48-year-old deputy, Straton Musoni, in Karlsruhe. This was considered a severe blow to the FDLR organization. The trial for Murwanashyaka and Musoni began on May 4, 2011 before the Oberlandesgericht in Stuttgart. They are accused of several counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity according to the German Völkerstrafgesetzbuch. Their trial is the first to be held in Germany for crimes against this law. In October 2010, the Executive Secretary, Callixte Mbarushimana, was arrested in France under a sealed warrant from the International Criminal Court (ICC) for crimes against humanity and war crimes allegedly committed in the Kivus (Democratic Republic of the Congo). The warrant concerns widespread attacks allegedly committed by FDLR troops against civilians in North and South Kivu in 2009. The Court's judges state that there are reasonable grounds to believe that Mbarushimana bears criminal responsibility for these attacks, including murder, torture, rape, persecution and inhumane acts. The warrant alleges that Mbarushimana was part of a plan to create a humanitarian catastrophe to extract concessions of political power for the FDLR. On 13 July 2012, the ICC announced an arrest mandate against the FDLR chief Sylvestre Mudacumura for war crimes committed in the Kivus as well as against Bosco Ntaganda. On July 8, 2019 The International Criminal Court (ICC) will deliver its judgment in the Bosco Ntaganda case at a public hearing scheduled for Monday, 8 July 2019, at 10:00, at the seat of the Court in The Hague. "The Trial Chamber will announce whether it declares the accused innocent or guilty, beyond reasonable doubt, of the charges against him. Trial Chamber VI is composed of Judge Robert Fremr, Judge President, Judge Kuniko Ozaki and Judge Chang-ho Chung, "said a statement from the International Criminal Court (ICC). In April 2020, the FLDR was accused of attacking a civilian convoy in the Virunga National Park, killing a dozen park rangers, while in February 2021, it was accused of killing the Italian ambassador to DRC, Luca Attanasio, his bodyguard and his driver. See also Rasta (Congo) – a rebel splinter group of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda References Further reading Brig. Gen. Jacques Musemakweli, SSR in the Great Lakes Region: A Tool for Security and Sustainable Development, Department for Defence Management and Security Analysis, Defence College of Management and Technology thesis, August 2006, R/06/963, accessible via Defence Academy Library, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Shrivenham,