morphosyntactic alignment used to be not recognized as such, and it was treated mostly as an interesting deviation from the standard alternatives (nominative–accusative and ergative–absolutive). Also, active languages are few and often show complications and special cases ("pure" active alignment is an ideal). Thus, the terminology used is rather flexible. The morphosyntactic alignment of active languages is also termed active–stative alignment or semantic alignment. The terms agentive case and patientive case used above are sometimes replaced by the terms active and inactive. Occurrence (†) = extinct language South American languages Northern Jê languages (split-S in finite clauses, central and north-eastern Brazil), including: Apinayé (Oliveira 2003) Timbira language continuum (Castro Alves 2010) Tupi–Guarani languages (Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru), including: †Old Tupi and †Tupinambá (fluid-S) Sirionó (eastern Bolivia) Kamayurá (split-S, Brazil) Guaraní (split-S, with a few verbs allowing fluid-S marking, Paraguay) Many Arawakan languages, including: Waurá (split-S, spoken in Brazil) Baniwa do Içana (fluid-S; upper Rio Negro, Brazil) Central America/Mesoamerican languages In Mexico: Chocho and Amuzgo are active languages of the split-S type, with some verbs showing fluid-S alignment; Chol (Mayan) is Split-S In Panama & Colombia: Chibchan language Ikan (split-S) North American languages In the south and south-east US Gulf languages Muskogee (also known as Creek) Hichiti Koasati Choctaw (fluid-S on verbs and accusative marking on nouns) A subgroup of Muskogean languages such as Chickasaw (In South Central Oklahoma) Euchee (Yuchi) (in northeastern Oklahoma, historically in Tennessee) Tunica (†) (or Tonica) a language isolate In the central US Siouan languages Omaha Biloxi (†) Ofo (†) Osage Winnebago Crow (fluid-S) Ioway (split-S) Hidatsa Dakota (split-S) Ponca Tutelo Assiniboine Mandan (split-S) Lakhota (split-S) In the Great Plains (east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada) Caddoan languages Caddo Wichita (ergative, accusative and S-split mixed type) Kitsai (also known as Kichai) (†) Arikara (Split-S; also known as Ree) Pawnee In Eastern North America Iroquoian languages Mohawk (Ontario, Quebec and northern New York) Seneca (Split-S; Western New York and the Six Nations Reserve, Ontario) Huron (called also as Wyandot, spoken in northeastern Oklahoma, Quebec) Oneida (spoken in Six Nations Reserve, Ontario; central New York and around Green Bay, Wisconsin) Onondaga (Split-S type, spoken in Six Nations Reserve, Ontario, and western New York) Susquehannock (†) Cayuga (spoken on Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, Ontario, by around 100 people) Tuscarora (southern Ontario, Tuscarora Reservation in northwestern New York, and