like it." |} Thus the label of postposition does not adequately describe gibi; Schaaik proposes calling it a predicate, because of its use in establishing similarity: {| | Eşek || gibisin. |- | donkey || you-are-like |- | colspan=2 | "You are like a donkey." |} {| | beni || küçümseyecekmiş || gibi || bir || duygu |- | me- || s/he-will-look-down-on || like || a || feeling |- | colspan=5 | "a feeling as if s/he will look down on me" |} The particle ile can be both comitative and instrumental; it can also join the preceding word as a suffix. Examples: Deniz ile konuştuk or Deniz'le konuştuk "Deniz and I [or we], we spoke." (here the literal translation "We spoke with Deniz" may be incorrect) çekiç ile vur- or çekiçle vur- "hit with a hammer" With dative Used after nouns and pronouns in the dative case are: doğru "towards"; göre "according to"; kadar "as far as"; karşı "against". With ablative önce/sonra "before/after"; beri "since"; itibaren (Arabic) "from…on"; dolayı "because of". With absolute The following postpositions are case-forms of nouns with the third-person possessional suffix; they can be understood as forming nominal compounds, always indefinite, with the preceding words (see also Turkish grammar#Nouns): bakımdan "from the point of view of" (bak- "look"); hakkında "concerning, about" (hak "right, justice"); tarafından "by the agency of" (taraf "side"); yüzünden "because of" (yüz "face"). Interjections Some samples include: secular: Öf [disgust]; Haydi "Come on": Haydi kızlar okula "Girls to school!" (slogan for an education campaign); invoking the Deity: implicitly: Aman "Mercy"; Çok şükür "Much thanks"; explicitly: Allah Allah "Goodness gracious"; Hay Allah; Vallah "By God [I swear it]". Conjunctions Some Turkish conjunctions are borrowed from Persian and Arabic. Logical conjunction The cumulative sense of the English "A and B" can be expressed several ways: A ve B (an Arabic borrowing); B ile A (ile is also a postposition); A, B de. For the adversative sense of "but" or "only", there are ama and fakat (both Arabic), also yalnız (which is also an adjective corresponding to "alone"). For emphasis: hem A hem B "both A and B". Logical disjunction For the sense of English "(either)…or": A veya B; ya A veya B; ya A ya da B. The pattern of the last two can be extended: ya A ya B veya C; ya A ya B ya da C. Logical non-disjunction Ne A ne