study examining this opposition to the weapons effect. Again using archival data, Kleck found that guns have little do with the relative risk of homicide. In his discussion, he bid scholars to question the causal effect of the presence of weapons in the scene on the incidence of homicide. While it is difficult to directly test the weapons effect in the real world, much of the available evidence would suggest that there are other underlying causes for the effects originally measured by Berkowitz and LePage. Real-world application The weapons effect has implications for legal policy on gun control. For example, in a book chapter from Psychology and Social Policy, author Charles Turner proposes that policy recommendations aiming to minimize criminal violence need to take in account that the aggressive meaning people attach to firearms, in addition to the availability of firearms, has an important role in criminal violence. Yet, he also argues that the weapons effect can be mitigated. Nevertheless, with the mixed results and conclusions from weapons effect studies, it is not clear if this line of research will extend into support for or against gun control legislation. Because of the nature of the weapons effect, it is impossible to directly test the original hypothesis in a real-world setting. While the attempts at replicating or even finding a weapons effect may be performed flawlessly, that does not necessarily mean that the results of these studies is applicable in the real world. It is important to note that an effect may have been found in many of these studies, but further research is necessary to determine the validity and replicability of these results. See also Leonard Berkowitz Weapon focus Aggression Social learning theory References External links For a PowerPoint on frameworks for the social psychology of aggression (this includes one slide on the original weapons effect study) see the following website: http://www.slideserve.com/arabella/social-psychology-of-aggression For CNN's latest coverage on the gun debate see the following website: http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/us/gun-debate For PBS's latest coverage on the gun debate see the following website: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/news/gun-debate/ Social psychology