Les Humanoïdes Associés (or simply Humanoïdes) is a Franco-American publishing house specializing in comics and graphic novels, founded in December 1974 by comic artists Mœbius, Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Philippe Druillet, and financial director Bernard Farkas with the goal to publish the magazine Métal Hurlant,which focused on science fiction. It later expanded to include works from across comic book genres. Considered revolutionary in the comic book form at the time, chiefly due to its focus on the science fiction genre, the work found in Humanoïdes inspired many generations of authors and filmmakers. History Métal Hurlant and early works In December 1974, critic and scriptwriter Jean-Pierre Dionnet, writer-artists Philippe Druillet and Mœbius, along with businessman Bernard Farkas, decided to create Les Humanoïdes Associés in order to publish a quarterly science-fiction magazine. The first issue of Métal Hurlant was published in January 1975, with Jean-Pierre Dionnet as editor. The magazine mainly published SF and fantasy works, but Dionnet prized diversity and published works by Chantal Montellier as well as those by Philippe Druillet. Dionnet also endeavored to publish foreign authors—the first issue showcased American artist Richard Corben, the second issue featured fellow American Vaughn Bodé, along with Brazilian Sergio Macedo, Swiss Daniel Ceppi, Dutchman Joost Swarte, etc. As early as 1975, two graphic novels were published: Jason Muller, by Claude Auclair, and Rolf, by Richard Corben. An increasing number of graphic novels were published in the following years (10 in 1976, 15 in 1977, 17 in 1978, 28 in 1979, 38 in 1980, etc.). The titles were mostly by authors that featured in the magazine, such as Druillet, Mœbius (Arzach was published in 1976), Jacques Tardi, etc. Nevertheless, Humanoïdes also published other authors, such as Italian Hugo Pratt, as well as the American classics Conan the Barbarian, Spirit, Nick Fury, and British classic Dan Dare. Humanoïdes also published a handful of risqué works, such as John Willie's erotic Gwendoline. In 1977, Humanoïdes published their first compendium of images with H. R. Giger's Necronomicon. Humanoïdes' publishing enabled it to gain a considerable financial grounding, which proved to be useful when confronted with a number of management mishaps (exorbitant loan rates, high production costs, non-payment of dues, etc.). It also led to a number of landmark imprints, such as Xanadu, which featured large-scale American comics (nine volumes between 1983 and 1985), and Autodafé, which published comics in novel form. Autodafé (six volumes were published in 1982–1983)