This article discusses the phonological system of Standard Macedonian (unless otherwise noted) based on the Prilep-Bitola dialect. For discussion of other dialects, see Macedonian dialects. Macedonian possesses five vowels, one semivowel, three liquid consonants, three nasal stops, three pairs of fricatives, two pairs of affricates, a non-paired voiceless fricative, nine pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants and four pairs of stops. Vowels Schwa The schwa is phonemic in many dialects (varying in closeness to or ) but its use in the standard language is marginal. It is written with an apostrophe: . It can also be used for dialectal effect; for example, , , etc. When spelling aloud, each consonant is followed by the schwa. The individual letters of acronyms are pronounced with the schwa in the same way: (). The lexicalized acronyms () and () (a brand of cigarettes), are among the few exceptions. Vowel length Vowel length is not phonemic. Vowels in stressed open syllables in disyllabic words with stress on the penult can be realized as long, e.g. 'Veles'. The sequence is often realized phonetically as ; e.g. 'colloq. hour'. Consonants and are officially dorsal-palatal plosives, and some speakers pronounce them that way. They have various other pronunciations, depending on dialect. In some Northern Macedonian dialects they are alveolo-palatal affricates and (just like in Serbo-Croatian), while in the urban Prilep subdialect of the Prilep-Bitola dialect, they have merged into and , respectively. The velarised dental lateral (always written ) and the non-velarised alveolar lateral contrast in minimal pairs such as ('white') and ('trouble'). Before , , and , only occurs and is then written instead of . The alveolar trill () is syllabic between two consonants; for example, 'finger'. The dental nasal () and velarised lateral () are also syllabic in certain foreign words; e.g. 'newton', 'Popocatépetl', etc. The velar fricative /x/ does not occur natively in the language. It has been introduced or retained in Standard Macedonian under the following circumstances: (1) new foreign words: 'hotel', (2) toponyms: Ohrid, (3) Church Slavonicisms: 'spirit', (4) new literary words: 'income', and (5) to disambiguate between potential homophones: 'food' vs. 'injury, wound'. Phonological processes At morpheme boundaries (represented in spelling) and at the end of a word (not represented in spelling), voicing opposition is neutralized. Stress The word stress in Macedonian is antepenultimate, meaning it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables,