governments began to crack down on corruption and patronage, macroeconomic growth plans aimed at improving living conditions began to be implemented, and millions of Africans continued to flock to the cities in search of jobs and other amenities. See also Economy of Africa General: History of Africa African historiography References Further reading Austin, G. "Reciprocal Comparison and African History: Tackling Conceptual Eurocentrism in the Study of Africa’s Economic Past. African Studies Review 50(3) 2007. 1–28. Austin, G. "The ‘Reversal Of Fortune’ Thesis and the Compression of History: Perspectives from African and Comparative Economic History. Journal of International Development 2008. 20(8), 996–1027. Austin, G. African Economic History in Africa." Economic History of Developing Regions 2015. 30(1), 79–94. Curtin, Philip. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. Daniels, Rudolph. "The Nature of the Agrarian Land Question in the Republic of South Africa." The American Journal of Economics, July 2006, pp. 1–16 Fage, J.D. A History of Africa (Routledge, 4th edition, 2001 ) (Hutchinson, 1978, ) (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978, ) Frankema, E. & M. Waijenburg. "Structural Impediments to African Growth? New Evidence from Real Wages in British Africa, 1880–1965" Journal of Economic History 2012 72#4, 895–926. Hochschild, Adam (1998). King Leopold's Ghost. Pan Macmillan. . on Belgian Congo Hopkins, A. G. "Fifty years of African economic history" Economic History of Developing Regions (2019) 34:1, 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1575589 Hopkins, A. G. An Economic History of West Africa (Longman, 1990). Inikori, Joseph E. (ed.) Forced Migration: The Impact of the Export Slave Trade on African Societies (London and New York, 1982) Inikori, Joseph E.The Chaining of a Continent: Export Demand for Captives and the History of Africa South of the Sahara, 1450–1870 Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 1992. Inikori, Joseph E. and Engerman, Stanley (Eds.) The Atlantic Slave Trade Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992 Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983 Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidential, Oriental and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Nduru, Noyiga. "Walking the Tightrope of Land Reform." Inter Press Service News Agency, September 30, 2006 Nunn, Nathan. "The Long Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2008, pp. 139–76 Rimmer, D. The Economies of West Africa (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984).