coursework in the student's field of study and requires one to three years to complete. This is often followed by a preliminary or comprehensive examination and/or a series of cumulative examinations, in which the emphasis is on breadth rather than depth of knowledge. Finally, another two to four years is usually required for the composition of a substantial and original contribution to human knowledge embodied in a written dissertation that in the social sciences and humanities is typically 250 to 450 pages in length. Dissertations generally consist of (i) a comprehensive literature review, (ii) an outline of methodology, and (iii) several chapters of scientific, social, historical, philosophical, or literary analysis. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, sometimes public, by his or her supervisory committee with expertise in the given discipline. Typical professional degrees, professional/clinical doctorates, and research doctorates Arts: Doctor of Arts (DA) Doctor of Music (DM or DMus) Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) (Usually awarded to performance majors in the musical arts) Doctor of Modern Languages (DML) Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. or DPhil) Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS) Master of Fine Arts (MFA) Master of Arts (MA) Design: Master of Art and Design (MAD) Master of Architecture (M.Arch) Doctor of Architecture (D.Arch) Doctor of Design (DDes) Master of Design (MDes) Master of Landscape Architecture (MLArch and/or MLA) Master of City Planning (MPLAN, MCRP, MUP, MCP, MCD or MURP) Master of Fine Arts (MFA) Master of Graphic Design (MGraph) Education: Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) Educational Specialist (EdS) Healthcare: Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (DAOM) Doctor of Athletic Training (DAT) Doctor of Behavioral Health (DBH) Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) Doctor of Clinical Nutrition (DCN) Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DDS or DMD) Doctor of Healthcare Administration (DHA) Doctor of Health Science (DHS, DHSc) Doctor of Medicine (MD) Doctor of Medical Physics (DMP) Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice (DNAP) Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Doctor of Occupational Therapy (DOT or OTD) Doctor of Optometry (OD) Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Doctor of Physical Therapy or Physiotherapy (DPT or DPhysio) Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Doctor of Public Health (DrPH, DPH) Doctor of Science (DSc) Doctor of Social Science (DSocSci) Doctor of Social Work (DSW) Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) Law: Doctor of Canon Law (JCD) Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD/SJD)