that short-day plants grown under non-inducing conditions (thus producing gibberellin) will not cause flowering of grafted long-day plants that are also under noninductive conditions (thus producing anthesin). As a result of the problems with isolating florigen, and of the inconsistent results acquired, it has been suggested that florigen does not exist as an individual substance; rather, florigen's effect could be the result of a particular ratio of other hormones. However, more recent findings indicate that florigen does exist and is produced, or at least activated, in the leaves of the plant and that this signal is then transported via the phloem to the growing tip at the shoot apical meristem where the signal acts by inducing flowering. In Arabidopsis thaliana, some researchers have identified this signal as mRNA coded by the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, others as the resulting FT protein. First report of FT mRNA being the signal transducer that moves from leaf to shoot apex came from the publication in Science Magazine. However, in 2007 other group of scientists made a breakthrough saying that it is not the mRNA, but the FT Protein that is transmitted from leaves to shoot possibly acting as "Florigen". The initial article that described FT mRNA as flowering stimuli was retracted by the authors themselves. Triggers of gene transcription There are three genes involved in clock-controlled flowering pathway, GIGANTEA (GI), CONSTANS (CO), and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Constant overexpression of GI from the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter causes early flowering under short day so an increase in GI mRNA expression induces flowering. Also, GI increases the expression of FT and CO mRNA, and FT and CO mutants showed later flowering time than GI mutant. In other words, functional FT and CO genes are required for flowering under short day. In addition, these flowering genes accumulate during light phase and decline during dark phase, which are measured by green fluorescent protein. Thus, their expressions oscillate during the 24-hour light-dark-cycle. In conclusion, the accumulation of GI mRNA alone or GI, FT, and CO mRNA promote flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana and these genes expressed in the temporal sequence GI-CO-FT. Action potential triggers calcium flux into neurons in animal or root apex cells in plants. The intracellular calcium signals are responsible for regulation of many biological functions in organisms. For instance, Ca2+ binding to calmodulin, a Ca2+-binding protein in animals and plants, controls gene transcriptions.