temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. Climate Landlocked countries The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican City Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and North Macedonia constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva all the way to Skopje. The other landlocked countries are "standalone" landlocked, not bordering any other such European one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia). Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands Cyprus Iceland Ireland Malta United Kingdom Countries bordering or spanning another continent Countries whose capital is not the most populous Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy. Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the Brussels-Capital Region. The population of the City of Brussels is ~175,000. Antwerp is the biggest city of the country. List of countries by the number of other countries they border See also Regions of Europe European grid European Union Western Europe Central Europe Eastern Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Southeast Europe Extreme points of Europe Intermediate Region Extreme points of the European Union List of European ultra-prominent peaks List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks List of mountain ranges Southernmost glacial mass in Europe Countries bordering the European Union Extreme points of Eurasia Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia Geography of the European Union Special member state territories and the European Union Age of Discovery Explorers of Russia References External links Articles containing video clips Geography