Al-Kawthar (, "Abundance") is the 108th chapter (sūrah) of the Quran. It is the shortest chapter, consisting of three ayat or verses: ۝ We have given thee abundance ۝ So pray to your Lord and sacrifice [to Him alone]. ۝ Indeed, your enemy is the one cut off. There are several different opinions as the timing and contextual background of its supposed revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl). According to Ibn Ishaq, it is an earlier "Meccan surah", which is believed to have been revealed in Mecca, sometime before the Isra and Mi'raj. Text and meaning Text and transliteration Hafs from Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud ¹ ² ³ Warsh from Nafiʽ al-Madani ¹ ² ³ Meanings Verily, We have granted you (O Muhammad) Al-Kauthar (a river or lake in Paradise); Therefore turn in prayer to your Lord and sacrifice (to Him only). For he who makes you angry (O Muhammad), - he will be cut off (from every good thing in this world and in the Hereafter). Indeed, We have granted you, [O Muhammad], al-Kawthar. So pray unto thy Lord, and sacrifice. Indeed, your enemy is the one cut off. To thee have We granted the Fount (of Abundance). Therefore to thy Lord turn in Prayer and Sacrifice. For he who hateth thee, he will be cut off (from Future Hope). Lo! We have given thee Abundance; So pray unto thy Lord, and sacrifice. Lo! it is thy insulter (and not thou) who is without posterity. Commentary The word Kauthar is derived from the root ك - ث - ر k - th - r, which has meanings of "to increase in number, to outnumber, to happen frequently; to show pride in wealth and/or children; to be rich, plentiful, abundance." The form Kawthar itself is an intensive deverbal noun, meaning "abundance, multitude". It appears in the Qur'an solely in this sūrah. Hadith The first and foremost exegesis/tafsir of the Qur'an is found in hadith of Muhammad. Although scholars including ibn Taymiyyah claim that Muhammad has commented on the whole of the Qur'an, others including Ghazali cite the limited amount of narratives, thus indicating that he has commented only on a portion of the Qur'an. Ḥadīth (حديث) is literally "speech" or "report", that is a recorded saying or tradition of Muhammad validated by isnad; with Sirah Rasul Allah these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah. According to Aishah, the life of the Islamic prophet