the separation of East Gondwana (India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, the Seychelles, Australia, Antarctica, and New Caledonia) from West Gondwana (Africa and South America), and by the later separation of Africa and South America. The family Monimiaceae was long considered to be one of the best examples of vicariance, but the dating of clades by molecular clock methods has shown that the presence of the Monimiaceae in Africa and South America can be explained only by long-distance dispersal. Antarctica had coastal forests as recently as the mid-Miocene, and these could have provided an intermediate phase in dispersal between Australia and South America. Genera The information on genera is from Renner et al. (2010) or, when not available there, from Philipson (1993). Subfamily Monimioideae Genus Peumus Molina, 1782 – 1 species; southern Chile. Genus Monimia Thouars, 1804 – 3 species; Mauritius and Réunion. Genus Palmeria F.J.H. von Mueller, 1864 – 14 species; New Guinea to Sulawesi and eastern Australia. Subfamily Hortonioideae Genus Hortonia Wight ex Arnott, 1838 – 2 species; Sri Lanka. Subfamily Mollinedioideae Tribe Hedycaryeae Genus Xymalos Baillon, 1887 – 1 species; Afromontane endemic, from 900–2700 m elevation from Sudan to South Africa, and on Mount Cameroon and Bioko. Genus Decarydendron Danguy, 1928 – 3 species; Madagascar. Genus Ephippiandra Decaisne, 1858 (syn: Hedycaryopsis) – 6 species; Madagascar. Genus Tambourissa Sonnerat, 1782 (syn: Phanerogamocarpus, Schrameckia) – approximately 50 species; Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Genus Hedycarya J & G. Forster, 1776 (syn: Carnegieodoxa) – 11 species; mostly of New Caledonia, also New Zealand, and Australia to Fiji. Genus Kibaropsis Vieillard ex Jérémie, 1977 – 1 species; New Caledonia. Genus Levieria Beccari, 1877 – 7 species; Queensland, New Guinea to Sulawesi. Tribe Mollinedieae Genus Austromatthaea L.S. Smith, 1969 – 1 species; Queensland. Genus Endressia Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007 – 1 species; Queensland. Genus Hemmantia Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007 – 1 species; Queensland. Genus Matthaea Blume, 1856 – 5 species; Philippines, Talaud Islands, Malaysia, and Sumatra. Genus Steganthera Perkins, 1898 (syn: Anthobembix) – 17 species; Sulawesi to Solomon Islands and Queensland. Genus Tetrasynandra Perkins, 1898 – 3 species; eastern Australia. Genus Hennecartia Poisson, 1885 – 1 species; Paraguay, southern Brazil, northeast Argentina. Genus Macropeplus Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil. Genus Macrotorus Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil. Genus Mollinedia Ruiz & Pavon, 1794 – 20 to 90 species; Central and South America Genus Grazielanthus Ariane Luna Peixoto & Maria Verônica Leite Pereira-Moura, 2008 –