shipment of Spain, but was never repaid in spite of agreements signed with the Duke of Angoulême, who commanded the expedition. Placed in bankruptcy, he then lost his entire fortune, and was even imprisoned at the Conciergerie for corruption. Ouvrard was exonerated through the intervention of the Duke of Angoulême, but never recovered his fortune. He died in London in 1846. He was survived by Dr Cabarrus, his illegitimate son by Madame Tallien, and his legitimate son, Julien Ouvrard. References Mémoires de G.-J. Memories of G.-J. Ouvrard sur sa vie et ses diverses opérations financières, Paris, Moutardier, 1826, 3 vols. Notice sur G.J. Ouvrard Biographie sur le site dédié à son avocat d'affaires Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès. Bibliography Arthur Lévy, Un grand profiteur de guerre sous la Révolution, l'Empire et la Restauration, G.-J. Ouvrard, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1929 Marcel Pollitzer, Le règne des financiers : Samuel Bernard, J. Law, G.-J. Ouvrard, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions latines, 1978 Jean Savant, Tel fut Ouvrard, le financier providentiel de Napoléon, Paris, Fasquelle, 1954 Otto Wolff, Ouvrard: Speculator of Genius, 1770–1846, New York, D. McKay Co., c. 1962 Maurice Bérard, "Le château de la Jonchère", Bonvalot-Jouve éditeur, Paris, 1906 Général Louis-Victor-Léon de Rochechouart, Souvenirs sur la Révolution et l'Empire (Plon, 1889) French financiers 1770 births 1846 deaths Regents of the Banque de France Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery