a human-powered vehicle capable of conveying a half-ton load, and another team to design a very early three-wheeled, wide-tired all-terrain vehicle. Papanek received numerous awards, including a Distinguished Designer fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1988. The following year in 1989, he received the IKEA Foundation International Award. Ideology and pedagogy Papanek's ideas on iconoclastic design, journalism, and his unique global approach to pedagogic initiatives was a radical shift away from the existing design movements of the 1960s and 1970s. His perception of design was of an object or system, specifically working as a political tool. With his interest in all aspects of design and how design affected people and the environment, Papanek felt that much of what was manufactured was inconvenient, often frivolous and even unsafe. His book "Design for the Real World" (1971), outlined many of these ideas. Teaching Throughout most of his career, Papanek taught design courses. He was an associate professor and the Head of the Department of Product Design in the School of Design at North Carolina State College (1962). Additionally, Papanek taught at the Ontario College of Art, the Rhode Island School of Design, Purdue University, the California Institute of the Arts (where he was dean), Kansas City Art Institute (from 1976–1981), University of Kansas (J.L. Constant Professor of Architecture and Design, 1982–1998), and other places in North America, Europe and elsewhere. Death and legacy He died on January 10, 1998, in Lawrence, Kansas, aged 74. The Victor J Papanek Social Design Award was created as a joint venture between the Papanek Foundation, the University of Applied Arts Vienna, the Museum of Arts and Design and the Austrian Cultural Forum, to give an award to designed “projects that upheld Papanek’s vision of environmental and/or social responsibility”. In 2015, the Parsons School of Design and the Victor Papanek Foundation of the University of Applied Arts Vienna held a symposium and exhibition, How Things Don’t Work: The Dreamspace of Victor Papanek. In 2018–2021, the Vitra Design Museum and the Victor Papanek Foundation of the University of Applied Arts Vienna held a posthumous solo exhibition, Victor Papanek: The Politics of Design. Personal life Papanek was married four times and had two daughters. His last spouse was Harlanne Herdman (married from 1966–1989, divorce), together they had one daughter. Winifred N. Nelson Higginbotham (married from 1951–1957, divorced), together they had one daughter. He often referred to