the other hand, have to fulfill their semantic requirements, and interpreted as the argument of the predicate compositionally. This test works for object control and ECM too. a. I asked the cat to be out of the bag. - There is no possible idiomatic interpretation in the control construction. b. I believe the cat to be out of the bag. - The idiomatic interpretation is retained in the raising construction. Notes See also Dependency grammar Phrase structure grammar Predicate Argument Raising Catenative verb References Bach, E. 1974. Syntactic theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Borsley, R. 1996. Modern phrase structure grammar. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Carnie, A. 2007. Syntax: A generative introduction, 2nd edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Cowper, E. 2009. A concise introduction to syntactic theory: The government-binding approach. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Culicover, P. 1982. Syntax, 2nd edition. New York: Academic Press. Culicover, P. 1997. Principles and Parameters: An introduction to syntactic theory. Oxford University Press. Davies, William D., and Stanley Dubinsky. 2008. The grammar of raising and control: A course in syntactic argumentation. John Wiley & Sons. Emonds, J. 1976. A transformational approach to English syntax: Root, structure-preserving, and local transformations. New York: Academic Press. Grinder, J. and S. Elgin. 1973. Guide to transformational grammar: History, theory, and practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc. Haegeman, L. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory, 2nd edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Lasnik, H. and M. Saito. 1999. On the subject of infinitives. In H. Lasnik, Minimalist analysis, 7-24. Malden, MA: Blackwell. McCawley, T. 1988. The syntactic phenomena of English, Vol. 1. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Osborne, T. and T. Groß 2012. Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1, 163-214. van Riemsdijk, H. and E. Williams. 1986. Introduction to the theory of grammar. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Rosenbaum, Peter. 1967. The grammar of English predicate complement constructions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. External links List of English control verbs at Wiktionary Verb types