critique of capitalism did not depend on ethics, justice, or any form of morality, instead focusing on the inherent contradictions of capitalism through the lens of a process which is today called dialectical materialism. Non-mainstream economic thinking The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups. These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of economics. Praxeology: a deductive theory of human action based on premises presumed to be philosophically true (following the analytic–synthetic distinction of Immanuel Kant). Developed by Ludwig von Mises within the Austrian School, is a self-conscious opposition to the mathematical modeling and hypothesis-testing to validate neoclassical economics. Cross-cultural perspectives on economics, and economic anthropology: an example is the Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept (suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena into economic thinking. Feminist perspectives on economics, or feminist economics. Scholars cited in the literature Aristotle Kenneth Arrow Roger E. Backhouse Ken Binmore Kevin Carson Milton Friedman Frank Hahn Friedrich Hayek Martin Hollis Daniel M. Hausman Terence Wilmot Hutchison David Hume John Neville Keynes John Maynard Keynes Tony Lawson John Locke Uskali Mäki Thomas Robert Malthus Karl Marx John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Pierre-Joseph Proudhon John E. Roemer Murray Rothbard John Rawls Lionel Robbins Joan Robinson Alexander Rosenberg Paul Samuelson E. F. Schumacher Amartya Sen Brian Skyrms Adam Smith Max Weber Carl Menger Bernard Williams Related disciplines The ethics of economic systems is an area of overlap between business ethics and the philosophy of economics. People who write on the ethics of economic systems are more likely to call themselves political philosophers than business ethicists or economic philosophers. There is significant overlap between theoretical issues in economics and the philosophy of economics. As economics is generally accepted to have its origins in philosophy, the history of economics overlaps with the philosophy of economics. Degrees Some universities offer joint degrees that combine philosophy, politics and economics. These degrees cover many of the problems that are discussed in Philosophy and Economics, but are more broadly construed. A small number of universities, notably the London School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Copenhagen Business School, the University of Vienna and the University of Bayreuth