the republic was cultured, educated, and modern; to promote this image, the Miss Turkey pageants were first organized in 1929. Social structure Personal names Under the Ottoman Empire many people, especially Muslims, did not use surnames. Family name, or last name is the portion (in some cultures) of a personal name that indicates a person's family. Depending on the culture, all members of a family unit may have identical surnames or there may be variations based on the cultural rules. The Surname Law was adopted on 21 June 1934. The law requires all citizens of Turkey to adopt the use of hereditary, fixed, surnames. Much of the population, particularly in the cities as well as Turkey's Christian and Jewish citizens, already had surnames, and all families had names by which they were known locally. Measurement (Calendar, time, and the metric system) The clocks, calendars and measures used in the Ottoman Empire were different from those used in the European states. This made social, commercial and official relations difficult and caused some confusion. In the last period of the Ottoman Empire, some studies were made to eliminate this difference. First, a law enacted on 26 December 1925 and banned the use of Hijri and Rumi calendars. Turkey began to use Miladi calendar officially on 1 January 1926. One calendar prevented the confusion of use of multiple calendars in state affairs. The clock system used by the contemporary world was accepted instead of the clock called alaturka, which was adjusted according to the sunset. With the time scale taken from the West, one day was divided into 24 hours and daily life was organized. With a change made in 1928, international figures were adopted. A law adopted in 1931 changed the old weight and length measurements. Previously used measurement units such as arshin, endaze, okka have been removed. Instead, meters were accepted as length measurements and kilograms as weight measures. With these changes in length and weight measurements, unity was achieved in the country. The International System of Units (known as metric) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. Turkey moved to the metric system. Fine art drive Among the five main fine arts — painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and dance, sculpture and painting — were little practiced in the Ottoman Empire, owing to the