was sent to Japan. The rest of the plant was used in cellulose factories. Cotton Manchukuo regularly produced 120,000 kilograms of mediocre quality. Opium poppies The opium poppy was grown to obtain opium. In November 1932 the Mitsui Zaibatsu conglomerate held a state monopoly for poppy farming with the "declared intention" of reducing its heavy local use. Fixed cultivation areas were set up in Rehe and northwest Jilin. For 1934-35, cultivation area was evaluated as with a yield of 1.1 tonnes/km². There was much illegal growing, and its high profitability retarded the effective suppression of this dangerous drug. "Nikisansuke", a secret Japanese merchant group, participated in the opium industry. This group was formed by: Hoshino Naoki (Army thinker) Tojo Hideki (Army politician) Kishi Nobusuke (Merchant and right-wing supporter) Matsuoka Yosuke (Army follower and foreign affairs minister) Ayukawa Yoshisuke (Chairman of Manchukuo Zaibatsu) Kuhara Fusanosuke (Right-wing thinker) The monopoly generated profits of twenty to thirty million yen per year. The military prohibited the use of opium and other narcotics by its troops (punishment was loss of Japanese citizenship) but allowed it to be used as a "demoralization weapon" against "inferior races", a term that included all non-Japanese peoples. One of the participants, Naoki Hoshino negotiated a large loan from Japanese banks using a lien on the profits of Manchukuo's Opium Monopoly Bureau as collateral. Another authority states that annual narcotics revenue in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million yen a year. Similar policies operated across Japanese-occupied Asia. Spring Wheat Region Precipitation: Growing season in days: 196 Cultivation area: Total percentage of cultivated land: 13-18% Total percentage of arrended peasants: 6% Cultivated area per farm: Peasant population density in principal farming: Product by sector Wheat: 18% Maize: 34% Irish potatoes: 10% Livestock Oxen: 21% Donkeys: 15% Sheep: 28% Mule: 11% Fruit Nuts and pears Soy and Kaoliang Manchu Region Precipitation: Growing Epochs for days: 150 Cultivation area: Total percentage of cultivated land: 5 to 20% Total percentage of arrended peasants: ? Cultivated surface per farm: Peasant population density in principal farming: Percentages and distribution surface of products Wheat: 10% Maize: 15% Soy: 10% Kaoliang: 25% Fruit Pears Transport Oxen, donkeys, heavy horses transported the harvest. Xing'an province worked horses and Bactrian camels, and Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces used sled dogs to aid transport. Pack animal: 76% Carts: 38% River boats: 13% The cultivable land was estimated