in an easily broken position. The same risk exists for kangaroos in Australia's outback, with additional risk of entrapment. Cattle grids are generally useless for containing goats. However, a Texas Highway Department official reported that adding three painted stripes—arranged yellow, white, yellow—on the road in front of a cattle grid deterred goats from approaching or crossing the guard. Patents and standards The United States Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) issued patent on January 15, 1915, to William J. Hickey, Reno, Nevada, for a cattle grid. There is a British Standard for cattle grids: BS4008:2006. The US standards are put forth by The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO provides load rating guidelines for cattle grids that are used on public roads in the US. All cattle grids used on US public roads must be certified by a qualified engineer that the grid meets AASHTO guidelines. See also Bus trap Bump gate Ha-ha References Road infrastructure Livestock