person using drugs or alcohol. Whether it is invitation model or direct model, the person using substances is not included in the decision making process for planning the intervention. A properly conducted direct intervention is planned through cooperation between the identified family or friends of the person using substances and an intervention counselor, coordinator, or educator. It is important to perform the intervention in an open, large space so as to reassure the person using substances that they are not trapped or cornered. Ample time must be given to the specific situation; however, basic guidelines can be followed in the intervention planning process. (An intervention can also be conducted in the workplace with colleagues and with no family present.) Prior preparation Prior to the intervention, the family meets with a counselor or interventionist. Families prepare letters in which they describe their experiences associated with the addict person's behavior, to convey to the person the impact his or her addiction has had on others. Also during the intervention rehearsal meeting, a group member is strongly urged to create a list of activities by the addicted person that they will no longer tolerate, finance, or participate in if the addicted person does not agree to check into a rehabilitation center for treatment. These consequences may be as simple as no longer loaning money to the addicted person, but can be far more serious, such as losing custody of a child. Family and friends read their letters to the addicted person, who then must decide whether to check into the prescribed rehabilitation center or deal with the promised losses. Effectiveness There are questions about the long-term effectiveness of interventions for those addicted to drugs or alcohol. A study examining people who were addicted to substances who had undergone a standard intervention (called the Johnson Intervention) found that they had a higher relapse rate than any other method of referral to outpatient Alcohol and Other Drug treatment. "The Johnson Institute intervention entails five therapy sessions that prepare the client and his or her family members for a family confrontation meeting." One study compared Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training (CRAFT), Al-Anon facilitation therapy designed to encourage involvement in the 12-step program, and a Johnson intervention and found that all of these approaches were associated with similar improvements in concerned significant other functioning and improvements in their relationship quality with the addicted person. However, the