and the environment. Global Economic Applications Refrigeration is necessary for the implementation of many current or future energy sources (hydrogen liquefying for alternative fuels in the automotive industry and thermonuclear fusion production for the alternative energy industries). The petro-chemical and pharmaceutical industries also need refrigeration, as it is used to control and moderate many types of reactions. Heat pumps, operating based on refrigeration processes, are frequently used as an energy-efficient way of producing heat. The production and transport of cryogenic fuels (liquid hydrogen and oxygen) as well as the long-term storage of these fluids is necessary for the space industry. In the transportation industry, refrigeration is used in marine containers, reefer ships, refrigerated rail cars, road transport, and in liquefied gas tankers. Global Health Applications In the food industry, refrigeration contributes to reducing post-harvest losses while supplying foods to consumers, enabling perishable foods to be preserved at all stages from production to consumption. In the medical sector, refrigeration is used for transport of vaccines, organs, and stem cells, while cryotechnology is used in surgery and other medical research courses of action. Global Environmental Applications Refrigeration is used in biodiversity maintenance based on the cryopreservation of genetic resources (cells; tissues; and organs of plants, animals and micro-organisms). Refrigeration enables the liquefaction of for underground storage, allowing the potential separation of from fossil fuels in power stations via cryogenic technology. The Environmental Dimension of Refrigeration At an environmental level, the impact of refrigeration is caused by atmospheric emissions of refrigerant gases used in refrigerating installations and the energy consumption of these refrigerating installations which contribute to emissions – and consequently to global warming – thus reducing global energy resources. The atmospheric emissions of refrigerant gases