Revolutions", as, strictly speaking, the changes were too profound to be described as mere 'reforms'. It also reflects the belief that those changes, implemented as they were during the one-party period, were more in keeping with the attitudes of the country's progressive elite than with a general populace accustomed to centuries of Ottoman stability – an attempt to convince a people so-conditioned of the merits of such far-reaching changes would test the political courage of any government subject to multi-party conditions. Military and the republic Not only were all the social institutions of Turkish society reorganized, but the social and political values of the state were replaced as well. This new, secular state ideology was to become known as Kemalism, and it is the basis of the democratic Turkish republic. Since the establishment of the republic the Turkish military has perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism, and it has intervened in Turkish politics to that end on several occasions, including the overthrow of civilian governments by coup d'état. While this may seem contrary to democratic ideals, it was argued by military authorities and secularists as necessary in the light of Turkish history, ongoing efforts to maintain secular government, and the fact that the reforms were implemented at a time when the military occupied 16.9% of the professional job positions (the corresponding figure today is only 3%). Milestones 1920s Political: 1 November 1922: Abolition of the office of the Ottoman Sultanate Political: 29 October 1923: Proclamation of the Republic – Republic of Turkey Political: 3 March 1924: Abolition of the office of Caliphate held by the Ottoman Caliphate Economic: 24 July 1923: Abolition of the capitulations with the Treaty of Lausanne Educational: 3 March 1924: The centralization of education Legal: 8 April 1924: Abolition of sharia courts Economic: 1924: The Weekend Act (Workweek) Social: 25 November 1925: Change of headgear and dress Social: 30 November 1925: Closure of religious convents and dervish lodges Economic: 1925: Establishment of model farms; (e.g.: Atatürk Orman Çiftliği) Economic: 1925: The International Time and Calendar System (Gregorian calendar, time zone) Legal: 1 March 1926: Introduction of the new penal law modeled after the Italian penal code Legal: 4 October 1926: Introduction of the new civil code modeled after the Swiss civil code Legal: 1926: The Obligation Law Legal: 1926: The Commercial Law Economic: 31 May 1927: Establishment of the Turkish State Railways Educational 1 January