Jean Chabot, being short of provisions and having lost the key island of Vido at the entrance of the port, surrendered and was allowed passage back to France. Role in the military revolution According to Geoffrey Parker in his article, The Military Revolution 1560–1660: A Myth?, the appearance of the trace Italienne in early modern Europe, and the difficulty of taking such fortifications, resulted in a profound change in military strategy, most importantly, Parker argued, an increase in army sizes necessary to attack these forts. "Wars became a series of protracted sieges," Parker suggests, and open-pitch battles became "irrelevant" in regions where the trace Italienne existed. Ultimately, Parker argues, "military geography", in other words, the existence or absence of the trace Italienne in a given area, shaped military strategy in the early modern period. This is a profound alteration of the Military Revolution thesis originally proposed by Michael Roberts in 1955. Parker's emphasis on the fortification as the key element has attracted substantial criticism from some academics, such as John A. Lynn and M. S. Kingra, particularly with respect to the claimed causal link between the new fortress design and increases in army sizes during this period. Obsolescence In the nineteenth century, with the development of more powerful artillery and explosive shells, star forts were replaced by simpler but more robust polygonal forts. In the twentieth century, with the development of tanks and aerial warfare during and after the First World War, fixed fortifications became and have remained less important than in previous centuries. Star forts reappeared during the early 21st century French intervention in Mali where they were built by the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment. See also Venetian Works of Defence - A UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising six of the most outstanding examples of early bastion fort design. Suomenlinna - A later example of the bastion fort and a World Heritage Site, built in 1758. Crenellation List of established military terms List of star forts Mathematics and architecture Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban Menno van Coehoorn Erik Dahlberg Notes References af Hällström, Olof (2004) Sveaborg – The island fortress off Helsinki, Duffy, C. (1975) Fire & Stone, The Science of Fortress Warfare 1660–1860, External links Cataneo, Hieronymus, De arte bellica, sive, De designandis ac construendis arcibus & propugnaculis, necnon & de ijs oppugnandis, expugnandis, ac propugnandis: de itinere exercitus, ac castrametatione: quando expediat manus cum hoste conserere, ac