October 1990, Germany was reunified; however, this was not immediately the case with the railways. Administrative and organisational problems led to the decision to completely re-organise and reconnect Germany's railways. The so-called Bahnreform (Railway Reform) came into effect on 1 January 1994, when the State railways Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn were formally reunited to form the current German Railway Corporation (Deutsche Bahn). The German railways have long been protected from competition from intercity buses on journeys over 50 km. However, in January 2013, this protection was removed, leading to a significant shift from rail to bus for long journeys. See also History of rail transport Rail transport in Germany History of the railway in Württemberg German steam locomotive classification Narrow gauge railways in Germany References Notes Further reading Aldcroft, Derek H., and Michael J. Freeman, eds. Transport in the Industrial Revolution (Manchester UP, 1983). Banzawa, Ayumu. "A Comparison of Railway Nationalization Between Two Empires: Germany and Japan." in The Development of Railway Technology in East Asia in Comparative Perspective (Springer, Singapore, 2017). 129–149. Brophy, James M. Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830–1870 (Ohio State UP, 1998). Brose, Eric Dorn. The Politics of Technological Change in Prussia: Out of the Shadow of Antiquity, 1809–1848 (Princeton, 1993). Clapham, J. H. The Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815–1914 (4th ed. 1966). online 1921 edition Davie, H. G. W. "The Influence of Railways on Military Operations in the Russo-German War 1941–1945." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 30.2 (2017): 321–346. Dunlavy, Colleen A. Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (1994). Fremdling, Rainer "Freight Rates and State Budget: The Role of the National Prussian Railways 1880–1913," Journal of European Economic History (1980) 9#1 pp 21–40. Fremdling, Rainer, and Günter Knieps. “Competition, Regulation, and Nationalization: The Prussian Railway System in the Nineteenth Century,” Scandinavian Economic History Review 41 (1993): 129–54. online Kocka, Jurgen, "Capitalism and Bureaucracy in German Industrialisation before 1914" Journal of Economic History (1981) 34: 453–68. Landes, David. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (1972) online Lee, "Economic Development and the State in 19th century Germany" Economic History Review, (1988) 41#3: 346–67. Lodge, Martin C.E. "On different tracks: Institutions and railway regulation in Britain and Germany" (PhD Diss. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2000) online. Mierzejewski, Alfred C. The most valuable asset of the Reich.