Mochtar Kusumaatmadja (17 February 1929 – 6 June 2021) was an Indonesian diplomat and politician. He was Indonesia's minister of justice from 1974 until 1978 and foreign minister from 1978 until 1988. Early life and education Kusumaatmadja was born on 17 February 1929 in Batavia, (now Jakarta). Kusumaatmadja joined the Union of Youth Students in Indonesia after independence in 1945 and fought in the Indonesian National Revolution as a member of the Student Army and the People's Security Army. After the revolution ended, Kusumaatmadja attended the Law Faculty of the University of Indonesia and pursued a double degree program from the Yale Law School. He graduated in 1955 with an undergraduate degree from the University of Indonesia and a Master of Laws degree from Yale Law School. He attended further university education at Padjadjaran University and obtained a doctorate in 1962. According to Ronald and June Katz, Kusumaatmadja's study in the United States widened his interpretation of the Indonesian law system, which was influenced by the Dutch legal system during the colonial era. One particular idea was the concept of law as a tool of social engineering by Roscoe Pound. The concept was altered by Kusumaatmadja to fit in the Indonesian legal environment and became a recurring theme in his writings. However, the concept contradicted the government's view on law, and Kusumaatmadja was forced to reside overseas. Academic career Kusumaatmadja worked briefly at Bank Indonesia's Foreign Exchange Institute before becoming a lecturer at Padjadjaran University. He taught international law in the university, with a specialty in the field of the law of the sea. He also taught in other academic institutions, including the University of Indonesia and the Indonesian Army Command and General Staff College. Although he had already been made a professor by the time he obtained a doctorate, the professorship was not made official until 1966 due to the aforementioned conflict with the government. Aside from his job as a lecturer, Kusumaatmadja acted for the defense in several legal cases. Two notable cases he handled in the 1960s were the Bremen Tobacco case and the MacDonald House bombing incident. He also became the conceptor for various statutes such as the law on Indonesia's waters and the country's doctrine regarding the continental shelf. The latter was produced after his tenure as the chief law-of-the-sea negotiator for Indonesia. After the end of Sukarno's rule and the beginning of Suharto's rule