in later ones. Still later, Bridges made further orthographic modifications: w, h, and y became superscripts, and à is read as ya, á as ha, and ā as wa. Superscripts could combine to give hw, hy, etc. Because iu: could now be represented by u: plus y- superscript (ù:), and because the original graphemes for u: and u were easily confused with each other as well as with the now-superscripted w, Bridges began using the now-redundant grapheme for iu: (approximately ų) for u: in his renderings. All of these changes took place in a very short time frame, and have led to substantial confusion on the part of later scholars. In addition, Bridges's modifications of the 19th century phonetic alphabet of Alexander Ellis also included a number of signs meant for transliterations of foreign terms. There are some ambiguities in Bridges' renderings. He himself notes that g/k, j/ch, d/t and p/f are, in many instances, interchangeable. In certain environments s and sh are hard to distinguish (as before high front vowels). The same goes for ai versus e: and au versus o:. Such ambiguities may go far to help explain the loss or lack of contrasts in the surviving dialect. Pronunciation Sample vocabulary Included below are some basic Yaghan words. man: yagan, yámana (Bridges ya:gan, yamana) woman: kíppa (Bridges ki:pa) dog: yašála, ješæla (Bridges yvshvla (v schwa)) house: tugaguu blood: sápa (Bridges sa:pa) arm: kaméin, kamæn (Bridges ka:main) heart: sáeskin, sæskin (Bridges svskin) moon: hanúha, hanúxa (Bridges hannu:ka) star: ahpérnih, apærnix (Bridges apvranix) rain: paléna (Bridges belakana) water: síma (Bridges sima) fog: fóka, háoka (Bridges hauaka, also 'cloud') sky: wákul (Bridges wa:gun) fire: pušáki (Bridges pushaki) ash: áfua, axuá, ahuá (Bridges vfwa, vxwa, vhwa) day: maóla, mólla (Bridges mo:ala) bay, inlet: ushipin (Bridges waia, here likely for ushuwaia) canoe: ánan (Bridges a:nan) vulva: wahar (Bridges wa:kvri 'bladder', but la:kasha 'the purse', which is a 19th-century English avoidance term for the female genitalia- the two terms may be related, as r often alternated with sh) Loukotka (1968) Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for four Yamana (Yaghan) dialects. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Eastern Yamana !! Central Yamana !! Western Yamana !! Southern Yamana |- ! tongue | lirn || lön || lana || |- ! hand | yach || yosh || yöch || |- ! water | shima || sima || sima || |- ! moon |