borrowed from the Bakufu and never repaid due to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1869 and its replacement by the Meiji government). They never identified or placed on trial Richardson's killers, but despite this, the reparation received was enough for Britain to sign a treaty with the Satsuma Domain to supply the latter with steam warships. Ironically, the conflict became the starting point of a friendly relationship between the Satsuma Domain and Britain, which became major allies in the ensuing Boshin War. From the start, the Satsuma Province had generally been in favour of the opening and westernization of Japan. An interesting historical footnote to this incident was that a teenage Tōgō Heihachirō was manning one of the cannons used to defend the port, and is reported to have attributed his future career as head and "father" of the Imperial Japanese Navy to this moment. See also Ishibashi Park Japan–United Kingdom relations Shimazu clan Notes Bibliography De Lange, William (2020). The Namamugi Incident: The Murder that Sparked a War, Toyo Press. . . Polak, Christian (2001). Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon, Hachette, Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社). Rennie, David Field (2005), The British Arms in North China and Japan Originally pub. 1864. Facsimile, Adamant Media Corporation, Satow, Ernest. "The Bombardment of Kagoshima", Chapter VIII, A Diplomat in Japan. Totman, Conrad 1980 The collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868 University of Hawai Press, Honolulu, . 1863 in Japan 1863 in the British Empire 19th-century military history of the United Kingdom August 1863 events Bakumatsu Kagoshima Kagoshima Conflicts in 1863 Foreign relations of the Tokugawa shogunate Japan–United Kingdom military relations Kagoshima Punitive expeditions of the United Kingdom Bombardment of Kagoshima Wars involving Japan