be the Tironian note (⁊) or the ampersand (&), was used with equal frequency as the conjunction et ('and') or as et in any part of the word. The symbol ⁊ at the end of a word indicates the enclitic -que ('and'). A corruption occurs in some manuscripts between it and the us/os mark. Marks with relative meaning The meaning of the marks depends on the letter on which they appear. A macron not fully above the character but crossing the descender or ascender: b̵, b̄ – bre-, ber-, -ub c̄ – (with a link on the right) – cum, con, cen- ꝯ̄ – (above) – quondam d̵, d̄ – de-, der, -ud (a crossed d, not ð = eth) h̵, h̄ – haec, hoc, her ꝉ – vel, ul-, -el m̄ (above) – mem-, mun- n̄ (above) – non, nun- ꝋ (crossed horizontally, not Danish ø) – obiit (see: Theta infelix) p̱ – per, par-, por- p̄ (above) – prae, pre- (alternatively, a mark similar to -us comma above but with a small spiral glyph could be used for this meaning, and it is also valid above the letter q) p̄p̄ (above), p̱p̱ (below) – propter, papa q̱ – qui and, in Italy, , but in England quam, quia q̄ (above) – quae q̄q̄ (above) or q̱q̱ (below) – quoque q̱̃ (tilde above and line below) – quam t̵ – ter-, tem-, ten- ū, v̄ (above) – ven-, ver, -vitA dot, two dots, comma and dot (different from a semicolon), and the mark like an Arabic numeral three (ꝫ) were generally at the end of a word on the baseline. After b, they mean -us (semicolon-like and ꝫ also could mean -et). After q, they form the conjunction -que (meaning "and" but attached to the end of the last word) with semicolon-like and ꝫ the q could be omitted. Semicolon-like, in Lombard documents, above s meant -sis. The dot above median line on an h – hoc. Dot above u – ut or uti. The ꝫ could mean -est, or after a, e, u vowels meant -m not us or ei, if after an o it meant -nem. In certain papers the ꝫ mark can be confused with a cut r rotunda (handwritten 4-like). A dot to the left and right of a letter gave the following meanings: e – .e. est, i – .i. id est, n –