it refers to Academic painters in the mid to late 19th century. William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905) Alexandre Cabanel (1823–1889) Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904) Barbizon School The École de Barbizon was a landscape and outdoor art movement which preceded Impressionism. The city is near the forest of Fontainebleau. Théodore Rousseau came to the region in 1848 and he subsequently attracted other artists. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875) Narcisse-Virgile Diaz de la Peña (1808–1878) (Born in Spain) Constant Troyon (1810–1865) Jules Dupré (1811–1889) Théodore Rousseau (1812–1867) Jean-François Millet (1814–1875) Charles-François Daubigny (1817–1878) Félix Ziem (1821–1911) Naturalism The term is much criticised, but implies a frank and unidealized portrayal of real life, especially of the working classes and agricultural workers (in contrast to Jean-François Millet's idealized paintings of field workers), and locales such as factories, mines and popular cafés. See also the writers Émile Zola, Gustave Flaubert and Guy de Maupassant. Ignace François Bonhomme (1809–1881) Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) Théodule Ribot (1824–1891) Jules Bastien-Lepage (1848–1884) Impressionism From around 1872. Eugène Boudin (1824–1898) Camille Pissarro (1830–1903) Édouard Manet (1832–1883) (considered a precursor) Edgar Degas (1834–1917) Henri Fantin-Latour (1836–1904) Claude Monet (1840–1926) (started the Impressionism era in France) Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919) Berthe Morisot (1841–1895) Gustave Caillebotte (1848–1894) Post-Impressionism The term is most often associated with the following artists, though it could equally apply to most of the movements leading up to cubism. Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) Henri Rousseau ("le Douanier") (1844–1910) Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) (Dutch, worked in France) Georges-Pierre Seurat (1859–1891) see also Pointillism Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901) Pont-Aven School Pont-Aven is a town on the coast of Brittany frequented by artists in the late 19th century (1886–1888). Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) Paul Sérusier (1865–1927) Émile Bernard (1868–1941) Symbolism See also Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, Huysmans, Symbolist painters. Odilon Redon (1840–1916) Gustave Moreau (1826–1898) Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (1824–1898) Les Nabis The expression comes from the Hebrew word for "prophets"; from around 1888. Aristide Maillol (1861–1944) Paul Signac (1863–1935) Paul Ranson (1864–1909) Paul Sérusier (1865–1927) Félix Vallotton (1865–1925) Ker Xavier Roussel (1867–1944) Pierre Bonnard (1867–1947) Édouard Jean Vuillard (1868–1940) Georges Lacombe (1868–1916) Maurice Denis (1870–1943) Henri-Charles Manguin (1874–1943) Fauvism Fauvism, or Les Fauves means "wild beasts". They first appeared at the salon of Autumn 1905–1908. Henri Matisse (1869–1954) Georges Rouault (1871–1958) Maurice de Vlaminck (1876–1958) André Derain (1880–1954) Cubism "Cézanne period" (1907–1909); "Analytic period" (1909–1912); "Synthetic period" (1913–1914). Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) (Spanish) Georges Braque (1882–1963) Fernand Léger (1881–1955)