a way that will form the word 'national,’ which is an adjective. Morphology states that words come in categories, and the morphemes that join together to create the word assign the category. The two main categories are open class, where new words can be created and closed class where there is a limited number of members. Within both of these categories there are further sub-categories. Open class includes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, and closed class includes: prepositions, determiners, numerals, complementizers, auxiliaries, modals, coordinators, and negation/affirmation. These sub categories can be further broken down for example, verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. These categories can be identified with semantic criteria about what a word means, for instance nouns are said to be people, places, or things while verbs are actions. Words are all placed in these categories and depending on their category they follow specific rules that determine their word order. Cross-Linguistically other languages form words similarly to English. This is done by having morphemes of different categories combine in a rule governed fashion in order to create the word. French example: "é"- masculine past participle root verb suffix of regular -er verbs "aimer" (translation: to like/love)-> "aim" + "é" = "aimé" (translation: liked) Minimalist Theory of Syntax Syntactic hierarchy may be the most basic and assumed component of almost all syntactic theories, and yet the minimalist theory of syntax views a clause or group of words as a string, rather than as components of a hierarchical system. While this theory prioritizes linearity over hierarchy, hierarchical structure is still analyzed if it "generates correct data" or if there is "direct evidence for it". In this way, it appears that syntactic hierarchy still plays an important role in even the minimalist theories. Artificial language In artificial languages, lexemes, tokens, and formulas are usually found among the basic units. See also Level of detail (writing) Semiotics Syntax Grammar Further reading Moles, Robert N. Legal Theory lecture Ronald Stamper and Norm based systems on the Networked Knowledge web site. References Syntax