American West is treated as a place and not a process of finite expansion. Limerick pushes for a continuation of study within the historical and social atmosphere of the American West, which she believes did not end in 1890, but rather continues on to this very day. Urban historian Richard C. Wade challenged the Frontier Thesis in his first asset, The Urban Frontier (1959), asserting that western cities such as Pittsburgh, Louisville, and Cincinnati, not the farmer pioneers, were the catalysts for western expansion. Glenda Riley has argued that Turner's thesis ignored women. She argues that his context and upbringing led him to ignore the female portion of society, which directly led to the frontier becoming an exclusively male phenomenon. The exclusion of women is one of the central debates around his work, particularly referred to by New Western Historians. References Further reading Bowden, Brett. "Frontiers—Old, New, and Final." European Legacy 25.6 (2020): 671–686. Bazzi, Samuel, Martin Fiszbein, and Mesay Gebresilasse. "Frontier culture: The roots and persistence of “rugged individualism” in the United States." Econometrica 88.6 (2020): 2329-2368. Statistical support for Turner's thesis. online Carpenter, Ronald H. "Frederick Jackson Turner and the rhetorical impact of the frontier thesis." Quarterly Journal of Speech 63.2 (1977): 117–129. Cronon, William. "Revisiting the vanishing frontier: The legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner." Western Historical Quarterly 18.2 (1987): 157-176 online Faragher, John Mack. "The frontier trail: rethinking Turner and reimagining the American West." (1993) American Historical Review 98#1 (1993), pp. 106–117. online Ford, Lacy K. "Frontier democracy: The Turner thesis revisited." Journal of the Early Republic 13.2 (1993): 144–163. online Hofstadter, Richard. "Turner and the frontier myth." The American Scholar (1949): 433–443. online; hostile. Limerick, Patricia Nelson. "Turnerians all: the dream of a helpful history in an intelligible world." American Historical Review 100.3 (1995): 697–716. online Primary sources Faragher, John Mack ed. Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: "The significance of the frontier in American history", and other essays (Yale University Press, 1999); reprints Turner's essays. External links The Frontier in American History at Project Gutenberg E-book version of The Frontier in American History Extra Census Bulletin No. 2 (1891) Distribution of Population According to Density: 1890 History books about the American Old West 1893 essays