common stock. Backbone's location in Vancouver had been closed in May 2009, and in October 2012, its ImaginEngine studio was closed as well, while its primary location in Emeryville, California, laid off the majority of its staff. In February 2014, Double Helix was sold to Amazon. Later that year, under advisory from GP Bullhound, Foundation 9 sold Pipeworks to Italian publisher Digital Bros, and Sumo Digital to its own management, the latter of which was backed by NorthEdge Capital. In 2015, Foundation 9's board of directors elected to dissolve the company. Subsidiaries Amaze Entertainment (2007–2009) – Merged into Griptonite Games Backbone Entertainment (2005–2015) – Closed Backbone Charlottetown (2006–2007) – Closed Backbone Emeryville (2005–2015) – Closed Backbone Vancouver (2005–2009) – Closed Games2Learn – Closed ImaginEngine (2005–2012) – Closed The Collective (2005–2007) – Merged into Double Helix Games Double Helix Games (2007–2014) – Sold to Amazon Game Studios Fizz Factor (2008–2009) – Closed Griptonite Games (2008–2011) – Sold to Glu Mobile Griptonite India (2010–2011) – Sold to Glu Mobile Pipeworks Software (2005–2014) – Sold to Digital Bros Shiny Entertainment (2006–2007) – Merged into Double Helix Games Sumo Digital (2007–2014) – Sold back to founders in a management buyout Sumo India (2007–2014) – Sold back to founders in a management buyout References 2005 establishments in California 2015 disestablishments in California American companies disestablished in 2015 American companies established in 2005 Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles Defunct video game companies of the United States Video game companies disestablished in 2015 Video game companies established in 2005 Video game development companies