drill exercises, and stressed the importance of chōren, or teamwork drill, rather than mere individual martial training. He gave technical descriptions about shipbuilding, cannons and other military designs. He especially was critical of the Shogunate's sakoku national isolation policy. The work generated great interest, but was banned in May 1792, on the grounds that national security matters were being discussed without official consent. Hayashi was placed under house arrest. He died the following year. Together with Takayama Hikokurō and Gamō Kunpei, Hayashi is known as one of the "Three Excelling Men of the Kansei Period" (Kansei no san-kijin 寛政の三奇人). Grave Hayashi's grave is at the Buddhist temple of Ryuun-in in Aoba-ku, Sendai. It was proclaimed a National Historic Site in 1942. The surrounding neighbourhood was renamed Shihei-chō in 1967. A plaque commemorating his accomplishments can also be found at the site of Sendai Castle. References Dore, Ronald P. (1965). Education in Tokugawa Japan. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), p. 171. Further reading Boxer, C.R. (1932). Rin Shihei and his picture of a Dutch East-India ship, 1782. Tokyo: Asiatic Society of Japan. Lederer, Friedrich (Transl./Ed.) Diskurs über die Wehrhaftigkeit einer Seenation München, Iudicium, 2002 (Diss. LMU Munich) First Translation of Kaikoku Heidan in a foreign language, i.e. German. Keene, Donald (1952). The Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720 - 1830. London: Stanford University Press. 1738 births 1793 deaths Japanese writers of the Edo period Samurai Historic Sites of Japan