mush, from močka=residue in a pipe or a piss or from omáčka=Sauce, Soup) Pfrnak (=(big) nose, from frňák) Lepschi (Auf Lepschi gehen = to go out or to amuse oneself, from lepší=better) from Hungarian: Maschekseitn (=the other side, from a másik) Gattihosn (=long underpants, from gatya = trousers) from Italian: Gspusi (=girlfriend, from sposa) Gstanzl (=Stanza of a humorous song, from stanza) Gusta (=appetite for something, from gusto) from French: Trottoa (=sidewalk, from trottoir) Lawua (=washbowl, from lavoir) Loschie (from logis) from Arabic: Hadscha (=a long path, from Hajj) Pragmatics In Viennese, the following pragmatics peculiarities are found quite often: Frequent ironic speech that is marked neither through intonation nor through gestures. In most cases, sarcasm must be identified through its context. Especially for foreigners, it is a source of misunderstandings. Such ironic speech is common in the Viennese sense of humour, which is better known as Wiener Schmäh. Understatement uses recognisable diminutive suffixes, such as -l or -erl, as in Kaffeetscherl or Plauscherl. Trends In more recent times Viennese has moved closer to Standard German; it has developed into a kind of Standard German spoken with a typical Viennese accent (for example, the original Viennese Wos host’n fir a Notn gschriebn? becomes modern Was hast’n für eine Note gschriebn?). The typical Viennese monophthongization, through which the dialect differentiates itself from the neighboring dialects, remains, but mostly in the form of a developing "Pseudo-Standard German" that many visitors, particularly from other German-speaking areas, feel is ugly. For example: Waaaßt, wos mir heut in der Schule für än gråååsliches Fläääsch kriegt ham? (Standard German Weißt du, was für ein widerliches Fleisch wir heute in der Schule vorgesetzt bekamen?) ("Do you know what disgusting meat we were served at school today?") The monophthongized diphthongs, like ei ~ äää or au ~ ååå, are particularly stressed and lengthened. The reason for the convergence of the typical Viennese dialects is the attitude, strengthened by the media, that Urwienerisch (old Viennese) is associated with the lower classes. With the rising standard of living, the original Viennese can further converge, as it is considered a sign of low-class origins, while the unique Viennese words (such as Zwutschgerl) (cf Zwetschge/Zwetsche/Pflaume depending on dialect ("plum")) however generally remain in use. Viennese dialects have always been influenced by foreign languages, particularly due to immigration. In the past 40 years immigrants mostly came from the former Yugoslavia, Turkey and most