usually first cooled to the Doppler limit, then some sideband cooling cycles are applied, and finally, a measurement is taken or state manipulation is carried out. A more or less direct application of this scheme was demonstrated by Diedrich et al. with the caveat that the narrow quadrupole transition used for cooling connects the ground state to a long-lived state, and the latter had to be pumped out to achieve optimal cooling efficiency. It is not uncommon, however, that additional steps are needed in the process, due to the atomic structure of the cooled species. Examples of that are the cooling of ions and the Raman sideband cooling of atoms. Example: cooling of ions The energy levels relevant to the cooling scheme for ions are the S1/2, P1/2, P3/2, D3/2, and D5/2, which are additionally split by a static magnetic field to their Zeeman manifolds. Doppler cooling is applied on the dipole S1/2 - P1/2 transition (397 nm), however, there is about 6% probability of spontaneous decay to the long-lived D3/2 state, so that state is simultaneously pumped out (at 866 nm) to improve Doppler cooling. Sideband cooling is performed on the narrow quadrupole transition S1/2 - D5/2 (729 nm), however, the long-lived D5/2 state needs to be pumped out to the short lived P3/2 state (at 854 nm) to recycle the ion to the ground S1/2 state and maintain cooling performance. One possible implementation was carried out by Leibfried et al. and a similar one is detailed by Roos. For each data point in the 729 nm absorption spectrum, a few hundred iterations of the following are executed: the ion is Doppler cooled with 397 nm and 866 nm light, with 854 nm light on as well the ion is spin polarized to the S1/2(m=-1/2) state by applying a 397 nm light for the last few moments of the Doppler cooling process sideband cooling loops are applied at the first red sideband of the D5/2(m=-5/2) 729 nm transition to ensure the population ends up in the S1/2(m=-1/2) state, another 397 nm pulse is applied manipulation is carried out and analysis is carried out by applying 729 nm light at the frequency of interest detection is carried out with 397 nm and 866 nm light: discrimination between dark (D) and bright (S) state is based on a pre-determined threshold value of fluorescence counts Variations of this scheme relaxing the requirements