full or partial fare refunds to prevent software problems causing overcharging. Open, closed and controlled railway stations Until the SmartRider system was implemented, all Perth railway stations were effectively "open", meaning that a passenger - or indeed, any member of the public - could freely walk into or out of any given train station, or onto a train, without being forced to buy a ticket. SmartRider implementation has resulted in some stations being gated ("closed") so that one must either validate a SmartRider ticket through a gate to enter or exit the station, or alternatively, show a valid ticket and concession card (if applicable) to a station attendant next to the gate. The officer is also able to assist people with special needs. At all other stations, fare gates have not been installed and a SmartRider processor has been installed at station entry and exit points. Bus stations, apart from those that are interchanges with train stations, do not employ the technology as buses each have their own attendant. Open stations All Armadale/Thornlie line, Fremantle line and Midland line other than termini and Bassendean are open. The others are: Joondalup line: Leederville, Glendalough, Greenwood, Edgewater and Currambine Mandurah line: Canning Bridge Closed stations City Stations: Perth City, Elizabeth Quay Joondalup line: Stirling, Warwick, Whitfords, Joondalup, Clarkson and Butler Fremantle line: Fremantle Midland line: Bassendean and Midland Armadale/Thornlie line: Thornlie and Armadale Mandurah line: Bull Creek, Murdoch, Cockburn Central, Aubin Grove, Kwinana, Wellard, Rockingham, Warnbro and Mandurah Controlled stations At some bus-train interchanges, arriving buses drop passengers off inside the "paid" area of a closed station. These stations have a special arrangement which allows passengers to transfer from a bus to a train and vice versa without going through a fare gate. Because of this, passengers tagging off a bus at any Controlled Station will automatically be tagged onto the train, and passengers tagging on this bus after getting off the train at a Controlled Station will automatically be tagged off the train before being tagged onto the bus. The following stations are controlled stations: Joondalup line: Warwick and Whitfords Types of SmartRider cards A range of SmartRider cards exist. When a SmartRider card is first purchased, a card purchase fee of $5 for concession users and $10 for standard users will apply, on top of which credit needs to be added to use the card. Standard SmartRider is for use