cataract surgery, but for small incision surgery and phacoemulsification local and topical anesthesia is in common use. Site preparation by disinfection of the area surrounding the eye, covering the rest of the face, and exposure of the eyeball using an eyelid speculum; Entry into the eye through a minimal incision; The incision for cataract surgery has evolved along with the techniques for cataract removal and IOL placement. In phacoemulsification the size depends on the requirements for IOL insertion. A more posterior incision simplifies wound closure and decreases induced astigmatism, but is more likely to damage blood vessels. With foldable IOLs it is sometimes possible to use incisions smaller than 3.5 mm. The shape, position and size of the incision all affect the capacity for self sealing, the tendency to induce astigmatism, and the surgeon's ability to maneuver instruments through the opening. One or two smaller side port incisions 60 to 90 degrees from the main incision may be needed to access the anterior chamber with additional instruments. Injection of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices, also known as viscoelastics, into the anterior chamber to support, stabilize and protect the eyeball, to help maintain eye shape and volume, and to distend the lens capsule during IOL implantation. Capsulorhexis; Making a circular opening on the front surface of the lens capsule to access the lens within. In phacoemulsification, an anterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, is used to create a round and smooth edged opening through which the lens nucleus can be emulsified and the intraocular lens implant inserted. Hydrodissection; The cataract's outer (cortical) layer is separated from the capsule by a gentle continuous flow of liquid from a cannula, injected under the anterior capsular flap along the edge of the capsulorhexis opening; Hydrodelineation; An injection of fluid into the body of the lens through the cortex against the nucleus of the cataract separates the hardened nucleus from the softer cortex shell by flowing along the interface between them. The smaller hard nucleus can then be more expeditiously phacoemulsified, while the posterior cortex serves as a buffer protecting the posterior capsule membrane. The smaller size of the separated nucleus requires less deep and less peripheral grooving and produces smaller fragments after cracking or chopping. The posterior cortex also maintains the shape of the capsule which reduces risk of posterior capsule rupture Ultrasonic destruction and aspiration of the cataract after nuclear cracking or chopping (if needed), careful aspiration