& Melchoir (1954)) [Compsopteridaceae Petrescu & Dragastan (1981); Cycadopteridaceae Laguzen (1887); Thinnfeldiaceae Zimmerman (1959); Lepidopteridaceae Němejc (1968)] Family †Vetlugospermaceae Naugolnykh (2012) Class †Phasmatocycadopsida Doweld (2001) Order †Phasmatocycadales Doweld (2001) [Taeniopteridales] Family †Phasmatocycadaceae Doweld (2001) [Spermopteridaceae Doweld (2001)] Order †Gigantopteridales Li & Yao (1983) [Gigantonomiales Meyen (1987)] Family †Emplectopteridaceae Wagner (1967) Family †Gigantopteridaceae Koidzumi (1936) [Cardioglossaceae Koidzumi ex Jongmans (1958); Gigantonomiaceae Meyen (1987)] Class †Pentoxylopsida Pant ex Doweld (2001) [Pentoxylophytina Lemoigne (1988); Pentoxyla] Order †Pentoxylales Pilger & Melchior (1954) Family †Lindthecaceae Anderson & Anderson (2003) Family †Pentoxylaceae Pilger & Melchior (1954) [Pentoxyleae Sahni (1948)] Class †Dictyopteridiopsida Doweld (2001) [Ottokariopsida Anderson & Anderson (2007); Glossopteridopsida Plumstead (1956)] Family †Gangamopteridaceae Nicholson & Lydekker (1889) Order †Dictyopteridiales McLoughlin ex Doweld (2001) [Ottokariales Anderson & Anderson (1985)] Family †Breyteniaceae Doweld (2001) Family †Dictyopteridiaceae Rigby (1978) [Ottokariaceae Anderson & Anderson (1985); Scutaceae Rigby (1978), nom. illeg.] Order †Lidgettoniales Doweld (2001) Family †Denkaniaceae Doweld (2001) Family †Parthaceae Doweld (2001) Family †Lidgettoniaceae Anderson & Anderson (1985) Order †Rigbyales Doweld (2001) (Glossopteridales Luber & Schwedov (1963), nom. rej.] Family †Rigbyaceae Anderson & Anderson (1985) (Glossopteridaceae (Trapl (1926)) Zimmermann (1930), nom rej.] Class †Cycadeoideopsida Scott (1923) [Cycadeoideophyta Taylor (1981); Cycadeoideidae Němejc (1968); Bennettitopsida Engler (1897); Bennettitophyta Kravtsov & Poljarnaja (1995); Bennettitidae Davitashvili (1949); Cycadoidea] Order †Fredlindiales Anderson & Anderson (2003) Family †Fredlindiaceae Anderson & Anderson (2003) Order †Cycadeoideales Berry (1920) [Bennettitales (Engler (1892)) Schaffn.; Williamsoniales Berry (1920); Wielandiales Nemejc (1950) nom. nud. ] Family †Benneticarpaceae Anderson & Anderson Family †Laurozamitiaceae Anderson & Anderson Family †Macrotaeniopteridaceae Bock 1969 Family †Sturianthaceae Doweld (2001) [Sturiellaceae Němejc] Family †Varderkloeftiaceae Anderson & Anderson Family †Westersheimiaceae Němejc (1968) Family †Williamsoniaceae (Carruthers (1870)) Nathorst (1943) Family †Williamsoniellaceae Nakai (1943) [Wielandiellaceae (Novak (1954)) Němejc (1968)] Family †Cycadeoideaceae R. Br. ex Wieland (1908) [Bennettitaceae Engler (1892); Pterophyllaceae Nakai (1943)] Class †Caytoniopsida Thomas ex Frenguelli (1946) [Caytoniophytina Doweld (2001); Caytonia] Order †Caytoniales Gothan (1932) Family †Caytoniaceae (Thomas (1925)) Kräusel (1926) Class †Axelrodiopsida Anderson & Anderson Order †Axelrodiales Anderson & Anderson (2007) Family †Zamiostrobacea Anderson & Anderson (2007) Family †Axelrodiaceae Anderson & Anderson (2007) References External links Seed fern paleontology Seed ferns Plant divisions Prehistoric plants Devonian plants Carboniferous plants Permian plants Triassic plants Jurassic plants Cretaceous plants Paleocene plants Eocene plants Devonian first appearances Eocene extinctions Paraphyletic groups