French philosophers 20th-century French writers 20th-century male writers Continental philosophers École Normale Supérieure alumni Epistemologists 19th-century French Jews French historians of philosophy French male non-fiction writers French male writers Idealists Jewish philosophers Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques Ontologists Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of history Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of mind Spinoza scholars Academic staff of the University of Paris Writers from Paris Male feminists