fractions, low and high plasmid concentration. Clones that possessed unique end fragments were then analyzed by hybridization to Pulse Field Gradient (PFG) Southern blots. Examining the results gathered for single and double digests of human DNA with enzymes NotI, BssHII, and NruI, a restriction map with 850 kb was region containing the linking and jumping clones were created. Furthermore, NotI fragments of 250 and 350 kb jumps were evident in the two end clones derived corresponding to genetic distances of 0.25 and 0.35 cM. Advantages and disadvantages The advantages of chromosome jumping are: Allows more rapid movement through the genome compared to other techniques, such as chromosome walking. Able to travel across chromosomal regions containing uncloneable sequences in bacterial hosts. Thirdly, this technique can be used to generate genomic markers with known chromosomal locations. Combination of jumping and linking jumping libraries to walking offers possibility of directional walking and might allow the analysis of longer regions in parallel mapping strategies. Reduces the complexity of libraries to be screened and constructed of mammalian genome. However, despite of these advantages, chromosome jumping is still restricted by the capacity of the cloning vector which is the distance of the ends of the two fragments which can be approximately hundreds of kilobases. Additionally, because the jump does not clone the intervening DNA, chromosome walking would have to be done to identify all the genes present in the DNA. Regardless, it is still deemed to be beneficial due to the possibility to jump over hundred kilobases in comparison to chromosome walking. Applications Genetic disorders Chromosome jumping libraries help address the complication of standard cloning techniques with large molecular distances. This process allowed the possibility to use the chromosome jumping library for other genetic disorders that requires 100 kilobases jumps. Particularly for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, its gene is located in human chromosome 7, was able to utilize the chromosome jumping library to search for a jumping clone, met oncogene. Identification of the cystic fibrosis was complicated due to it existing in eukaryotic genes that is composed with coding (exons) and non-coding (introns) segments, where introns are small in size making them difficult for detection. Another struggle in recognizing cystic fibrosis gene is because mammalian cells contains variety of repetitive DNA that can lead to incorrect cloning and blockage of DNA Replication and can cause instability. Both these complications, traditional cloning techniques are unable