pawns removed were different each time); Kasparov won the match by two games to one, with one draw. Rybka, a top-rated computer chess engine designed by International Master Vasik Rajlich, played a series of handicap matches against strong human players. In March 2007, Rybka defeated Grandmaster Jaan Ehlvest after giving pawn odds (removing a different pawn each time). In January 2008, Rybka defeated Grandmaster Joel Benjamin after giving draw odds. In March 2008, Rybka gave pawn and move (removing a different pawn each time) to Grandmaster Roman Dzindzichashvili, drawing the match 4–4. In June 2008, Rybka gave knight odds to FIDE Master John Meyer, losing 4–0. On July 6, 2008, Rybka gave Meyer odds of pawn and three moves, winning 3–1. Top human players still occasionally play odds matches against engines. In 2016, Komodo played Hikaru Nakamura in four odds games, giving pawn & move odds, pawn odds, exchange odds, and 4-move odds. The first three ended drawn, while Komodo won the last game to win the match 2.5-1.5. In 2018, Komodo played another handicap series against Maxime Vachier-Lagrave. Komodo won four games at pawn & two moves odds, two-pawn odds, Queen for Rook + Queen's Knight odds, and Knight for f7-pawn odds. Maxime Vachier-Lagrave won at odds of exchange & pawn for Knight, while the last "Knightmare" game (diagram) was drawn. Finally, in 2020, Komdoo played a 6-game match against GM David Smerdon at Knight odds. GM Smerdon blundered away the first game, but rallied to win the remaining five. Handicaps The purpose of a handicap, or odds, is to compensate for the difference in skill between two chess players. There are a variety of handicaps: odds; extra moves; time odds; special restrictions (such as pion coiffé); weighting of results (such as "draw odds" – counting a draw as a loss for the odds-giver); differential stakes; and physical restrictions, such as blindfold chess. Many different permutations of handicaps (for example, a material handicap plus time odds) are also possible, as are countervailing handicaps (for example, a player gives up a piece, but receives one of the opponent's pieces or pawns and/or extra moves, in return). Main Harry Golombek gives the following list of material odds (in increasing handicap level): Note that the odds-giver plays White unless otherwise indicated, and "pawn odds" normally refers to the f-pawn (i.e. the pawn initially located on the f2-square for White, and on the