in Flores. LB1 had a small cranial volume, reported as approximately only 380 ml, about one third less than the average modern human. LB1 has very distinct short thighbones, which is a characteristic seen in those with Down syndrome. Robert B Eckhardt, professor of developmental genetics and evolution at Penn State, and his team suggest that the small cranial volume and short thighbones are consistent with a Down syndrome diagnosis. These sizes fall within those for a modern human with Down syndrome from the same geographic region. These characteristics are only present in LB1 and not in the other skeletal remains found in Liang Bua. Dr. Eckhardt believes that this is only further evidence that LB1 had Down syndrome due to its abnormality. Another theory that researchers in 2011 suggested was that the species found in Liang Bua actually suffered from microcephaly, a condition where a baby's head is much smaller than expected. To test this, Ralph Holloway, an anthropologist at Columbia University, used MRI. Holloway and his team discovered that the skeletal remains found in Liang Bua did not fall within the range for microcephalic humans. They concluded that the skeletal remains found in Liang Bua most likely did not suffer from microcephaly and the findings are most likely a new and distinct hominid species. Holloway believed the reason for their small brain was that this was organized differently and thus only needing a smaller volume. However, many researchers disagree with Holloway's conclusion believing that there were many confounding variables that were not taken into account when testing for microcephaly in these fossils. Dean Falk, an anthropologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, critiques Holloway's conclusion believing that Holloway's endocast (a 3D representation of the space within a cavity) was mis-shaped by the cracks and chips present in the ancient fossil head. Falk previously conducted a computed tomography (CT) scan of the Homo floresiensis skull and found that the skeletal evidence found is likely to be a separate species. One theory during this time was that Homo erectus moved to Flores and over time their brains began to decrease in size due to island dwarfism, an evolutionary phenomenon whereby body size decreases significantly over time. However, opponents of this theory argue that Homo erectus's brain would not be able to shrink in relation to its body. Even so, there are still many researchers that argue that the discoveries in