that this was impossible. The lack of information about Japanese involvement is attributed to a wide-ranging cover-up of Japanese aggression prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor in an attempt to draw the United States into the war. Frame dismisses the suggested cover-up as an attempt to draw attention to the alternative interpretation of the battle by linking it to the Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge debate. The JCFADT report concluded that there was no evidence to support the presence of the Japanese. Cole's report concluded likewise and stated that the allegations made to 'prove' the presence of a submarine were factually wrong, lacked corroborating evidence, or otherwise did not support the claims. No Sydney survivors The alternative engagement theories attribute the lack of survivors, corpses, or debris from Sydney to the need to eliminate evidence of German illegality or Japanese aggression. The recovered Carley float—with its damage attributed to machine-gun fire—is often presented as proof. The Australian War Memorial undertook a detailed analysis of the Carley float between 1992 and 1993 to determine the nature of the damage.Olson, Bitter Victory, p. 322 Metallurgical testing of fragments found in the float showed them to be from German shells, not German or Japanese machine gun bullets. The Chinese survivors are also cited as proof that no machine-gunning of Australian survivors took place, as if they had witnessed or learned of such an act, they too would have been killed to preserve the secret. The accepted view of the battle (based on German damage descriptions) is that the majority of Sydneys personnel were killed during the battle, with the rest dying when the cruiser sank.JCFADT, Report on the loss of HMAS Sydney, p. 91 The Defence Science and Technology Organisation used Mearns' shipwreck footage for technical analysis of the damage to Sydney, which showed it to be consistent with German accounts. The analysis predicted that up to 70% of those aboard were killed during the battle, either directly, from wounds, or by inhaling smoke and toxic gas. Mearns estimated that once the bow was lost, the rest of the cruiser's hull would have remained afloat for at most two minutes, and anyone remaining aboard would have been killed as the ship sank.Cole, The Loss of HMAS Sydney, vol. 2, pp. 366 The Cole Report stated that Sydneys seakeeping ability would have rapidly deteriorated, hampering any evacuation efforts. Open watertight doors show that some attempt