Slavonic countries until the arrival of German Jews in great numbers during the Crusades. He proved that the Jewish writers in Russia and other Slavonic countries used Slavonic words and phrases in their Biblical and Talmudic commentaries. The Slavonic names among the Slavonic Jews, the Slavonic inscriptions in Hebrew characters on Polish coins, the tradition among the Russian Jews that their ancestors spoke Slavonic, and the testimony of early writers, are effectively cited by him in support of his contention. Harkavy contributed many valuable articles on the early history of the Jews in Russia to Meassef Niddaḥim (supplement to Ha-Meliẓ, parts i. and ii.), Ha-Karmel (1862 et seq.), Monatsschrift (1883 et seq.), Russko-Yevreiski Arkhiv (1883), Brüll's "Jahrbücher (1876), Voskhod (1881–84), Ben 'Ammi (part i., St. Petersburg, 1887), Ḥadashim gam Yeshanim (in Ha-Miẓpah, vol. i.), Ha-Asif (vol. i.), Keneset Yisrael (i. and iii.), Ha-Karmel (1865), and other publications. In 1910 the scientific world celebrated Harkavy's 75th birthday by issuing a memorial book. The contributors were the world's best known scientists in Judaica and orientology. Attached to the book was a list of 399 works by Harkavy. Bibliography Besides the above works he published: Skazaniya Yevreiskikh Pisatelei, o Chazarskom Tzarstvye St. Petersburg, 1874. Chazarskiya Pisma (in Yevreiskaya Biblioteka, 1881-82). Rus i Russkiye v Srednevyekovoi Yevreiskoi Literaturye (in Voskhod, 1881-82). Istoricheski Ocherk Sinoda Chetyriokh Stran (in Voskhod, 1884). Les Mots Egyptiens de la Bible (reprint from Journal Asiatique, Paris, 1870). Zikkaron la-Rishonim we-gam la-Aḥaronim. Studien und Mittheilungen aus der St. Petersburg Kaiserlichen Bibliothek 5 vols. St. Petersburg, 1879-82. Contains biographies and works of Samuel ha-Nagid, Samuel ben Hophni, Saadia Gaon, Hai Gaon, and other geonim, from manuscripts in the St. Petersburg library, annotated by Harkavy. Neuaufgefundene Hebräische Bibelhandschriften (paper read before the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, April, 1884; published in Zapiski . . . Akademii, series vii., vol. 32, No. 8). O Yazykye Yevreyev Zhivshikh v Drevneye Vremya na Russi. St. Petersburg. 1886. Notes to the Russian translation of Heinrich Graetz's Geschichte. 2 vols., 1889-1902. Notes to the Russian translation of Gustav Karpeles's History of Jewish Literature. St. Petersburg, 1889-90. Notes and additions to P. Rabinovich's Hebrew translation of Grätz's Geschichte, vols. iii.-viii. Warsaw. 1893-99. References 1835 births 1919 deaths People from Navahrudak People from Novogrudsky Uyezd Belarusian Jews Khazar studies Historians from the Russian Empire Male writers from the Russian Empire Jewish historians Orientalists from the Russian Empire 20th-century