the target language. French example: Sentence: "Le chien a aimé la fille" (translation: "The dog loved the girl") The French sentence directly translates to English, demonstrating that the phrase structures of both languages are very similar. Phrase The idea that words combine to form phrases. For example, the word “the” combines with word “dog” to form the phrase “the dog”. A phrase is a sequence of words or a group of words arranged in a grammatical way to combine and form a sentence. There are five commonly occurring types of phrases; Noun phrases (NP), Adjective phrases (AdjP), Verb phrases (VP), Adverb Phrases (AdvP), and Prepositional Phrases (PP). Hierarchical combinations of words in their formation of phrasal categories are apparent cross-linguistically- for example, in French: French examples: Noun phrase: "Le chien" (translation: "The dog") Verb phrase: " a aimé la fille" (translation: "loved the girl") Full sentence: "Le chien a aimé la fille" Noun phrase A noun phrase refers to a phrase that is built upon a noun. For example, “ The dog” or “the girl” in the sentence “the dog loved the girl” act as noun phrases. Verb phrase Verb phrase refers to a phrase that is composed of at least one main verb and one or more helping/auxiliary verb (every sentence needs at least one main verb). For example, the word “loved the girl” in the sentence “the dog loved the girl” acts as a verb phrase. see also Adjective phrases (AdjP), Adverb phrases (AdvP), and Prepositional phrases (PP) Phrase structure rules A phrase structure tree shows that a sentence is both linear string of words and a hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrases (combination of phrase structures). A phrase structure tree is a formal device for representing speaker’s knowledge about phrase structure in speech. The syntactic category of each individual word appears immediately above that word. In this way, “the” is shown to be a determiner, “child” is a noun, and so on. Word The subdomain that deals with words is morphology, which states that words are made up of morphemes which combine in a regular and rule-governed fashion. For example, the word 'national' is made up of two morphemes 'nation' which is a noun and '-al' which is a suffix that means pertaining to, this meaning helps us in categorizing '-al' as an adjective. These categories aid in arranging the morphemes so they can combine in