without permission of the Khan 1640 Crimean Tatars and Nogais terribly ravage Volhynia, Podolia and Galicia, taking a large number of captives. 1643 Kalmyks push back from Astrakhan 1664 Crimean Tatar and Nogai noblemen with their troops take part in the military campaign against the Polish king and devastate Livny and Bryansk counties 1693 Kalmyks attack Nogais, as agents of Russia 1699 Nogai forces continue to raid the southern Russian cities. 1711 20,474 Kalmyks and 4,100 Russians attack Kuban. They kill 11,460 Nogays, drown 5,060 others and return with 2,000 camels, 39,200 horses, 190,000 cattle, 220,000 sheep and 22,100 human captives, of whom only 700 are adult males. On the way home they meet and defeat a returning Nogai war party and free 2,000 Russian captives. 1720s 15,000 Nogai 'tents' flee Kalmyks for Kuban. 1736–1739 Russians temporarily hold Azov 1770 Yedisans ally with Russia, blocking the land route from the Balkans to Crimea 1771 Exodus of Trans-Volga Kalmyks back to Dzungaria 1772 many Crimean Nogais accept Russian protection 1774 Crimea is proclaimed independent from the Ottoman Empire by the Russo-Ottoman Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. The khanate increasingly falls under Russia's influence 1783 Crimea annexed by Russia; many Nogais move from lower Dnieper to Kuban 1783: Kuban Nogai Uprising: last attempt to resist During the next 150 years, Black Sea grain ports assist massive southward expansion of Russian agriculture and population. 1783 – 19th century: Nogais east of the Black Sea push southeast to their present location c. 1860 Several hundred thousand Muslims migrate from Russia to the Ottoman Empire 1928 Nogaysky District, Dagestan established 2002 Nogay population: 90,700 2007 Nogay District formed in Karachay-Cherkessia Partial list of beys and mirzas Temir Khan Nogai (1480): at Ugra standoff, 1481: assassinated Ahmed Khan. Musa Mirza (died 1506): said to have 17 sons, among them: Sheidiak (1521): defeated Astrakhan Khanate 1551: near Urgench Mamay Khan (died 1549): Murdered the Crimean khan in 1523. 1530s: near Yaik, then near Kazan. Yosuf Khan (1549–1555): (on Yaik, anti-Moscow) circa 1535: near Kazan. 1549: helped Moscow against Kazan. 1551: near Yaik, broke with Moscow, claimed to have 300,000 horsemen and 8 sons. circa 1552: dissuaded from raid on Moscow. 1555: murdered by Araslan Mirza. Ismail Khan Nogai (1555–1564) (on Volga, pro-Moscow) 1551: near Astrakhan. 1554: helped to take Astrakhan. 1555: sent 20,000 horses to Moscow 1555: Beg. 1556–57: Yosuf's sons (especially Yunus) seized his property. 1558: abandoned