the 1928 United States presidential election and became an opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal on conservative grounds. Pattangall later switched party affiliation to become a Republican. Frank Rizzo, 93rd Mayor of Philadelphia (1972–1980) and Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department (1967–1971). (Former Democrat) See also Barnburners and Hunkers Black conservatism in the United States Blue Dog Coalition Boll weevil (politics) Bourbon Democrat Byrd Machine Conservative coalition Conservative Democrat (South Korea) Conservative Manifesto Copperheads (politics) Democrat in Name Only Democrats for Life of America Dixiecrat Factions in the Democratic Party (United States) Fire-Eaters Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States History of the United States Senate Hunkers, in 19c New York state Jeffersonian democracy LaRouche movement LGBT conservatism in the United States Libertarian Democrat National Democratic Party (United States) New Democrats Pork Chop Gang Reagan Democrat Redeemers Red Shirts (United States) Regular Democratic Organization Rockefeller Republican Southern Manifesto Straight-Out Democratic Party Texas Regulars Yellow dog Democrat References Further reading Dunn, Susan. Roosevelt’s Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party (2012) in 1938 link Finley, Keith M. Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965 (LSU Press, 2008). Frederickson, Kari A. The Dixiecrat revolt and the end of the Solid South, 1932-1968 ( Univ of North Carolina Press, 2001). Heineman, Kenneth J. "Catholics, Communists, and Conservatives: The Making of Cold War Democrats on the Pittsburgh Front." US Catholic Historian (2016): 25–54. online Katznelson, Ira, and Quinn Mulroy. "Was the South pivotal? Situated partisanship and policy coalitions during the New Deal and Fair Deal." Journal of Politics 74.2 (2012): 604–620. online Katznelson, Ira, Kim Geiger, and Daniel Kryder. ‘‘Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950.’’ Political Science Quarterly 108 (1993): 283–306 online Malsberger, John W. From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952. (Susquehanna U. Press 2000). Manley, John F. "The conservative coalition in Congress." American Behavioral Scientist 17.2 (1973): 223–247. Mead, Howard N. "Russell vs. Talmadge: Southern Politics and the New Deal." Georgia Historical Quarterly (1981) 65#1: 28–45. Moore, John Robert. "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942–1945." Journal of Southern History (1967): 368–376. online Patterson, James T. "A conservative coalition forms in Congress, 1933–1939." Journal of American History 52.4 (1966): 757–772. online Rubin, Ruth Bloch. Building the bloc: Intraparty organization in the US Congress (Cambridge University Press, 2017). Shelley II, Mack C. The Permanent Majority: The Conservative