contrasting results in studies, many conclude that further research should be done on the cardiovascular risks of smokeless tobacco. Addiction potential Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive thus the primary reinforcing agent. According to European Union policy advice, Scandinavian or some American smokeless tobaccos (specifically snus) may be up to 90% less hazardous than cigarette smoking. However, the habit is still addictive. Taxation and restriction of smoking is causing more smokeless tobacco use as "substitution." There have been public health debates regarding risk-reduction for smokers and the reconsideration of smokeless tobacco risks. "...There is a substantial body of informed and independent opinion that sees the value of harm reduction strategies based on smokeless tobacco." Additives The amount of nicotine absorbed can be controlled by different cutting of the tobacco, increasing the nicotine concentration and raising the pH of the tobacco by adding various salts. An alkaline pH causes more nicotine to be absorbed, especially the free, unprotonated form, but is irritating to the mucosa. Nicotine itself can also irritate the mucosa. List of brands The following is a partial list of brands of dipping tobacco. Other tobacco products, such as chewing tobacco and snus, are excluded. Copenhagen Grizzly Happy Days discontinued Husky Kodiak Longhorn Red Man Red Seal Rooster (discontinued in 2009) Stoker's Skoal Timber Wolf Tough Guy (discontinued in 2018) Legality Several countries have banned the sale (and in some cases the import) of dipping tobacco. Sale of dipping tobacco was banned in South Australia in 1986 and across the country in 1991 and in most of the EU nations in 1993. Sweden was exempt from this ban because of the traditionally high usage of snus in that country. Dipping tobacco is also not currently permitted for sale in the UK. It is not yet clear whether this law will be changed now that the UK has left the EU. In the United States, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gives the Food and Drug Administration the power to regulate the tobacco industry. This law prohibits the sale of dipping tobacco to anyone under the age of 21, as of 20 December restricts tobacco product advertising and marketing directed to younger audiences, and requires bigger, more prominent warning labels for dipping tobacco products. Taxation In the United States, the federal government taxes dipping tobacco at , equivalent to 3.15¢ per package. Excise taxes are also levied