aluminium, sodium, and calcium. Once the solutions are depleted of CO2 they precipitate as secondary minerals. The decomposition is dependent on the flow of water. In the case that halloysite is formed from plagioclase it will not pass through intermediate stages. Locations A highly refined halloysite is mined, then processed, from a rhyolite occurrence in Matauri Bay, New Zealand. Annual output of this mine is up to 20,000 tonnes per annum. One of the largest halloysite deposits in the world is Dunino, near Legnica in Poland. It has reserves estimated at 10 million tons of material. This halloysite is characterized by layered-tubular and platy structure. The Dragon mine, located in the Tintic district, Eureka, Utah, US deposit contains catalytic quality Halloysite. The Dragon Mine Deposit is one of the largest in the United States. The total production throughout 1931-1962 resulted in nearly 750,000 metric tons of extracted Halloysite. Pure Halloysite classified at 10a and 7a are present. Applications Commercial Uses of the halloysite produced at the Matauri Bay deposit in New Zealand include porcelain and bone china by manufacturers in various countries, particularly in Asia. Laboratory studies Halloysite is an efficient adsorbent both for cations and anions. It has also been used as a petroleum cracking catalyst, and Exxon has developed a cracking catalyst based on synthetic halloysite in the 1970s. Owing to its structure, halloysite can be used as filler in either natural or modified forms in nanocomposites. Halloysite nanotube can be intercalated with catalytic metal nanoparticles made of silver, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum or cobalt, thereby serving as a catalyst support. Halloysite has been evaluated for use in the sorption of CO2 and CH4. Due to its nanostructure, halloysite is used as the main nanostructured filler in multifunctional mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), opening up new possibilities in the separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures and water purification. Besides supporting nanoparticles, halloysite nanotubes can also be used as a template to produce round well-dispersed nanoparticles (NPs). For example, bismuth and bismuth subcarbonate NPs with controlled size (~7 nm) were synthesized in water. Importantly, when halloysite was not used, large nanoplates instead of round spheres are obtained. Halloysite is also used to purify water, e.g. from two azo dyes were removed from aq. solutions. by adsorption on a Polish halloysite from Dunino deposit. Halloysite have many advantages and reported as a nanocontainer. Halloysite can also be used to produce porous silicon