identity of psychology of thinking and the logic of thinking. Here, logic is considered the "physics of thinking" rather than an "ethics of thinking". According to Lipps, "logic is a psychological discipline, as certain as the cognition occurs only in the psyche, and the thinking, which completes itself in the cognition, is a psychical event." Late in life, Lipps adopted some ideas from Edmund Husserl as he developed in another direction. Disliking his psychologism, some of his students joined with some of Husserl's to form a new branch of philosophy called phenomenology of essences. Among them there was Moritz Geiger who wrote one of the first phenomenological essays on the essence and meaning of empathy in which the influence of Lipps is relevant. There was also Paul Ferdinand Linke who studied under Lipps at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat and dealt with Husserlian phenomenology in his first publication, Die phaenomenale Sphaere. In the so-called aesthetics of "oughtness", Lipps attempted to reconcile "ought" with "is". See also Otto Selz References Sources Hatfield, G. Psychology Old and New, Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No.IRCS-01-07 (University of Pennsylvania, 2001) Lyubimova, T. "On the Comic", in: Aesthetics, Art, Life: A Collection of Articles, compiled by T. Lyubimova, M. Ovsyannikov; general editorship by A. Zis; translated from the Russian by Sergei Syrovatkin (Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 1988), pp. 200–211. External links Some digitized texts by Lipps in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 1851 births 1914 deaths 19th-century essayists 19th-century German non-fiction writers 19th-century German male writers 19th-century German writers 19th-century German philosophers 20th-century essayists 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century German philosophers Continental philosophers German male essayists German male non-fiction writers Phenomenologists Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of mind Philosophy academics Philosophy writers