Kambera, also known as East Sumbanese, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Kambera is a member of Bima-Sumba subgrouping within Central Malayo-Polynesian inside Malayo-Polynesian. The island of Sumba, located in Eastern Indonesia, has an area of 12,297 km2. The name Kambera comes from a traditional region which is close to a town in Waingapu. Because of export trades which concentrated in Waingapu in the 19th century, the language of the Kambera region has become the bridging language in eastern Sumba. Phonology Vowels The diphthongs and function phonologically as the long counterparts to and , respectively. Consonants Kambera formerly had , but a sound change occurring around the turn of the 20th century replaced all occurrences of former with . Morpho-syntax Negation Negators are used in Kambera, and other languages, to make a clause or sentence negative in meaning. Kambera has several types of negators. There are six main types of negators listed below. 'no' is used for general negation, and 'negative' or 'not yet' are predicate negators. is used to emphasise the negation by being placed with the negator or . is used to express future negation, as well as negation in imperatives. Negators are elements in a clause that are deictic. They can be used to refer to time, space and discourse. Shown below, the negator, , is used to refer to discourse. Two of these negators, and – with being a general negator, are used for nominal and verbal predicates. Negators into verbs The word in Kambera is derivational and can be added to few prepositional nouns, numerals and negators to create verbs. The emphatic negator 'no' can become a verb through derivation. The translation of this verb then becomes 'to deny'. Example below of how is constructed into a verb in a given phrase: Noun phrases A nuclear clause has the predicate as the head in Kambera, and modifiers are positioned at the beginning of the clause. As is a modifier it is placed at the beginning of a clause, as a clause-initial negator, before the verb and the rest of the elements of a nuclear clause. You can distinguish nominal clauses from NPs is through the irrealis negator and the negator , which both never occur inside a possessed NP. Clitics The Kambera word is also considered to be a pro-clitic as well, as they do not conform to the minimal