or using, exports, assembly of parts into an infringing whole, etc.), the effect of prosecution history on interpretation of the claims, what remedies are available for infringement or bad faith enforcement (injunction, damages, attorney fees, other civil penalties for willful infringement, etc.), equitable defenses, coexistence of an EP national part and a national patent for identical subject matter, ownership and assignment, extensions to patent term for regulatory approval, etc., are expressly remitted to national law. Eurasian patents Eurasian patents are granted under the Eurasian Patent Convention in a system which is similar to the European Patent Convention: after a unitary grant procedure the patent becomes a national patent in each of the 8 member states. Unitary patents Countries may create unitary protection with regards to patents, which means that the effect (including revocation) is equal in all countries concerned. Such unitary protection was effected (both for "national" and European patents) by Switzerland and Liechtenstein in 1980 with the Treaty between the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on Patent Protection of 1978. National patents National patents are available in all European countries, except the Holy See. In some European countries, national patents are substantively examined, while in other countries there is no provision for such examination and patents are thus granted if formal requirements are met, while novelty and inventive step is not evaluated. It can be cheaper and tactically advantageous to apply for a few national patents rather than for a European patent at the European Patent Office. In the United Kingdom, for example, the Patents Act 1977 and the Patents Act 2004 establish the law relating to patents including filing, examination, grant, infringement, revocation, assignment. UK law is in many ways similar to the European Patent Convention (EPC) (although the EPC deals with very few post-grant activities). UK patents law also applies in the Isle of Man, while in certain dependent territories and crown dependencies, European patents can be registered. In Europe this is the case for Gibraltar (within 5 years of grant), Guernsey (at any time during the patent lifetime) and Jersey (within 3 years of grant). National patents may be the only available patents in European states that are neither party to the European Patent Convention nor the Eurasian Patent Convention. This is the case for Andorra and Ukraine (which signed but did not ratify the Eurasian Patent Convention). Moldova (a former party to the