C gets their votes and wins. Conclusion The additional votes for A were not sufficient for winning, but for descending to the second round, thereby eliminating the second preference of the voters. Thus, due to participating in the election, the voters changed the winner from their second preference to their strictly least preference. Thus, instant-runoff voting fails the participation criterion. Kemeny–Young method This example shows that the Kemeny–Young method violates the participation criterion. Assume four candidates A, B, C, D with 21 voters and the following preferences: The three voters with preferences A > B > C > D are unconfident whether to participate in the election. Voters not participating Assume the 3 voters would not show up at the polling place. The preferences of the remaining 18 voters would be: The Kemeny–Young method arranges the pairwise comparison counts in the following tally table: Result: The ranking A > D > C > B has the highest ranking score of 67 (= 13 + 13 + 13 + 12 + 9 + 7); against e.g. 65 (= 13 + 13 + 13 + 11 + 9 + 6) of B > A > D > C. Thus, A is Kemeny-Young winner. Voters participating Now, consider the 3 unconfident voters decide to participate: The Kemeny–Young method arranges the pairwise comparison counts in the following tally table: Result: The ranking B > A > D > C has the highest ranking score of 77 (= 16 + 16 + 13 + 12 + 11 + 9); against e.g. 76 (= 16 + 16 + 13 + 12 + 10 + 9) of A > D > C > B. Thus, B is Kemeny-Young winner. Conclusion By participating in the election the three voters supporting A would change A from winner to loser. Their ballots support 3 of the 6 pairwise comparisons of the ranking A > D > C >B, but four pairwise comparisons of the ranking B > A > D > C, enough to overcome the first one. Thus, Kemeny-Young fails the participation criterion. Majority judgment This example shows that majority judgment violates the participation criterion. Assume two candidates A and B with 5 potential voters and the following ratings: The two voters rating A "Excellent" are unconfident whether to participate in the election. Voters not participating Assume the 2 voters would not show up at the polling place. The