being given to charities, and that DAFs should be legally held to an annual minimum distribution. In 2020, Arnold was one of ten billionaires who had given away at least 20% of their wealth. Controversies Arnold Ventures LLC has invited criticism with its involvement in many controversial areas. They are on record as agreeing with some of the critiques and focus on partnering with organizations to maximize their impact without undue influence. The former foundation was sued over a pre-trial web tool by the family of a victim who was murdered, but the District Court and a U.S. Appellate Court dismissed the complaint. Arnold Ventures' 2020 grant to trial aerial surveillance hardware by the Baltimore Police Department was subject to legal challenges but in November 2020, a federal appeals court ruled that the program was constitutional and did not invade the rights and privacy of city residents. Arnold’s foundation, Arnold Ventures, created a Public Safety Assessment which gave recently arrested individuals a score to determine their flight risk and potential bail. The NAACP and ACLU have criticized the Arnold PSA because they believe risk assessment tools actually increased the number of prisoners under the guise of criminal justice reform. John received an $8 million dollar bonus from Enron just before the company filed for bankruptcy. It was the largest cash bonus ever distributed by the company. Arnold was described as “unapologetic” for his success in Enron’s final days. Arnold was not criminally charged with any wrongdoing at Enron, but he was named in a bankruptcy lawsuit by other Enron staff. Arnold has been accused of pushing for pension reform in response to a lawsuit the California state pension system, CalPERS, filed against Enron. Through his foundation, Arnold has aggressively promoted pension reform in the state of California based on a study his foundation conducted with Pew that failed to mention that Enron or the overall financial crisis contributed to the shortfall. John Arnold and his brother Matthew tore down historical homes in the River Oaks neighborhood of Houston which led to criticism by architectural conservationists. Personal life Arnold is married to Laura Elena (Muñoz) Arnold. She is co-founder of Arnold Ventures LLC. She is a graduate of Harvard College, Yale Law School, and has a Master of Philosophy degree in European Studies from the University of Cambridge. She was formerly a mergers-and acquisitions attorney in Houston, Texas, and an oil