recruitment into armed militias and state military. According to a United Nations report, 50 percent of Sudanese children do not attend school. Boys and girls, who are in schools, are abducted by soldiers and forced to join the military or armed rebel groups. When they are taken, most girls are raped by their captors and those who resist are killed. Boys are "castrated and sexually mutilated". According to a United Nations report, an estmiated 430 children were victims of sexual violence through military recruitment. USAID continues to work on educational initiatives, including granting 9,000 scholarships to boys and girls. Currently, USAID has over a dozen educational projects and has constructed 140 primary-level schools and four secondary schools. Over 1.4 million students attend or are involved in USAID educational programs in the region. Environment Historically, people have disputed the claim of fertile land and water. The recent discovery of oil is now also a resource that is disputed over. However, despite the availability of oil, Sudan experiences a notion called paradox of the plenty, a phenomenon that occurs when a country has plentiful natural resources—in this case, oil—but struggles to fully compete economically. Because of displacement, refugees who fled their destroyed homes cut down forests to survive. They used the wood for fuel, building materials, and to find food. People Refugees and displacement The war destroyed towns that were once centers of culture and economic activity. The locations where towns were are now empty desert. In conjunction with empty deserts, the culture that was cultivated by the people was lost because the refugees fled north. However, remaining tribes and groups fortified their claim on territory and introduced conflict with one another. In a 2019 article in Ethnopolitics, Jana Krouse goes over how violence and instability leads to the outward flow of displaced people. Specifically, Krouse's article explains how communal violence in South Sudan is intensified and prolonged by the broader instability and regional crises. Refugee flow continues well past 2012, when “South Sudan–Sudan: State of Emergency” was published. Tensions between the North Sudanese government and the SPLA continued decades after the first wave of displaced peoples fled from South Sudan. Refugees who relocated to other parts of South Sudan soon after faced threats of violence and oftentimes became displaced again. The continuity of violence across South Sudan has defined the attitudes of South Sudanese living in Khartoum. A University of Khartoum