to the posterior superior watershed areas, also known as the parietal-occipital vascular border zone (Brodmann's areas 19 and 7). Manifestations Some telltale signs suggesting Bálint's syndrome following bilateral brain insults may include: limitation to perceive only stimuli that is presented at 35 to 40 degrees to the right. They are able to move their eyes but cannot fixate on specific visual stimuli (optic apraxia). patient's field of attention is limited to one object at a time. making activities like reading difficult because each letter is perceived separately (simultanagnosia). figure/ground defects in which a patient can see either the background but not the object residing somewhere in the whole scene, or conversely can see the object but sees no background around it (simultanagnosia) a patient, while attempting to put one foot into a slipper by trying to insert the foot into a nonexistent slipper several inches from the real slipper, even as the patient focuses on the actual slipper (optic ataxia) a patient raising a fork or spoon containing food to a point on the patient's face above or below the mouth, and possibly finding the mouth by trial and error by manually moving the utensil on the face (optic ataxia) Treatment In terms of the specific rehabilitation of visuoperceptual disorders such as Bálint's syndrome, the literature is extremely sparse. According to one study, rehabilitation training should focus on the improvement of visual scanning, the development of visually guided manual movements, and the improvement of the integration of visual elements. Very few treatment strategies have been proposed, and some of those have been criticized as being poorly developed and evaluated. Three approaches to rehabilitation of perceptual deficits, such as those seen in Bálint's syndrome, have been identified: The adaptive (functional) approach, which involves functional tasks utilising the person's strengths and abilities, helping them to compensate for problems or altering the environment to lessen their disabilities. This is the most popular approach. The remedial approach, which involves restoration of the damaged CNS by training in the perceptual skills, which may be generalised across all activities of daily living. This could be achieved by tabletop activities or sensorimotor exercises. The multi-context approach, which is based on the fact that learning is not automatically transferred from one situation to another. This involves practicing of a targeted strategy in a multiple environment with varied tasks and movement demands, and it incorporates self-awareness tasks. Case studies