drinking on campus. These options include, but are not limited to, alcohol education programs, social norms campaigns, substance-free housing, individual interventions, parental notification policies, disciplinary procedures for alcohol-related violations, and amnesty policies to protect the health and safety of students. Effects Several studies, including a 2011 review, provided evidence against the idea that raising the drinking age to 21 actually saved lives in the long run. For example, Miron and Tetelbaum (2009) found that when the federally coerced and non-coerced states were separated out, any lifesaving effect is no longer statistically or practically significant in the coerced states, and even in the voluntary-adopting states the effect does not seem to last beyond the first year or two. They also find that the 21 drinking age appears to have only a minor impact on teen drinking. There is also some evidence that traffic deaths were merely shifted from the 18-20 age group to the 21-24 age group rather than averted. Additionally, Canada, Australia, the UK, and several other nations saw similar or faster declines in traffic fatalities than the USA did since the early 1980s despite not raising their drinking ages to 21. In contrast, the Institute of Medicine reviewed a large number of studies on the minimum legal drinking age, including peer-reviewed academic reviews, and largely viewed the policy as a success—so much so that they argued for similar restrictions on tobacco. For example, they quote a study by Kypri and colleagues stating that "No traffic safety policy, with the possible exception of motorcycle safety helmet laws, has more evidence for its effectiveness than do the minimum legal drinking age laws." National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 2023 See also Age of majority Legal age Legal drinking age U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state Youth rights Smoking age References External links MLDA-21 - dates enacted by state U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration State Profiles of Underage Drinking Laws National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS) History of the Drinking Age in Washington, D.C. Ghosts of DC blog 1984 in law 98th United States Congress United States federal controlled substances legislation United States federal transportation legislation Alcohol law in the United States Legal drinking age