to the Chinese Empire, in the Chinese Communist Revolution, forcing them to move their republic the Island of Taiwan. As the United States had aided and abetted the Republic, it became the antagonist of the People's Republic in the succeeding Cold War. The communists collectivized Chinese economic undertakings, dividing the workers into work units, or collectives, on the Soviet model. In the chairman's view, tourism was unnecessary, and so therefore were tourist sites. "Heritage sites" had no value as such and were converted to other purposes. Similarly ancient artifacts were destroyed as well, except for a select few chosen as national symbols. The anti-tradition side of the dichotomy was not unmitigated. The CPC attempted many times to draw up lists of buildings to be protected or to pass regulations defending heritage sites; however, higher-priority needs always seemed to nullify them. Of especially high priority was Mao's policy of the Great Leap Forward, with which he hoped to transform China into a modern state. To the contrary, the leap was too far, too fast. The demands made upon the workers far exceeded their ability to comply. The punishments brought into play for not meeting deadlines amounted to a terror. Economic collapse and social anarchy began. A famine ensued, increasing the death toll of this already sanguinary revolution greatly. It was at this point that Mao made his greatest misjudgements, which, had he not died, would surely have led to his overthrow. He concluded that failure to meet deadlines was an act of sabotage conducted by secret capitalist enemies of the communist state, including party members. Hence began the 10-year cultural revolution, the worst terror of all. Recruiting the Red Guards from the youth, Mao set them against tradition and the more established members of the party. In essence they had the power to kill or destroy anyone or anything they pleased. A great many antiquities were lost. Mao is said to have had some ancient tombs filled with concrete. On Mao's death in 1976 the chairmanship was assumed by his vice-chairman, Hua Guofeng, who stopped the cultural revolution by arresting Mao's co-conspirators, the Gang of Four. He wanted to return to Mao's previous planned economy implemented by collectives, but the Party and the people had had enough Maoism. In 1978 the Central Committee made Deng Xiaoping paramount leader. He had been sidelined by Mao for his opposition to the Cultural Revolution