and in 1868, a question of recognition of independent Crete was addressed in the House of Representatives, but it was decided by a vote to follow a policy of non-intervention in Ottoman affairs. Aftermath of Arkadi Because the loss of Crete might have been the prelude to a much more serious loss of Ottoman territory in the Balkans, the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Âli Pasha, arrived in the island in October 1867 and remained there for four months. A'ali set in progress a low profile district by district reconquest of the island followed by the construction of blockhouses or local fortresses across the whole of it. These were the basis of continued Ottoman military rule until the final crisis of 1896–1898. More importantly, he designed an Organic Law which gave the Cretan Christians equal (in practice, because of their superior numbers, majority) control of local administration. He thus gained the minimum of political cooperation needed to retain control of the island by early 1869 and almost all the rebel leaders had submitted to Ottoman rule though some, notably the pro-Russian Hadjimichaelis, remained in exile in Greece. In fiction The Cretan revolt is referenced in Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, written while the revolt was going on. Verne's Captain Nemo is mentioned as using his submarine Nautilus to provide "4,000 lb. weight of gold" to the rebels. This passage clearly indicates the sympathy of Verne to the rebels' cause. The revolt is mentioned in the novel Freedom and Death by Nikos Kazantzakis. In this work, the explosion of the monastery is attributed to the actions of a relative of the novel's protagonist, Captain Michalis. Notes References Bibliography Conflicts in 1866 Conflicts in 1867 Conflicts in 1868 Conflicts in 1869 19th-century rebellions Ottoman Crete Crete 1866 Greece–Ottoman Empire relations 1866 Jules Verne 1866 in Greece 1867 in Greece 1868 in Greece 1869 in Greece History of Greece (1863–1909) 1866 in the Ottoman Empire 1867 in the Ottoman Empire 1868 in the Ottoman Empire 1869 in the Ottoman Empire Rebellions in Greece