from nouns Added to a noun, -li or -siz indicates presence or absence, respectively, of what is named by the noun. {| class=wikitable ! Noun !! Presence (-li) !! Absence (-siz) |- | tuz "salt" || tuzlu "salted" || tuzsuz "salt-free" |- | umut "hope" || umutlu "hopeful" || umutsuz "hopeless" |} The suffix -li also indicates origin: Ankaralıyım. "I am from Ankara." Finally, added to the verbal noun in -me, the suffix -li creates the necessitative verb. Pattern: (verb-stem) + me + li + (personal ending). Gitmeliyim. "I must go". The native speaker may perceive -meli as an indivisible suffix denoting compulsion. Added to a noun for a person, -ce makes an adjective. {| class=wikitable ! Noun !! Adjective (Noun + -ce) |- | çocuk "child" || çocukça "childish" |- | kahraman "hero" || kahramanca "heroic" |- |} Adverbs Adjectives can generally serve as adverbs: iyi "good" or "well" The adjective might then be repeated, as noted earlier. A repeated noun also serves as an adverb: kapı "door" → kapı kapı "door-to-door" The suffix -ce makes nouns and adjectives into adverbs. One source (Özkırımlı, p. 155) calls it the benzerlik ("similarity") or görelik (from göre "according to") eki, considering it as another case-ending. Attached to adjectives, -ce is like the English -ly: güzelce "beautifully" Attached to nouns, -ce can be like the English like: Türkçe konuş- "speak like Turks" (i.e., "speak Turkish") Adverbs of place include: aşağı/yukarı "down/up" geri/ileri "backwards/forwards" dışarı/içeri "outside/inside" beri/öte "hither/yon" karşı "opposite" These can also be treated as adjectives and nouns (in particular, they can be given case-endings). Also, the suffix -re can be added to the demonstrative pronouns o, bu, and şu, as well as to the interrogative pronoun ne, treated as a noun. The result has cases serving as adverbs of place: nereye/buraya/oraya "whither?/hither/thither" nerede/burada/orada "where?/here/there" nereden/buradan/oradan "whence?/hence/thence" Postpositions With genitive and absolute The following are used after the genitive pronouns benim, bizim, senin, sizin, onun, and kimin, and after the absolute case of other pronouns and nouns: gibi "like, as"; için "for"; ile "with"; kadar (Arabic) "as much as". For example, a certain company may describe its soft drink as: {| | buz || gibi |- | ice || like |- | colspan=2 | "like ice", "ice cold" |} However, another company may say of itself: {| | Gibisi || yok. |- | its-like || non-existent |- | colspan=2 | "There's nothing