their suburban community, which was well received. Online covensteads Various denominations of Neopaganism have adapted alongside technological developments and have found new tools and methods of communication to reach their followers and members including online congregations and rituals. The members of these online communities were dubbed “Technopagans” in a 1995 Wired article. Technopagans don't often meet in person but form close relationships with one another similar to those within covens that meet in person regularly. There are examples of online pagan meetings carried out on CompuServe conference rooms in which members participated remotely in rituals such as celebrations of the full moon. Although there was no face to face contact between members of the covens, rituals were still carried out and festivals were celebrated. In this online space where music and chanting aloud cannot be practiced as a group, physical objects and key phrases are simply typed. The online virtual world Second Life is also host to neopagan meetings and ceremonies. The affordances of the site allow for ‘cybercovens’ to meet virtually using avatars to participate in social events and rituals. On Second Life, users can visit a pub or a digital marketplace, meditate, access digital copies of neopagan texts and gather at an altar to carry out rituals and sabbats. The experience can be likened to covensteads situated in the astral temple. The avatars created on Second Life can resemble the user's own physical appearance but can also allow the user to construct an alternative self that enhances their online spiritual experience with features such as wings. More recent examples of online rituals and gatherings of modern Pagans include YouTube channels. Through videos, single practitioners are brought together to collectively partake in these rituals, share knowledge with each other and celebrate the various festivals. Although online gatherings can allow people from across the globe to connect and participate in religious rituals, there are certain elements of practices carried out online that hinder the smooth procession of the experience such as the loading time of graphics and animations. Often alterations to ritual techniques are necessary in order for them to be successfully carried out in an online format. Participants usually exercise a certain amount of imagination during the virtual proceedings. Due to the increasing prevalence of online neopagan gatherings, devices used to participate, such as laptops, are often considered ritual objects that belong on the altar alongside other rituals objects