eastern North Carolina) Nottoway (Virginia) (†) Cherokee (Oklahoma, North Carolina) Western North America (in Canada, Alaska, Southern Rocky Mountains, Pacific shore of the US including California) Na-dene languages Haida Tlingit Eyak († since 2008) Athabaskan Slave Chiracahua Apache Pomoan languages Eastern Pomo (fluid-S, Northern California) Central Pomo Northern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Kashaya South and Southeast Asia Austronesian languages Acehnese (spoken in Aceh, Indonesia and Perak, Malaysia) is of fluid-S type Kuanua (spoken by the Tolai on the island of New Britain) is of a split-S type many active languages of Central branch of this family are spoken in Eastern Indonesia Papuan languages: Yawa (Split-S) Tibeto-Burman languages: spoken Tibetan (fluid-S) Caucasus Georgian (spoken in the Caucasian nation of Georgia): generally considered a split ergative language, but Alice Harris has claimed that it shows active alignment in some verb paradigms (namely, that the ergative marker appears to apply to active-intransitive verbs; also stative experiencers take a different case marking and agreement pattern). However, even that is complicated by the existence of apparently-inactive intransitive verbs taking such marking, such as the verb meaning 'to boil'. Other Kartvelian languages such Laz, Svan, and Old Georgian show similar systems, while the position of Mingrelian is more controversial. Northeast Caucasian languages: Tsova-Tush: according to Holisky (1987), there are 31 intransitive verbs for which the argument is always marked as patientive and refer to uncontrollable states ("be hungry", "tremble", etc.), and 78 intransitive verbs with an agentive argument ("walk", "talk", "think"). They form a split-S subset of the verbs. The rest of the verbs form a fluid-S system; for instance, a single verb root can be interpreted as "slip" when it is used with a patientive argument and as "slide" with an agentive argument. Tabasaran Others Ket, a Yeniseian language (split-S) Reconstructed proto-languages According to Castro Alves (2010), a split-S alignment can be safely reconstructed for Proto-Northern Jê finite clauses. Clauses headed by a non-finite verb, on the contrary, would have been aligned ergatively in this reconstructed language. The reconstructed Pre-Proto-Indo-European language, not to be confused with the Proto-Indo-European language, its direct descendant, shows many features known to correlate with active alignment like the animate vs. inanimate distinction, related to the distinction between active and inactive or stative verb arguments. Even in its descendant languages, there are traces of a morphological split between volitional and nonvolitional verbs, such as a pattern in verbs of perception and cognition