over Genoa (allied with Charles V). July 1552: Anti-Spanish revolt in Siena. 17 July 1552: Sienese rebels welcomed a French garrison to defend it against Spanish recapture attempts. 19 October 1552 – 2 January 1553: Siege of Metz (1552). French victory over Imperial army. January–February 1553: Spanish viceroy for Naples, Pedro de Toledo y Zúñiga, made a failed attempt to recapture Siena with Florentine assistance. 11 April – 20 June 1553: Siege of Thérouanne. Spanish-Imperial victory over France. The Imperials razed Thérouanne to the ground on the orders of Charles V in revenge for the defeat at Metz. 25 November 1553: Cosimo de' Medici, Duke of Florence, signed a secret treaty with Charles V to reconquer Siena for the Emperor. 1553–1559: Invasion of Corsica (1553). Ottomans & French temporarily occupied most of Corsica. 2 August 1554: Battle of Marciano or Scannagallo. Decisive Florentine-Spanish victory over Siena and France. 12 August 1554: Battle of Renty. French victory over Imperial army. January 1554 – 21 April 1555: Siege of Siena. Spanish victory over Siena and France. End of the Republic of Siena, which was annexed by the Duchy of Florence in 1559. June 1555: Failed peace Conference of Marck within the Pale of Calais. October 1555: Peace talks resumed. Truce (February–September 1556) 5 February 1556: Truce of Vaucelles signed between Charles V and Henry II of France. Abdication of Charles V: Philip II had succeeded him as king of Spain and Lord of the Netherlands on 16 January 1556 and 25 October 1555, respectively; Ferdinand I had succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor on 27 August 1556, although it would take some years for the Imperial Diet (3 May 1558) and the Pope (1559) to recognise Ferdinand as such. Second phase (September 1556 – April 1559) 1 September 1556: Spanish invasion and occupation of the Papal States. September–December 1556: Attempts to limit the renewal of hostilities to the Papal States failed, and preparations for full-scale war were made. 6 January 1557: Gaspard II de Coligny, the French governor of Picardy, launched surprise attacks on Douai and Lens in the Spanish Netherlands, reopening the northern front. August 1557: Siege of Civitella. Spanish victory over France. 10–27 August 1557: Battle of St. Quentin (1557). Hispano-Savoyard-English victory over France. 12 September 1557: Spanish occupation of the Papal States. Pope Paul IV signed a separate peace treaty with the Duke of Alba (Spain). 1–8 January 1558: