data was injected into the system by an unknown party. A few days later, on 22–23 June, the ships left Odessa and indeed sailed by the Crimean coast, with Russia accusing the fleet of violating its territory while UK command insisted the ships sailed in international waters. In March 2021 a similar incident was registered by Swedish armed forces whose ships were incorrectly presented by AIS as if they were sailing in Russian waters near Kaliningrad. In July 2021, researcher Bjorn Bergman found almost 100 sets of faked AIS data between September 2020 and August 2021, with almost all of those being faked NATO and European warships. He said that the data appeared in the system as if it had been received by ground (not satellite) receivers, which led him to believe that the data is not being introduced by fake radio transmissions, but rather injected into the data streams used by AIS websites. Todd Humphreys, director of the Radionavigation Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin, stated that "While I can't say for sure who's doing this, the data fits a pattern of disinformation that our Russian friends are wont to engage in." Research There is a growing body of literature on methods of exploiting AIS data for safety and optimisation of seafaring, namely traffic analysis, anomaly detection, route extraction and prediction, collision detection, path planning, weather routing, atmospheric refractivity estimation and many more See also ADS-B, a conceptually similar system for aircraft AIS-SART, a handheld search and rescue system Automatic Packet Reporting System Long-range identification and tracking (ships) MarineTraffic, a site that utilizes AIS data NMEA 0183 Sea traffic management Traffic collision avoidance system, (TCAS) for aircraft References External links AIS Currents & Ocean Dynamics 2.0 ocean current mapping resources by e-Odyn AIS research resources a list of references AllAboutAIS.com a general explanation of AIS and terms US Coast Guard a general explanation of AIS and terms VTMiS information International Maritime SAR Safety and Security Consultancy vessel information services Todays AIS systems and which to choose for which vessel Today's AIS systems what types of vessels need AIS and which should be used. AIS Data Monitor a free tool to inspect AIS data messages VesselFinder Electronic navigation Navigational equipment Maritime communication Maritime safety Technology systems Water transport Navigational aids Articles containing video clips Geographic position