species: These species were the product of adaptive radiation. Superfamily Phorusrhacoidea Genus Lavocatavis – Middle Eocene Glib Zegdou Formation of Algeria Family Phorusrhacidae Genus Patagorhacos – Early Miocene Chichinales Formation of Rio Negro Province, Argentina. Subfamily Brontornithinae — gigantic species, standing on average high. Placement in Phorusrhacidae and/or monophyly disputed. Genus Brontornis (Early to Middle Miocene (Santacrucian-Laventan) Santa Cruz and Monte León Formations, Argentina) Genus Paraphysornis (Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Deseadan) Tremembé Formation of São Paulo State, Brazil) Genus Physornis (Middle to Late Oligocene (Deseadan) Sarmiento Formation of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) Subfamily Phorusrhacinae — giant species high (Kelenken up to high), but somewhat slender and decidedly more nimble than the Brontornithinae Genus Devincenzia (Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Deseadan) Fray Bentos Formation of Uruguay) Genus Kelenken (Middle Miocene (Colloncuran) Collón Curá Formation of Río Negro Province, Argentina; largest known phorusrhacid) Genus Phorusrhacos (Early to Middle Miocene (Santacrucian) Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina) Genus Titanis (Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (Blancan) of Florida and Texas) Subfamily Patagornithinae — intermediate sized and very nimble species, standing around high Genus Patagornis (Early to Middle Miocene (Santacrucian-Laventan) Santa Cruz Formation of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) – includes Morenomerceraria, Palaeociconia, Tolmodus Genus Andrewsornis (Middle to Late Oligocene (Deseadan) Agua de la Piedra Formation of southern Argentina) Genus Andalgalornis (Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (Huayquerian) Ituzaingó Formation of northwestern Argentina) Subfamily Psilopterinae — small species, standing high Genus Eleutherornis (Middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Rhône, France and Baselland, Switzerland) Genus ?Paleopsilopterus (Lower Eocene (Itaboraian) Itaboraí Formation of Itaboraí, Brazil) (identity as a phorusrhacid dubious) Genus Psilopterus (Middle Oligocene (Deseadan) Santa Cruz Formation and Late Miocene (Chasicoan) Arroyo Chasicó Formation of southern and eastern Argentina respectively) (Possible Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) records from Uruguay) Subfamily Mesembriornithinae — medium-sized species, standing high Genus Mesembriornis (Late Miocene to Late Pliocene (Montehermosan) Monte Hermoso Formation of Argentina) Genus Procariama (Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (Huayquerian-Montehermosan) Cerro Azul and Andalhualá Formations of Catamarca Province, Argentina) Genus Llallawavis (Late Pliocene (Chapadmalalan) Playa Los Lobos Allo Formation of northeastern Argentina) Alvarenga and Höfling did not include the Ameghinornithidae from Europe in the phorusrhacoids; these have meanwhile turned out to be more basal members of Cariamae. Though traditionally considered as members of the Gruiformes, based on both morphological and genetic studies (the latter being based on the seriema) Cariamiformes may belong to a separate group of birds, Australaves, and their closest living relatives, according