are then simplified by way of phonological process. At the present stage of research, the processes seem to be unrelated, but they represent a phonetic reduction in consonant clusters; therefore, they are listed below without much further explanation. nw → mm tw → pp tk → kk n → m / __ [+labial] ʔʔ → ʔ hh → h ʔ+Resonant → Resonant+ʔ / syllable final Syllable coda simplification Similar to the consonant cluster simplification process, there are four processes by which a syllable-final consonant is altered: b → w / syllable final d → t / syllable final k → h / syllable final (but not before k) tʃ → ʃ / syllable final Word boundary processes There are three word-boundary processes in Caddo, all of which occur word-initially: n → t / # __ w → p / # __ y → d / # __ ni-huhn-id-ah/ → [tihúndah] "she returned" Such processes are generally not applicable in the case of proclitics (morphemes that behave like an affix and are phonologically dependent on the morpheme to which they are attached). An example is the English articles. Glottalization Caddo has a glottalization process by which any voiceless stop or affricate (except p) becomes an ejective when it is followed by a glottal stop.Glottalization[-sonorant, -continuant, -voice, -labial, -spread glottis] → [+constricted glottis] / ___ [+constricted glottis, -spread glottis]A voiceless stop or affricate (except p) becomes an ejective when it is followed by a glottal stop./sik-ʔuh/ → [sik'uh] "rock"Palatalization Caddo has a palatalization process that affects certain consonants when they are followed by /j/, with simultaneous loss of the /j/. Palatalization /kj/ → [tʃ] /sj/ → [ʃ] /kak#ʔa-k'as-jaʔah/ → [kahʔak'a ʃʔah] " one's leg" (Melnar includes a third palatization process, /tj/ → [ts]. However, /ts/ is not a palatal affricate so it has not been included here. Nevertheless, the third process probably occurs.) Lengthening Caddo has three processes by which a syllable nucleus (vowel) may be lengthened: Syllable Lengthening Process OneVHigh(Resonant)CVC# → VHigh(Resonant)ːCVC#When the second-to-last syllable in a word has a nucleus consisting of a high tone vowel (and, optionally, a resonant), and the last syllable has the form CVC, the high tone nucleus is then lengthened./bak-'ʔawɑ́waʔ/ → [bahʔwɑ́ːwaʔ] "they said"Syllable Lengthening Process TwoV(Resonant)ʔ → V(Resonant) ː / in any prepenultimate syllableIn any syllable before the penultimate, a glottal stop coda is deleted, and the remaining nucleus is lengthened./hɑ́k#ci-(ʔi)bíhn-saʔ/ → [hɑ́hciːbíːsaʔ] "