|- !scope="row"| Broadwater Academy |Virginia |1966 | |- !scope="row"| Brunswick Academy |Virginia |1964 | |- !scope="row"| Carlisle School |Virginia |1968 | |- !scope="row"| Fairfax-Brewster School |Virginia |1955 | |- !scope="row"| Prince Edward Academy |Virginia |1959 | |- !scope="row"| Hampton Roads Academy |Virginia |1959 | |- !scope="row"| Huguenot Academy |Virginia |1959 | |- !scope="row"| Isle of Wight Academy |Virginia |1967 | |- !scope="row"| Jamestown Academy |Virginia |1964 | |- !scope="row"| John S. Mosby Academy |Virginia |1959 | |- !scope="row"| Lynchburg Christian Academy |Virginia |1967 | |- !scope="row"| Nansemond-Suffolk Academy |Virginia |1966 | |- !scope="row"| Robert E. Lee Academy |Virginia |1959 | |- !scope="row"| Rock Hill Academy |Virginia |1959 | |- !scope="row"| Southampton Academy |Virginia |1969 | |- !scope="row"| Tidewater Academy (Wakefield) |Virginia |1964 | |- !scope="row"| Tidewater Academy (Norfolk) |Virginia |1958 | |- !scope="row"| Tomahawk Academy |Virginia |1964 | |- !scope="row"|Surry Academy |Virginia |1963 | |- |- !scope="row"| York Academy |Virginia |1965 | |- |} In federal lawGreen v. Connally (1971) set the standard by which the Internal Revenue Service identifies a segregation academy, a so-called "Paragraph (1) School". The IRS must deny exemption to schools: which have been determined in adversary or administrative proceedings to be racially discriminatory; or were established or expanded at or about the time the public school districts in which they are located or which they serve were desegregating, and which cannot demonstrate that they do not racially discriminate in admissions, employment, scholarships, loan programs, athletics, and extracurricular programs. See also The "Southern Manifesto", a document written in 1956 by legislators in the United States Congress opposed to racial integration in public places Runyon v. McCrary (1976): U.S. Supreme Court affirms private schools may not discriminate due to race based on 42 U.S.C. 1981. Allen v. Wright, a 1984 U. S. Supreme Court case challenging public subsidy for private schools that are effectively segregated. Further reading Felton, Emmanuel, "The Secessionist Movement in Education," The Nation, Sept. 25, 2017, pp. 12–24. Rooks, Noliwe, "Cindy Hyde-Smith Is Teaching Us What Segregation Academies Taught Her," New York Times,'' Nov. 28, 2018. References External links "The Ground Beneath Our Feet" website Massive Resistance timeline "They Closed Our Schools," the story of Massive Resistance and the closing of the Prince Edward County, Virginia public schools Edward H. Peeples Prince Edward County (Va.) Public Schools Collection photographs, documents, and maps exploring the history of the Prince Edward County school segregation issues of