Quaker views on women have always been considered progressive in their own time (beginning in the 17th century), and in the late 19th century this tendency bore fruit in the prominence of Quaker women in the American women's rights movement. The early history of attitudes towards gender in the Religious Society of Friends (i.e. Quakers) is particularly notable for providing for one of the largest and most equitable roles for women in the Christian tradition at the time, despite not endorsing universal equality until much later. History For many outside observers during the first hundred years of Quakerism, the most surprising aspect of Quakerism was that "ministry" – the prerogative to speak during a Quaker meeting – was open to women from the very beginnings of the movement in the 1650s. One of the earliest to formulate direct biblical justification for this was Sarah Blackborow. Margaret Fell, one of the Valiant Sixty and referred to as the "Mother of Quakerism", argued in favor of women preachers in her work Womens Speaking Justified. Her work on the subject is considered to have been among the most comprehensive at the time. In James Boswell's Life of Johnson, Samuel Johnson's opinion of a female Quaker preacher was recorded thus: "Sir, a woman's preaching is like a dog walking on his hind legs. It is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all." Especially in the early years, a large number – even possibly the majority – of traveling Quaker preachers were women. Out of 141 traveling Quaker ministers from America to England between 1685 and 1835, 34% were women. While some radical Puritan sects allowed women to preach, the conception of gender equality in Quakerism was unparalleled by other groups at the time. Aside from ministry, Quaker women traveled alone and published their writing, which was also unusual for the time. Several of the Valiant Sixty were women. For many Quakers, both historical and contemporary, the inclusion of women is part of what is now called the "Testimony of Equality". However, despite that testimony, women's roles were not completely equal for many years. In the beginning, meetings for worship for business were dominated by male Friends, but within twenty-five years, George Fox ordered establishment of separate women's meetings when he faced challenges to his leadership. Particularly controversial was his decision that women's meetings for discipline should be the