Some letter variants such as r rotunda, long s and uncial or insular variants (Insular G), Claudian letters were in common use, as well as letters derived from other scripts such as Nordic runes: thorn (þ=th) and eth (ð=dh). An illuminated manuscript would feature miniatures, decorated initials or littera notabilior'', which later resulted in the bicamerality of the script (case distinction). Typographic replication Various typefaces have been designed to allow scribal abbreviations and other archaic glyphs to be replicated in print. They include "record type", which was first developed in the 1770s to publish Domesday Book and was fairly widely used for the publication of medieval records in Britain until the end of the 19th century. Unicode encoding In the Unicode Standard v. 5.1 (4 April 2008), 152 medieval and classical glyphs were given specific locations outside of the Private Use Area. Specifically, they are located in the charts "Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement" (26 characters), "Latin Extended Additional" (10 characters), "Supplemental Punctuation" (15 characters), "Ancient Symbols" (12 characters) and especially "Latin Extended-D" (89 characters). These consist in both precomposed characters and modifiers for other characters, called combining diacritical marks (such as writing in LaTeX or using overstrike in MS Word). Characters are "the smallest components of written language that have semantic value" but glyphs are "the shapes that characters can have when they are rendered or displayed". Examples of 8th- and 9th-century Latin abbreviations across Europe See also Acronym Claudian letters List of acronyms List of classical abbreviations List of medieval abbreviations Macron § Other uses Monogram Palaeography Textspeak – a similar phenomenon in modern text messaging Typographic ligature Palaeographic letters References Citations Sources External links Bibliography on medieval abbreviations and other scribal conventions. Palaeography: Scribal Abbreviations XML Specifications for the use of sigla The abbreviations used in the 1913 edition of Webster's dictionary Abbreviations Data compression Latin script Medieval literature Palaeography Scribes Textual scholarship