be called the Duchy of Warsaw", (1809). In 1809 he became a member of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning. In the years 1809–1810 he was once again involved with the Kraków Academy, bringing it back from its temporarily Germanized form. In his The Physico-Moral Order (1811), Kołłątaj sought to create a socio-ethical system emphasizing the equality of all people, based on the physiocratic idea of a "physico-moral order". Steeped in the natural sciences, geology and mineralogy in particular, he went on to write A Critical Analysis of Historical Principles regarding the Origins of Humankind, published posthumously in 1842. In this work he put forward the first Polish presentation of ideas of social evolution based on geological concepts. This work is also seen as an important contribution to cultural anthropology. In The State of Education in Poland in the Final Years of the Reign of Augustus III, published posthumously in 1841, he argued against the Jesuit domination of education and presented a study of the history of education. He died on 28 February 1812, "forgotten and abandoned" by his contemporaries. He was buried in the Powązki Cemetery. Remembrance Despite his lonely death, Kołłątaj became an influence on many subsequent reformers and is now recognized as one of the key figures of the Enlightenment in Poland, and "one of the greatest minds of his epoch". He is one of the figures immortalized in Jan Matejko's 1891 painting, Constitution of May 3, 1791. Several learned institutions in Poland are named in Hugo Kołłątaj's honour, including the Agricultural University of Cracow of which he was co-founder and patron. See also History of philosophy in Poland – Enlightenment Piotr Skarga Stanisław Staszic List of Poles References Further reading Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Historia filozofii (History of Philosophy), 3 vols., Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1978. External links Works by Hugo Kołłątaj in digital library Polona 1750 births 1812 deaths People from Ternopil Oblast Burials at Powązki Cemetery 18th-century Polish–Lithuanian Roman Catholic priests 18th-century Polish nobility 18th-century Polish–Lithuanian philosophers 19th-century Polish philosophers Ecclesiastical senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Jagiellonian University alumni 19th-century Polish historians Polish male non-fiction writers Canons of Kraków Polish educational theorists Enlightenment philosophers Catholic philosophers Polish political writers Kościuszko insurgents Polish anthropologists Prisoners and detainees of Austria Polish prisoners and detainees Prisoners and detainees of Russia Polish exiles Rectors of the Jagiellonian University Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) Polish Jacobins