exemplifies kanbun. These eight words comprise the well-known first line in the Han Feizi story (chap. 36, 難一 "Collection of Difficulties, No. 1") that first coined the term máodùn (Japanese mujun, 'contradiction, inconsistency', lit. "spear-shield"), illustrating the irresistible force paradox. Debating with a Confucianist about the legendary Chinese sage rulers Yao and Shun, legalist Han Fei argues that you cannot praise them both because you would be making a "spear-shield" contradiction. Among the Chu, there was a man selling shields and spears. He praised the former saying, "My shields are so solid nothing can penetrate them". Then he would praise his spears saying, "My spears are so sharp that among all things there's nothing they can't penetrate". Somebody else said, "If somebody tried to penetrate your shields with your spears, what would happen?" The man could not respond. The first sentence would read thus, using present-day Mandarin pronunciation: A fairly literal translation would be: "Among Chu people, there existed somebody who was selling shields and spears." All words can be literally translated into English, except for the final particle zhě 'one who, somebody who', which works as nominalizer marking a verb phrase as certain kinds of noun phrases. The original Chinese sentence is marked with five Japanese kaeriten as: To interpret this, the word 'existed' marked with shita 下 'bottom' is shifted to the location marked by ue 'top'. Likewise, the word 'sell' marked with ni 'two' is shifted to the location marked by ichi 'one'. The re 'reverse' mark indicates that the order of the adjacent characters must be reversed. Or, to represent this kanbun reading in numerical terms: Following these kanbun instructions step by step transforms the sentence so it has the typical Japanese subject–object–verb argument order. The Sino-Japanese on'yomi readings and meanings are: Next, Japanese function words and conjugations can be added with okurigana, and Japanese to ... to "and" can substitute Chinese "and". More specifically, the first と is treated as an additional function word, and the second, the reading of 與: Lastly, kun'yomi readings for characters can be annotated with furigana. Normally furigana are only used for uncommon kanji or unusual readings. This sentence's only uncommon kanji is hisa(gu) 'sell, deal in', a literary character which is included in neither the Kyōiku kanji nor the Jōyō kanji lists. However, in kanbun texts it is relatively common to use a large amount of furigana—often there is