Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. New monarchies were created in Lithuania and the United Baltic Duchy (which comprised the modern countries of Latvia and Estonia). The German aristocrats Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach (in Lithuania), and Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (in the United Baltic Duchy), were appointed as rulers. This plan was detailed by German Colonel General Erich Ludendorff, who wrote, "German prestige demands that we should hold a strong protecting hand, not only over German citizens, but over all Germans." Second World War Despite being occupied by the Axis powers, several Western and Asian countries were allowed to exercise self-rule. Several states were created in order to facilitate their occupation, including Vichy France, Manchukuo, the Empire of Vietnam, the Independent State of Croatia in Croatia and the Lokot Autonomy in Central Russia. Historical suzerainties Ottoman Empire: Principality of Serbia Principality of Samos Cretan State Crimean Khanate Septinsular Republic Principality of Bulgaria Principality of Moldavia Republic of Ragusa Principality of Romania Serbian Despotate Principality of Transylvania Principality of Upper Hungary Principality of Wallachia Khedivate of Egypt Vilayet of Tripolitania Eyalet of Tunis Regency of Algiers Duchy of Prussia/Kingdom of Prussia/North German Confederation/German Empire Electorate of Brandenburg (Brandenburg-Prussia) Principality of Neuchâtel County of Stolberg-Wernigerode County of Stolberg-Schwarza (after 1748) County of Stolberg-Gedern (after 1804) Grand Duchy of Posen Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg Grand Duchy of Baden (Franco-Prussian War) Kingdom of Bavaria (Franco-Prussian War) Kingdom of Württemberg (Franco-Prussian War) Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (Franco-Prussian War) Kingdom of Finland Duchy of Courland and Semigallia United Baltic Duchy Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Duchy of Estonia and Livonia Kingdom of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Belarusian Democratic Republic Ukrainian People's Republic (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) Ukrainian State Crimean Regional Government Don Republic Kuban People's Republic Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (Otto von Lossow mission) Democratic Republic of Georgia (Treaty of Poti) Qing Dynasty: Mongolia Tibet Korea Vietnam Myanmar Thailand Empire of Japan: Ryukyu Kingdom Korea In Europe: Habsburg control, as Holy Roman Emperor, over Liechtenstein (1719–1918), previously Schellenberg (1499–1719) and County of Vaduz (1322–1719) Ireland, under the control of the High King of Ireland. Piombino (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) In Indonesia: Kingdom of Larantuka Suzerainties in Fiction In J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Return of the King, the Mouth of Sauron proposes terms of surrender that would effectively give Mordor suzerainty over Gondor and Rohan: “The rabble of Gondor and