mammal that live in forests and is resilient to changes in it's habitat. Distribution of subspecies (MSW3) There were 15 subspecies included under the species in MSW3 : M. m. annamensis, Indochina M. m. aureus, peninsular India M. m. bancanus, Belitung and Bangka Islands M. m. curvostylis, Thailand M. m. grandicornis, Burmese muntjac, Burma M. m. malabaricus, South India and Sri Lanka M. m. montanus, Sumatran or mountain muntjac, Sumatra M. m. muntjak, Javan muntjac, Java and south Sumatra M. m. nainggolani, Bali and Lombok Islands M. m. nigripes, black-footed or black-legged muntjac, Vietnam and Hainan Island M. m. peninsulae, Malaysia M. m. pleicharicus, South Borneo M. m. robinsoni, Bintan Island and Lingga Islands M. m. rubidus, north Borneo M. m. vaginalis, Burma to southwest China Distribution of subspecies (IUCN and MDD) 1-2 of them have since been elevated to species status : M. malabaricus and M. vaginalis (northern red muntjac). The subspecies bancanus, montanus, muntjak, nainggolani, peninsulae, pleiharicus, robinsoni, rubidus are included in the southern red muntjak (M. muntjak), while annamensis, aureus, curvostylis, grandicornis, nigripes are included in the northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis). Ecology and behavior The Southern red muntjac is also called "barking deer" due to the bark-like sound that it makes as an alarm when danger is present. Other than during the rut (mating season) and for the first six months after giving birth, the adult muntjac is a solitary animal. Adult males in particular are well spaced and marking grass and bushes with secretions from their preorbital glands appears to be involved in the acquisition and maintenance of territory. Males acquire territories that they mark with scent markers by rubbing their preorbital glands (located on their face, just below the eyes) on the ground and on trees, scraping their hooves against the ground, and scraping the bark of trees with their lower incisors. These scent markers allow other muntjacs to know whether a territory is occupied or not. Males often fight with each other over these territories, sufficient vegetation, and for primary preference over females when mating using their short antlers and an even more dangerous weapon, their canines. If a male is not strong enough to acquire his own territory, it will most likely to fall victim to a predator. During the time of the rut, territorial lines are temporarily disregarded and overlap, while males roam constantly in search of a receptive female. Predators