Douglas Hancock Cooper Johnston (October 16, 1856 – June 28, 1939, Chickasaw), also known as "Douglas Henry Johnston", was a tribal leader who served as the last elected governor of the Chickasaw Nation from 1898 to 1902. He was re-elected in 1904 and, after the Dawes Act changed how tribal lands were allocated and regulated in Indian Territory to allow statehood in 1907, he was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 as governor of the tribe under federal authority. He served until his death in office in 1939. In office, he was notable for ratifying the Atoka Agreement, which allotted communal tribal lands to individual households. In the 1920s he successfully sued the federal government in the US Court of Claims, to recover monies illegally obtained from tribal resources. Prior to his election as governor, he was the superintendent of Bloomfield Academy, a Chickasaw girls' boarding school. From 1902 to 1904, he served in the Chickasaw Senate. President Theodore Roosevelt reappointed him as Governor of the Chickasaw after the Dawes Act changed how tribal lands were allocated and regulated in Indian Territory in an effort to push assimilation and prepare for statehood. Family background Johnston was the son of Mary Ann Cheadle Walker (1818 – c. 1863, Chickasaw), and her husband, "Colonel" John Johnston, Sr., who was European American. The third of four sons, he was born in Skullyville, Indian Territory, when it was the capital of the Choctaw Nation. In the Chickasaw matrilineal kinship system, children were considered born into their mother's clan and took their status from her. Johnston's name is sometimes given as "Douglas Henry Johnston", but he was named for General Douglas Hancock Cooper. He had two elder brothers, William Worth Johnston and Franklin Pierce Johnston, and one younger, Napoleon Bonapart [sic] Johnston. Early life Douglas Johnston was educated in the Bloomfield Academy and the Chickasaw Manual Labor Academy, established in 1867. Before he was nine years old, both his parents had died. The orphaned boy was raised by an older half-brother, Tandy C. Walker, the son of his mother and her first husband, Lewis Walker. Growing up, Johnston worked as a farmer and stockman. Career Superintendent of Bloomfield Academy In 1882, Johnston was appointed as Superintendent of the Bloomfield Seminary, a missionary boarding school for Chickasaw girls funded by the Chickasaw Nation and the Methodist Church. He was completing the term of the previous