those selected by the Imperator and closely supervised, with reduction in taxes; provincial oppression by private concerns was found more difficult to arrest. Abatement of the prior popular notion of the provinces as "country estates" to be worked or exploited for Rome's benefit. Favors granted Jews; Latin colonies continue. Cultural joining of Latins and Hellenes; "Italy was converted from the mistress of subject peoples into the mother of the renovated Italo-Hellenic nation." Census of the Mediterranean population under Rome taken; popular religion left free of additional state norms. Continuing development of the Praetor's Edict, and plans for a codification of law. Roman coinage, weights and measures reformed; creation of the Julian Calendar. "The rapidity and self-precision with which the plan was executed prove that it had been long meditated thoroughly and all its parts settled in detail", Mommsen comments. "[T]his was probably the meaning of the words which were heard to fall from him—that he had 'lived enough'." The exceptions to the straightforward chronology are the periodic digressions in his narrative, where Mommsen inserts separate chapters, each devoted to one or more of a range of particular subjects, for example: "The Original Constitution of Rome" (Book I, Chapter 5); "The Etruscans" (I, 9); "Law and Justice" (I, 11); "Religion" (I, 12); "Agriculture, Trade, Commerce" (I, 13); "Measuring and Writing" (I, 14); "The Tribunate of the Plebs and the Decemvirate" (Book II, Chapter 2); "Law – Religion – Military System – Economic Condition – Nationality" (II, 8); "Art and Science" (II, 9); "Carthage" (Book III, Chapter 1); "The Government and the Governed" (III, 11); "The Management of Land and Capital" (III, 12); "Faith and Manners" (III, 13); "Literature and Art" (III, 14); "The Peoples of the North" (Book IV, Chapter 5); "The Commonwealth and its Economy" (IV, 11); "Nationality, Religion, Education" (IV, 12); "The Old Republic and the New Monarchy" (Book V, Chapter 11); "Religion, Culture, Literature, and Art" (V, 12). Mommsen's expertise in Roman studies was acknowledged by his peers as being both wide and deep, e.g., his direction of the ancient Latin inscriptions project, his work on ancient dialects of Italy, the journal he began devoted to Roman coinage, his multivolume Staatsrecht on the long history of constitutional law at Rome, his volumes on Roman criminal law, the Strafrecht. His bibliography lists 1500 works. The Provinces The Provinces of the Roman Empire (1885, 1886) contains thirteen chapters, namely: Northern