important for biological specimens. This increase in contrast significantly reduces, or even eliminates the need to stain biological samples. Resolutions of a few nm are possible in TEM, SEM and STEM modes. The low energy of the electron beam means that permanent magnets can be used as lenses and thus a miniature column that does not require cooling can be used. See also Electron beam-induced deposition Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) Scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) References Electron beam Electron microscopy techniques