is the ultimate resistance of the analyst". The contemporary understanding of countertransference is thus generally to regard countertransference as a "jointly created" phenomenon between the treater and the patient. The patient pressures the treater through transference into playing a role congruent with the patient's internal world. However, the specific dimensions of that role are colored by treater's own personality. Countertransference can be a therapeutic tool when examined by the treater to sort out who is doing what, and the meaning behind those interpersonal roles (The differentiation of the object's interpersonal world between self and other). Nothing in the new understanding alters of course the need for continuing awareness of the dangers in the narrow perspective – of "serious risks of unresolved countertransference difficulties being acted out within what is meant to be a therapeutic relationship"; but "from that point on, transference and counter-transference were looked upon as an inseparable couple...'total situation. Twenty-first-century developments Further developments in the current century might be said to be the increased recognition that "Most countertransference reactions are a blend of the two aspects", personal and diagnostic, which require careful disentanglement in their interaction; and the possibility that nowadays psychodynamic counsellors use countertransference much more than transference – "another interesting shift in perspective over the years". One explanation of the latter point might be that because "in object relations therapy...the relationship is so central, 'countertransference' reactions are considered key in helping the therapist to understand the transference", something appearing in "the post-Kleinian perspective...[as] Indivisible transferencecountertransference". Body-centred countertransference Psychologists at NUI Galway and University College Dublin have recently begun to measure body-centred countertransference in female trauma therapists using their recently developed "Egan and Carr Body Centred Countertransference Scale", a sixteen symptom measure. High levels of body-centred countertransference have since been found in both Irish female trauma therapists and clinical psychologists. This phenomenon is also known as "somatic countertransference" or "embodied countertransference" and links to mirror neurons and automatic somatic empathy for others due to the actions of these neurons have been hypothesised. See also Notes Bibliography D. W. Winnicott : 'Hate in the countertransference' in Collected Papers: through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis (London 1958) Alberto Stefana: History of Countertransference. From Freud to the British Object Relations School, Publisher: Routledge, 2017, Margaret Little: Transference Neurosis and Transference Psychosis, Publisher: Jason Aronson; 1993, Harold Searles: Countertransference and related subjects; selected papers., Publisher New York, International Universities Press, 1979, K. Maroda: