chimpanzees, which were not trained in the language, could all point to communicate with the trainers. Mappings and other representations The chimpanzees of Premack's laboratory were not able to navigate given training on a map, unless the map was an exact-scale replica of the mission situation. Spontaneous productions Not all individuals in a given species have equivalent capabilities to produce spontaneous communications. Washoe, spontaneously signed, in contrast to Nim. However, Kanzi, at age 30 months demonstrated spontaneous production of gestures and keyboard presses to ask for desired objects or events, and to name items in response to queries from the trainer. Kanzi had not been trained in producing communications. Apparently, he learned this while playing in the training room while his adoptive mother Matata was being trained to use gestures and keyboard presses ("Lexigrams"). The spontaneous productions by Kanzi occurred in the absence of Matata. Kanzi could produce 400 words and recognize 500. Natural gestures The Premacks note that chimpanzees use some gestures with each other, which the trainers use to communicate with both the language-trained chimpanzees and the control chimpanzees. Requests for food hand cupped, palm upward, for a chimpanzee to place food in extruding lips in supplication Appeasement One chimpanzee, trembling, hugged Premack at the beginning of his career, as if to appease him at the time of displaying outrage Grooming Eating Greeting Other personal traits The Premacks stated that the chimpanzees had specific traits, such as favorite trainers, and that some chimpanzees, such as Gussie, seemed more fearful than the others. As previously noted, the Premacks noticed that Jessie seemed to be the brightest of the nine chimpanzee subjects. For example, she did not hesitate to unmask a masked researcher, which none of the other chimpanzees attempted. It is clear that the Premacks attempted to provide a humane, supportive environment for the chimpanzees. Vauclair notes that chimpanzees become distressed in the absence of their favorite companion. See also Primate cognition Thomas Nagel (seminal paper, 'What is it like to be a bat?') Animal cognition Alex (parrot), so far the only non-human animal ever to ask an existential question. References Further reading inline citations: The Premacks list their selections for what they then considered to be the best references in ethology for the chimpanzee in the wild: In addition to citing Premack, more references are cited by Vauclair: : . Animal cognition Books about animal rights