found no statistically significant differences between the flowchart and non-flowchart groups. In some cases the mean scores for the non-flowchart groups even surpassed the means for the flowchart groups. We conjecture that detailed flowcharts are merely a redundant presentation of the information contained in the programming language statements. The flowcharts may even be at a disadvantage because they are not as complete (omitting declarations, statement labels, and input/output formats) and require many more pages than do the concise programming language statements. Designing the User Interface In 1986, he published the first edition (now on its sixth edition) of his book "Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction." Included in this book is his most popular list of "Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design," which read: Strive for consistency. Consistent sequences of actions should be required in similar situations ... Enable frequent users to use shortcuts. As the frequency of use increases, so do the user's desires to reduce the number of interactions ... Offer informative feedback. For every operator action, there should be some system feedback ... Design dialog to yield closure. Sequences of actions should be organized into groups with a beginning, middle, and end ... Offer simple error handling. As much as possible, design the system so the user cannot make a serious error ... Permit easy reversal of actions. This feature relieves anxiety, since the user knows that errors can be undone ... Support internal locus of control. Experienced operators strongly desire the sense that they are in charge of the system and that the system responds to their actions. Design the system to make users the initiators of actions rather than the responders. Reduce short-term memory load. The limitation of human information processing in short-term memory requires that displays be kept simple, multiple page displays be consolidated, window-motion frequency be reduced, and sufficient training time be allotted for codes, mnemonics, and sequences of actions. These guidelines are frequently taught in courses on Human-Computer Interaction. The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections, 2003 In 2003, Ben Bederson and Shneiderman coauthored the book "The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections". Included in Chapter 8: Theories for Understanding Information Visualization in this book are five goals of theories for HCI practitioners and researchers, which read: The typical goals of theories are to enable practitioners and researchers to: Describe objects and actions in a consistent and