B "Neither A nor B": NE ABD NE AB TAM BAĞIMSIZ DEMOKRATİK TÜRKİYE "Neither USA nor EU: Fully Independent Democratic Turkey" Ne is borrowed from Persian na(نه) which means no. The usage is the same in Persian. (slogan on placard at demonstration); Ne A ne B ne C "Not A or B or C." Implication B, çünkü A "B, because A". ((Eğer)) A'ysa, (o zaman) B'dir. "If A, then B." ("Eğer" is not generally used.) Both çünkü and eğer are Persian; the latter is not generally needed, because the conditional form of the verb is available. The conjunction ki The Persian conjunction ki brings to Turkish the Indo-European style of relating ideas (#Lewis [XIII,15]): Beklemesini istiyorum "Her-waiting I-desire"; but İstiyorum ki beklesin "I-desire that he-wait." Thus ki corresponds roughly to English "that", but with a broader sense: Güneş batmıştı ki köye vardık "The-sun had-set [when] that at-the-village we-arrived." Kirazı yedim ki şeker gibi "The-cherry I-ate [and found] that [it was] sugar like." The following is from a newspaper: "Vahdettin ne yazık ki haindi" ...Bu iki açıklamadan anlıyoruz ki Ecevit, Osmanlı Tarihi adlı bir kitap hazırlıyormuş... Vahdettin, Tevfik Paşa ve Londra Konferansı hakkındaki açıklamaları gösteriyor ki Sayın Ecevit, yakın tarihimizi ciddi olarak incelememiş, bu konudaki güvenilir araştırmaları ve sağlam belgeleri görmemiş... Diyor ki: "Benim şahsen çocukluğumdan beri dinlediğim şeyler var..." "...From these two accounts, we understand that Ecevit is preparing a book called Ottoman History... His accounts concerning Vahdettin, Tevfik Pasha and the London Conference show that Mr Ecevit has not seriously studied our recent history, has not seen trustworthy research and sound documentation on this subject... He says that: "'There are many things I heard personally from my childhood till today...'" (Source: Cumhuriyet 19 July 2005.) Verbs The verb-stem temizle- "make clean" is the adjective temiz "clean" with the suffix -le-. Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with -le: başla- "make a head", that is, "begin" (intransitive; baş "head"); kilitle- "make locked", that is, "lock" (kilit "lock"); kirlet- "make dirty" (kir "dirt") köpekle- (from köpek "dog", discussed at Turkish grammar#Parts of speech). The suffix -iş- indicates reciprocal action, which is expressed in English by "each other" or "one another". görüşmek "to see one another" (from görmek "to see", for example Görüşürüz, "Goodbye" (literally "We see one another")) (But there are exceptions: sevişmek does not mean "to love one another" (from sevmek "to love") but rather "to make love