the wrangler possesses a specialised role in an outfit. An outfit is a band or unit of cowboys, cooks and wranglers who would travel together in roundups and on trails. Older wranglers are often responsible for the training of younger ones, passing down common knowledge and advice, rather than a broader and institutionalised education system. Wranglers are often prospective cowhands wrangling in order to learn the basics about stock work. Education therefore does not consist of formal instruction. Instead, wranglers and cowboys are expected to learn on the job and grow into higher positions of management. Activities Film industry The wrangler, also associated with the care and maintenance of the horse, is in some circumstances responsible for maintaining the ethical treatment of horses. Ethical issues about the modern management of horses, such as radio collars placed on wild horses (which could cut into the necks of growing horses), also reinforced in wranglers a scepticism of scientific and modern procedures in wrangling and reinforced traditional methods. Wranglers must also ensure that living and training facilities are suitable and large enough to house a certain number of horses. Wranglers involved in the production of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012) revealed that despite concerns they had displayed about the farm in which the horses were being held, the production company was responsible for the deaths of up to 27 animals. The animal wranglers were previously fired from production but were also supported by claims from PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) suggesting that issues concerning the housing of horses stemmed from overcrowding and unsafe barbed fencing. Another example is horses in the film Horses of McBride (2012) in which there were extremely specific requirements for the cast of horses required. The film, depicting the struggle to save two starving horses, required extremely malnourished black and sorrel horses. One such horse, Lady, was typecast as needing to be rescued. A suitable horse was discovered by the film's horse wrangler and rescued from bleak conditions and given adequate food and restored to full health. Therefore, the wrangler's role in this industry requires much research and casting behind the scenes, as stunt doubles were also required. Wranglers could also be required to train actors to ride and drive horse-drawn wagons, and have a historical knowledge of horses and their uses. Stunt-horses had to be very specific, not only fulfilling the demands of the