consumption of undercooked vegetables, often watercress, that are contaminated with metacercariae. This is of particular concern in areas where animal waste is used as fertilizer for the cultivation of watercress, as the full life cycle of Fasciola can sustained while contaminating crops intended for human consumption. Additionally, in rare cases, ingestion of the raw liver of an infected animal can lead to infection. This is primarily in the Middle East and is known as halzoun. One prevention method is to kill off the snail hosts in a water body using molluscicides. Another method is treating entire communities that are at risk for contracting fascioliasis with triclabendazole. This is a time efficient method in impoverished rural communities, as it does not require testing the entire community for fascioliasis. References Veterinary helminthology