College, founded in 1827. This was the Middle East's first modern school of medicine and was a product of Egypt's newly established Military Department of Health during the administration of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Ranks and insignia Commissioned officers Enlisted Uniform The Egyptian Army utilizes a British style ceremonial outfit, with desert camouflage implemented in 2012. Identification between the different branches of the Egyptian Army depended on the insignia on the upper left shoulder of the uniform, and also the color of the beret. The Airborne, Thunderbolt, and Republican Guard units each utilize their own camouflaged uniforms. Camouflage Suit Equipment Egypt's varied army weapons inventory complicates logistical support for the army. National policy since the 1970s has included the creation of a domestic arms industry (including the Arab Organization for Industrialization) capable of indigenous maintenance and upgrades to existing equipment, with the ultimate aim of Egyptian production of major ground systems. By 1985, Egypt had acquired 659 M60 tanks with a new letter of offer also being issued by the United States Department of Defense for an additional 94 M60A3 tanks, on top of the 659 already in service. The U.S. also sold Egypt nearly 500 AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank guided missiles. In the second half of 1984, General Dynamics received a $150 million contract to build a "new tank plant," to be called Factory 200, outside of Cairo. It initially overhauled U.S. M60 tanks and M88 armoured recovery vehicles. M-1 Abrams production commenced in 1992. Today, the Egyptian Army uses a variety of weapon systems and vehicles from United States, Russia, and other national suppliers. See also Egyptian National Military Museum List of Battles of Egypt Central Security Forces List of countries by number of active troops Notes References Macmunn, George Fletcher; Falls, Cyril Bentham [three separate volumes, different publishing dates]. Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine; History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Further reading JS Gordon, Towards Nasser's Egypt: The Consolidation of the July Revolution and the End of the old Regime, 1952–1955 (Volumes I and II), PhD dissertation, 1987. William D. Hartung, Seth Binder, U.S. Security Assistance to Egypt: Examining the Return on Investment, POMED/CIP, May 2020. "The immense human toll of the Egyptian military’s approach to counterterrorism in the Sinai has alienated local communities and radicalized significant numbers of individuals who have subsequently been recruited by one of