which is a probable reason for the increase of its population and expansion in western, eastern and southern Europe. Although Scaphoideus titanus descends from North America, flavescence dorée is not reported in USA and Canada. Management Without control measures to manage Flavescence dorée it can infect all vines in a vineyard within only a couple of years. There is no cure at the moment and the way to manage its spread is by: uprooting infected plants, using selective insecticides in an area-wide pest management approach in order to reduce the hemipteran vectors careful monitoring of the propagation material Complete suppression of Flavescence dorée is not possible only with insecticides because they reduce populations of S. titanus in average by about 80-95%. That is why uprooting of infected plants should be combined with insecticide application. During the period of activity of adult vector it is strongly recommended to avoid any kind of mechanical or chemical control of host plants because its unavailability could drive infected vector to disperse to other noninfected plants. It has been proposed by Antoine Caudwell, a French agriculturist who was a pioneer in research on grapevine phytoplasma diseases such as flavescence dorée, to treat plant material with hot water since 1966. When later works proved the effectiveness of the hot water treatment it was recognized in EU Directive and some other organizations. See also List of grape diseases black wood of grapevine or "Stolbur" or "Bois noir", another vine disease due to a Phytoplasma species References External links Documentation at inra.fr Bacterial grape diseases Candidatus taxa