and part-time access modes. Green computing certifications Some certifications demonstrate that an individual has specific green computing knowledge, including: Green Computing Initiative - GCI offers the Certified Green Computing User Specialist (CGCUS), Certified Green Computing Architect (CGCA) and Certified Green Computing Professional (CGCP) certifications. Information Systems Examination Board (ISEB) Foundation Certificate in Green IT is appropriate for showing an overall understanding and awareness of green computing and where its implementation can be beneficial. Singapore Infocomm Technology Federation (SiTF) Singapore Certified Green IT Professional is an industry endorsed professional level certification offered with SiTF authorized training partners. Certification requires completion of a four-day instructor-led core course, plus a one-day elective from an authorized vendor. Australian Computer Society (ACS) The ACS offers a certificate for "Green Technology Strategies" as part of the Computer Professional Education Program (CPEP). Award of a certificate requires completion of a 12-week e-learning course designed by Tom Worthington, with written assignments. Ratings Since 2010, Greenpeace has maintained a list of ratings of prominent technology companies in several countries based on how clean the energy used by that company is, ranging from A (the best) to F (the worst). ICT and energy demand Digitalization has brought additional energy consumption; energy-increasing effects have been greater than the energy-reducing effects. Four energy consumption increasing effects are: Direct effect - Strong increases of (technical) energy efficiency in ICT are countered by the growth of the sector. Efficiency and rebound effects - Rebound effects are significantly high for ICT and increased productivity often leads to new behaviors that are more energy intensive. Economic growth - Positive effect of digitalization on economic growth. Sectoral change - Growth of ICT services tends not to replace, but come in top of existing services. See also Computational sustainability Energy Star Camara (charity) (Ireland) Challenging the Chip, a book about labor rights and environmental justice in the global electronics industry Desktop virtualization Data migration Digger gold e-cycling eDay, an electronic waste collection day in New Zealand California Electronic Waste Recycling Act Energy conservation Energy Efficient Ethernet Energy consumption of computers in the USA IEEE 1680 Interconnect bottleneck IT energy management Minimalism (computing) Light-on-dark color scheme (Dark Mode) Optical communication Optical fiber cable Parallel optical interface Plug computer Power factor Power usage effectiveness (PUE) Rebound effect (paradoxical negative effect) Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) Standby power Sustainable Electronics Initiative (SEI) Takeback, when sellers or manufacturers accept returns of