assimilate. Being both a sociologist and political activist, Bochkovsky’s credo was: "The obligation of sociology, whose purpose is to forecast, is to state this fact [that the nation is the main protagonist of modern history]. The obligation of politics is to draw actual conclusions from it in order to reconcile liberationist tendencies with the state’s autocratic and centralist traditions. To dream that this triumphant march of the awakened nations could be blocked by assimilationist or any other means would be a reactionary utopia. In this historic duel, the modern nation will defeat the old state just as the young state vanquished the theocracy of the church at the dawn of modern history." Bochkovsky’s approach toward nationalism resembles those of Miroslav Hroch and Ernest Gellner, which gained popularity half a century later, in the 1980s. He published, mostly in Ukrainian and Czech, dozens of papers, brochures, and books presenting his approach. Bochkovsky was a member of the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party, which belonged to the Second International. In 1933–1934 in Prague he headed the Committee of Support for Starving Ukraine and became the editor of the Bulletin Hlad na Ukraine (Famine in Ukraine). In 1933–1934 he published open letters to the former French prime-minister Edouard Herriot who ignored the Famine in Ukraine now often referred to as the Holodomor. Bochkovsky summed up his point of view in an essay entitled "Europa invertebrata" (Spineless Europe). In 1935 the Lviv newspaper Dilo (The Deed) carried his article "The Moral Inflation of Our Age," in which he generalized the moral lesson of the Holodomor for European civilization, pointing out its universal character. In January 1934 Bochkovsky wrote "Famine in Ukraine" for the use of the Ukrainian Press Bureau. Translations into Western languages were planned, but ultimately the project was not carried out. "The world," he asserted, after a thorough enumeration of publications about the Holodomor in the world press, "was not badly informed about the catastrophic famine in the land of Soviets. It is another matter that it did not react actively to this disaster; it did not give actual assistance to the population dying en masse on that side of the Soviet border." He described what he saw as the key problem facing the Old Continent at the time of the Holodomor: "Previously Europe would react to what happened and how. Now it is mainly interested in where