genetics. Claiming his theories corresponded to Marxism, he managed to talk Joseph Stalin in 1948 into banning the practice and teaching of population genetics and several other related fields of biological research; however this decision was reversed in the 1960s. Organization Unlike some Western countries, most of the research work in the USSR was conducted not at universities, but at specially set up research institutes. The more prestigious of them were parts of the USSR Academy of Sciences; others were within the system of specialized academies, or the research arms of various government ministries. The core of fundamental science was the USSR Academy of Sciences, originally set up in 1925 and moved from Leningrad to Moscow in 1934. It consisted of 250 research institutes and 60,500 full-time researchers in 1987, a large percentage in the natural sciences such as biology. All of the union's republics except the RSFSR had their own republican academies of science, while the Urals, Siberian, and Far Eastern regional branches of the academy coordinated fundamental science in Eastern Russia. Medical research was coordinated by the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Академия медицинских наук СССР), which after 1992 was reorganized into the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Российская академия медицинских наук). Agricultural research was organized under the aegis of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union. Scientific Research Institutes (NII) A large part of research was conducted in NIIs — "scientific research institutes" (). There have been a great number of NIIs, each specialized in a particular field. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute founded 1918 Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography founded 1933 Institute for Physical Problems founded 1934 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology founded 1946 Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics founded 1954 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research founded 1956 Novosibirsk TB Research Institute founded 1943 Ideological restrictions on science Already in 1920s, certain fields of scientific research were labeled "bourgeois" and "idealist" by the Communist Party. All research, including natural sciences, was to be founded on the philosophy of dialectical materialism. Humanities and social sciences were additionally tested for strict accordance with historical materialism. After World War II, many scientists were forbidden from cooperation with foreign researchers. The scientific community of the Soviet Union became increasingly closed. In addition to that, the party continued declaring various new theories "pseudo-scientific". Genetics, pedology and psychotechnics were already banned in 1936 by a special decree of the Central