of which were Democrats. Some had a major impact and hold on state politics, such as E. H. Crump in Memphis, Tennessee. A few bosses had reputations as reformers, such as Frank Hague of Jersey City. An October 2020 article in The Bulwark argued that Donald Trump's appeal to white working-class voters in the 2016 United States presidential election was driven by the same kind of paternalistic and localist mentality that was exploited by the Democratic political bosses of the early 20th century. An April 2022 The New York Times article portrayed him as a modern party boss during his post-presidency. In popular culture Boss Jim W. Gettys, portrayed by Ray Collins, is a secondary character in Citizen Kane and Charles Foster Kane's political rival for the post of Governor of New York. The television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985) featured a character named Boss Hogg, played by Sorrell Booke. Boss Tweed was portrayed by Philip Bosco in the 1986 TV movie Liberty, and by Jim Broadbent as a major supporting character in the 2002 film Gangs of New York. Tweed is portrayed as a defender of the rights of minorities and helper of those in need in Pete Hamill's 2003 novel Forever. The HBO television series Boardwalk Empire (2010-2014) focuses on Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (based on the historical Enoch L. Johnson), a Republican Party boss and gangster who controls Atlantic City, New Jersey during the Prohibition period (1920-1933). Notable individuals In the United States Marion Barry (1936-2014) Joe Biden (b. 1942) Bob Brady (b. 1945) Boss Cox (1853–1916) Richard Croker (1843–1922) Richard J. Daley (1902–1976) Tom Dennison (1858–1934) Carmine DeSapio (1908–2004) Johnny Dougherty (b. 1960) Meade Esposito (1907–1993) M. Harvey Taylor (1876-1982) James A. Farley (1888–1976) Frank Hague (1876–1956) Boss Hesing (1823–1895) William J. Jefferson (b. 1947) Enoch L. Johnson (1883–1968) Huey Long (1893–1935) Joseph M. Margiotta (1927–2008) John J. McClure (1886-1965) Michael Cassius McDonald (1839 – 1907) Alexander McKenzie (politician) (1851-1922) Hugh McLaughlin (1827–1904) George Norcross (b. 1956) Daniel P. O'Connell (1885-1977) Frank Rizzo (1920-1991) Alexander Robey Shepherd (1835-1902) John F. Street (b. 1943) Tom Pendergast (1873–1945) John S. Williams (1835-1887) Boss Tweed (1823–1878) William Scott Vare (1867-1934) In the United Kingdom Archibald Salvidge (1863-1928) See also Corporatocracy Political corruption Za'im system References Further reading H. F. Gosnell, Machine Politics (1937, repr. 1968); S. Lubell, The Future of American Politics (3d ed. 1965); E. C. Banfield and