Emilian-Romagnol is a linguistic continuum that is part of the Gallo-Romance languages spoken in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. It is divided into two main varieties: Emilian and Romagnol. While first registered under a single code in ISO standard 639-3, in 2009 this was retired in favour of two distinct codes for the two varieties, due to the cultural and literary split between the two parts of the region, making Emilian and Romagnol distinct ethnolinguistic entities. Since 2015, Emilian and Romagnol are considered, with separated entries, definitely endangered languages according to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Description As part of the Gallo-Italic languages, Emilian-Romagnol is most closely related to the Lombard, Piedmontese and Ligurian languages, all of which are spoken in neighboring regions. Among other Gallo-Italic languages, Emilian-Romagnol is characterized by systematic raising and diphthongization of Latin stressed vowels in open syllables, as well as widespread syncope of unstressed vowels other than /a/ and use of vowel gradation in the formation of plurals and certain verb tenses. Dialects Emilian Carrarese dialect Lunigianese dialect Tortonese dialect Pavese-Vogherese dialect, Oltrepò dialect Placentine dialect, Bobbiese dialect Modenese dialect, Carpesan dialect, Mirandolese dialect, Frignanese dialect Reggio dialect, Guastallese dialect Parmesan dialect Casalmaggiore-Viadana dialect Mantuan dialect Lower Mantuan dialect Bolognese dialect Bologna city dialect Mid-mountains dialects Upper mountains dialects Northern plains dialects Eastern plains dialects Western plains dialects Ferrara dialect Comacchio dialect Romagnol Ravenna dialect Forlì dialect Cesena dialect Rimini dialect Sammarinese dialect north-eastern (Serravallian) south-western south-eastern Gallo-Picene: classification is disputed. While generally considered close to Romagnol, being part of the Gallo-Italic group, some have suggested a third component of Emilian-Romagnol continuum Urbinate dialect Montefeltrin dialect Pesarese dialect Fanese dialect Senigallia dialect Conero Gallo-Italic dialects Upper Tiber transitional dialects Controversy Native speakers reject the suggestion to consider Emilian-Romagnol as one language, which is perceived as an artifice imposed top-down by academics, and much rather prefer identify as speakers of distinct Emilian or Romagnol languages (especially in Romagna), or directly of the local variants of the two. See also Languages of Italy References Gallo-Italic languages Languages of Italy Languages of Emilia-Romagna Languages of Lombardy Languages of Liguria Languages of le Marche Languages of San Marino