trained in the North American Harvard or North American Yale. Trainees in the bomber, coastal or transport pilot stream went to an SFTS like No. 5 Brantford where they learned multi-engine technique in an Airspeed Oxford, Avro Anson or Cessna Crane. No. 1 Camp Borden, Ontario (Harvard and Yale) No. 2 Uplands, Ontario (Harvard and Yale) No. 3 Calgary, Alberta (Anson and Crane) No. 4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Anson and Crane) No. 5 Brantford, Ontario (Anson) No. 6 Dunnville, Ontario (Harvard and Yale) No. 7 Fort MacLeod, Alberta (Anson) No. 8 Moncton, New Brunswick (Anson and Harvard) No. 9 Summerside, Prince Edward Island, moved to Centralia, Ontario (Anson and Harvard) No. 10 Dauphin, Manitoba (Harvard and Crane) No. 11 Yorkton, Saskatchewan (Harvard, Crane and Anson) No. 12 Brandon, Manitoba (Crane and Anson) No. 13 St. Hubert, Quebec, moved to North Battleford, Saskatchewan (Harvard and Anson) No. 14 Aylmer, Ontario (Anson, Harvard, Yale, and Supermarine Walrus) No. 15 Claresholm, Alberta (Anson) No. 16 Hagersville, Ontario (Anson and Harvard) No. 17 Souris, Manitoba (Anson and Harvard) No. 18 Gimli, Manitoba (Anson and Harvard) No. 19 Vulcan, Alberta (Anson) No. 31 Kingston, Ontario (Battle and Harvard) No. 32 Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan (Havard and Oxford) No. 33 Carberry, Manitoba (Anson) No. 34 Medicine Hat, Alberta (Harvard and Oxford) No. 35 North Battleford, Saskatchewan (Oxford) No. 36 Penhold, Alberta (Oxford) No. 37 Calgary, Alberta (Oxford, Harvard and Anson) No. 38 Estevan, Saskatchewan (Anson) No. 39 Swift Current, Saskatchewan (Oxford) No. 41 Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Anson and Harvard) Air Observer Schools Air Observers were later called "navigators". For recruits in this stream, the training path after ITS was 8 weeks at an Air Observer School (AOS), 1 month at a Bombing & Gunnery School, and finally 1 month at a Navigation School. The Air Observer schools were operated by civilians under contract to the RCAF. For example, Nos. 7, 8, and 9 were run by CP Airlines. However, the instructors were RCAF. The basic navigation techniques throughout the war years were dead reckoning and visual pilotage, and the tools were the aeronautical chart, magnetic compass, watch, trip log, pencil, Douglas protractor, and Dalton Navigational Computer. They trained in the Avro Anson. No. 1 Malton, Ontario No. 2 Edmonton, Alberta No. 3 Regina, Saskatchewan, moved to Pearce, Alberta No. 4 London, Ontario No. 5 Winnipeg, Manitoba No. 6 Prince Albert, Saskatchewan No. 7 Portage la Prairie, Manitoba No. 8