Victor Josef Papanek (22 November 1923 – 10 January 1998) was an Austrian-born American designer and educator, who became a strong advocate of the socially and ecologically responsible design of products, tools, and community infrastructures. His book "Design for the Real World", originally published in 1971 and translated into more than 24 languages, had lasting international impact. Early life and education Victor Josef Papanek was born in Vienna, Austria, on 22 November 1923. There have been conflicting published information on Papanek's birth date, and the dates range between 1923 to 1927. His mother was Helene (née Spitz) and his father was Richard Papanek, a Jewish deli owner, Victor was born during a time in Austria when it was a Social Democratic led state. He attended school in England. His father died in 1935, while serving in the French Army. In 1939 following Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria, 15 year old Papanek emigrated to the United States (by way of Ellis Island) as a refugee. In 1940, he taught German lessons at the New York YMCA. Upon arrival to New York City, the 1939 New York World's Fair was happening which included work by Raymond Loewy, this shaped some of Papanek's early ideas on design as a form of Democracy. In the late 1940s, Papanek created his first New York City-based design consultancy called, Design Clinic. Papanek studied architecture with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona in 1949. Papanek earned his bachelor's degree at Cooper Union in New York (1950) and completed graduate studies in design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.A. 1955). Career Papanek created product designs for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Volvo of Sweden contracted design work with him, in order to create a taxi for the disabled. He worked with a design team that prototyped an educational television set that could be utilized in the developing countries of Africa and produced in Japan for $9.00 per set (cost in 1970 dollars). His designed products also included a remarkable transistor radio, made from ordinary metal food cans and powered by a burning candle, that was designed to actually be produced cheaply in developing countries. His design skills also took him into projects like an innovative method for dispersing seeds and fertilizer for reforestation in difficult-to-access land, as well as working with a design team on