of attack by rival individuals, such as crossing the territorial boundaries of conspecifics where acts of aggression and life-threatening battles are common, there is a fluidity in the production of loud vocalizations and pant-hooting within these individuals to reduce the potential for conflict. Chimps are observed to either reduce the production of these loud, long-distance pant-hoots when approaching the periphery in an attempt to avoid detection and attacks by hostile conspecifics, or they will display increased levels of pant-hooting in an attempt to display dominance and the strength of the territorial defence of their party, to induce the retreat of rival individuals. Subsequently, some chimpanzees inhabiting areas subject to high hunting pressures by humans will modify the production of pant-hoots in an attempt to remain undetected. In areas where humans are prevalent and the risks associated with hunting are high, chimps will reduce the production of loud, pant-hoots to make it difficult to be located by hunters. However, some individuals will still produce territorial hooting in the face of rival populations, regardless of the threats imposed by humans. Individuals also modify call production temporally, by increasing pant-hooting behaviours in the early morning and late night hours when human activity slows and the risk of being hunted is reduced. When located in areas where human impacts are reduced and hunting is less prevalent, chimpanzees will produce loud vocalizations and pant-hoots at a level which is considered to be normally expected. See also Dominance signal References Animal sounds Chimpanzees Primate behavior