Tolis-shad (634–639), he enacted a major reform by consenting to the Doulu and Nushibi wings' autonomy and native leadership, not drawn from the Ashina clan. The order, favorable to the Duolu and Nushibi, was hurtful to the Karluks, Yagma, Kipchaks, Basmals, and worst of all to the descendants of the Eastern / Northern Xiongnu – Chuyüe (later Shatuo) and Chumi they were especially anguished because their Chumuhun kins were in the privileged Duolu and Chuban in both Duolo & Nushibi wings. Independence In 647 the Western Turkic Kaganate was split into two independent states as a result of Ili River treaty. The independence period lasted until the rise of the Second Turkic Khaganate. In 667 the Nushibi wing of the On oq allied with Tibet. At about 720, a campaign led by Kul Tegin defeated the forces of the Nushibi tribal union led by the Ezgil (Izgil) tribe, and subjugated the former "western wing", which from that time disappeared from the literature. The episode of the military campaign is mentioned in the Bilge Kagan inscription in the Orkhon inscriptions. Nushibi tribal leaders Tongdian, Vol. 199 records the five sub-tribes' names and titles of their leaders. Ethnic and linguistic affiliation The difference between Nushibi and Duolu groups was solely economical, a consequence of their relative geographical location. Dulu occupied northern portion of the Middle Asia steppes, away from the main artery of the Silk Road, and were little affected by the intracontinental trade. The main source of Duolu trade income came from Turfan of the Turfan basin. Nushibi occupied lands south of Dulu, controlled a major stretch of the caravan road artery and numerous branches, and were profoundly affected by its operation. Bilingual Turkic-Sogdian merchants operated the constellation of oasis city-states with a common name Sogdiana and established a symbiotic relationship with their Nushibi nomadic sponsors. Lev Gumilyov noted that Duolu and Nushibi language was a "djo"-type dialect (djabgu), as opposed to the "yo"-type dialect (y'abgu). The "djo"-type dialects belong to the Kipchak and Siberian Turkic branches of the Turkic language family; in Chuvash, the only extant Oghur dialect, "y-" /j/ becomes occasionally "ś-" /ɕ/. Orkhon Inscriptions Bilge Khagan inscription, 1st side, 14: Bilge Khagan inscription, 1st side, 15: Bilge Khagan inscription, 2nd side, 2: Kül Tegin inscription, 2nd side, 2: See also Yueban Chuyue Geshu Han References Turkic peoples of Asia Western Turkic Khaganate