Horde 1519 end of Moscow–Crimean alliance 1521 Nogais, driven west by the Kazakhs, cross the Volga and attack Astrakhan. c. 1522 Kazakhs capture Nogai capital 1523 Crimea briefly takes Astrakhan, but its army and Khan are destroyed by the Nogais. 1547 Ivan the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow, becomes the first Tsar of All Rus'. 1552 Kazan annexed by Muscovy. Nogais lose tribute c. 1550–1560 Crimean Tatars and Nogais again attack Ryazan land 1556 Astrakhan annexed by Muscovy. Nogais lose tribute 1557 Mirza Kazy crosses the Volga and founds Small Horde along the Kuban 1567–1571 Muscovite fort on the Terek, south of Nogais 1569 Ottomans and Crimeans with Small Horde fail to take Astrakhan 1570s Kazakh pressure shifts Nogai trade away from Central Asia toward Moscow 1571 Russo-Crimean Wars (1571) Crimean–Nogai attack on Moscow. 100,000 horsemen. Moscow burned 1572 second raid fails. 1577 Crimean Tatars and Nogais continue to raid the southern Muscovite lands and lead Temnikov to ruins 1580/81 or 1577: Saraichick destroyed by renegade Cossacks 1582/83 Muscovite peace with Sweden and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1584 Crimean–Nogai pillage Ryazan land. Nogais capture "countless Slavic people". 1588 many Nogais move to Don. Very destructive fighting between Big and Small Hordes 1593 Nogais operate in Voronezh and Livni 1594 Nogais (up to 8 thousand) raid southern Muscovite lands. The enemy is besieged and Nogais storm the city. 1598 Moscow pushes fortifications south 1600 Moscow 'appoints' a Nogai Bey for the first time. Civil war among Nogais Decline 1500–1850 Russian population expands southward and occupies forest-steppe and steppe. This is poorly documented 1605–1618 During the Time of Troubles so many captives were taken that the price of a slave at Kaffa dropped to fifteen or twenty gold pieces. Nogais ravage and burn many of the "Ukraine and Seversk" cities, towns, villages and suburbs, killing and taking prisoners from the locals. 1616 Raids on Russian borders by large numbers of Nogais 1617 Nogais and Azov Tatars invade southern Russia three times to plunder the village and capture prisoners. 1618 Nogais release 15,000 captives in peace treaty with Moscow. 1619 Isterek Bey dies. Civil war. Status of Beyship uncertain after this 1628 Crimean Tatars and Nogais begin to ravage the surrounding towns and villages of Poland, killing and capturing the local population. 1633 last Crimean–Nogai raid to reach the Oka 1634 major defeat of Nogais by Kalmyks 1637, 1641–1643: Raids by Nogais and Crimean nobles