Gregorian calendar. Foreigners for hire Edward S. Morse — discovered the Omori Shell Mounds William S. Clark — vice principal of Sapporo Agricultural College Bunmei-byō By the turn of the century, the bunmei-kaika, as both a goal and a process, had prompted criticism from those within Japanese society who considered the movement not to have brought "civilization and enlightenment" but "civilization disease" (bunmei-byō). Critics such as Miyake Setsurei and his circle derided the movement's negative effects on Japanese culture, namely decadence, materialism, radicalism, the commercialization of values and the decline of cooperation. The introduction of German economic thought in the 1890s influenced the way some Japanese perceived industrialization and its problems, including class conflict, labor strife, and the destruction of the peasant village. See also Japanese civilization Meiji Restoration Foreign settlement Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan Orientalism Haitō Edict Self-Strengthening Movement — a similar phenomenon in China during the same time References Bibliography Western culture Meiji Restoration Meiji period