people work together to grow things and then share the fruits of their labor. Firefox, a free and open source web browser. Outgrowths Several outgrowths have been: Customization/Specialization: With free and open-source software small groups have the capability to customize a large project according to specific needs. With the rise of low-cost 3-D printing, and other digital manufacturing techniques this is now also becoming true of open source hardware. Longevity: Once code is released under a copyleft free software license it is almost impossible to make it unavailable to the public. Cross-fertilization: Experts in a field can work on more than one project with no legal hassles. Technology Revisions: A core technology gives rise to new implementations of existing projects. Technology Clustering: Groups of products tend to cluster around a core set of technology and integrate with one another. Related concepts Interrelated concepts to Commons-based peer production are the processes of peer governance and peer property. To begin with, peer governance is a new mode of governance and bottom-up mode of participative decision-making that is being experimented in peer projects, such as Wikipedia and FLOSS; thus peer governance is the way that peer production, the process in which common value is produced, is managed. Peer Property indicates the innovative nature of legal forms such as the General Public License, the Creative Commons, etc. Whereas traditional forms of property are exclusionary ("if it is mine, it is not yours"), peer property forms are inclusionary. It is from all of us, i.e. also for you, provided you respect the basic rules laid out in the license, such as the openness of the source code for example. The ease of entering and leaving an organization is a feature of adhocracies. The principle of commons-based peer production is similar to collective invention, a model of open innovation in economics coined by Robert Allen. Also related: Open-source economics and Commercial use of copyleft works. Criticism Some believe that the commons-based peer production (CBPP) vision, while powerful and groundbreaking, needs to be strengthened at its root because of some allegedly wrong assumptions concerning free and open-source software (FOSS). The CBPP literature regularly and explicitly quotes FOSS products as examples of artifacts "emerging" by virtue of mere cooperation, with no need for supervising leadership (without "market signals or managerial commands", in Benkler's words). It can be argued, however, that in the development of any less than trivial