Louis Marcoussis (Louis Markus) (1883–1941) (born in Poland) Jean Metzinger (1883–1937) Juan Gris (1887–1927) (Spanish) Jacques Lipchitz (1891–1973) (born in Poland) Orphism or the Puteaux Group Sometimes called "Cubic Orphism"; compare to the British Vorticism. Guillaume Apollinaire (1880–1918) (Italian born poet and art critic, lived in France) Robert Delaunay (1885–1941) Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876–1918) Roger de La Fresnaye (1885–1925) Albert Gleizes (1881–1952) František Kupka (1871–1957) (Czech, worked in France) Henri Le Fauconnier (1881–1946) Fernand Léger (1881–1955) Louis Marcoussis (1878–1941) (Polish, worked in France) Jean Metzinger (1883–1956) Francis Picabia (1879–1953) Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes (1884–1974) Jacques Villon (1875–1963) Incoherents Founded in 1882, its satirical irreverence anticipated many of the art techniques and attitudes later associated with avant-garde and anti-art. Jules Lévy (1857–1935) Alphonse Allais (1854–1905) Sapeck (Eugène Bataille)(French) (1854–1891) Émile Cohl (1857–1938) Paul Bilhaud Dada Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) Francis Picabia (1879–1953) Jean (Hans) Arp (1886–1966) Man Ray (1890–1976) (American) Surrealism Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) Marc Chagall (1887–1985) Yves Tanguy (1900–1955) Max Ernst (1891–1976) André Masson (1896–1987) Jean (Hans) Arp (1886–1966) Hans Bellmer (1902–1975) Fernand Léger (1881–1955) Paul Delvaux (1897–1954) (Belgian) René Iché (1897–1954) René Magritte (1898–1967) (Belgian) Salvador Dalí (1904–1989) (Catalan, worked in Paris around 1927) Joan Miró (1893–1983) (Spanish, worked in Paris in the 1920s) School of Paris The École de Paris starts from around 1925. Constantin Brâncuși (1876–1957) (French, born in Romania) Raoul Dufy (1877–1953) Amedeo Modigliani (1884–1920) (Italian, worked in Paris) Marc Chagall (1887–1985) (French, born in Belarus) Chaïm Soutine (1894–1943) (French, born in Lithuania) Tachism or L'art informel See also Abstract Expressionism, Cobra group, Lyrical Abstraction. Jean Fautrier (1898–1964) Jean Dubuffet (1901–1985) Wols (Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze) (1913–1951) (German, worked in France) Georges Mathieu Michel Tapié Pop Art Victor Vasarely (1908–1997) (Born in Hungary) François Morellet (1926–) Jean-Pierre Yvaral (dates?) (son of Vasarely) Lettrism Isidore Isou Situationist International Though not an art movement per se, the Situationists did produce much détournement of art. See also May 1968 for work from the atelier populaire. Guy Debord Fluxus Founded in 1962, this international art movement stressed play, active participation, and unusual materials. Robert Filliou (1926–1987) Ben Vautier (called "Ben") (b. 1935) Nouveau Réalisme Founded in 1960, this movement stressed the importance of the real and the modern consumer object and was similar to the Pop art movement in New York. Raymond Hains Arman Yves Klein Jacques de la Villeglé Martial Raysse Daniel Spoerri François Dufrêne Pierre Restany Jean Tinguely César