protected from being sued for civil rights violations under Section 1983 by the doctrine of qualified immunity. Stump v. Sparkman, A judge will not be deprived of judicial immunity because the action he took was in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of his authority. He will be subject to liability only when he has acted in the clear absence of all jurisdiction. Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York, Municipalities can be held liable for violations of Constitutional rights through 42 U.S.C. § 1983 actions. §1983 claims against municipal entities must be based on implementation of a policy or custom. Harris v. Harvey, 605 F.2d 330 (7th Cir. 1979) The Seventh Circuit established that a judge engaging in acts of public defamation inspired by racial prejudice is not protected by judicial immunity and therefore a civil lawsuit against a judge can be brought under the Civil Rights Act (42 U.S.C. § 1983). Will v. Michigan Department of State Police, Neither States nor state officials acting in their official capacities are "persons" within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when being sued for monetary damages. Birth control and abortion Griswold v. Connecticut, A Connecticut law that criminalizes the use of contraception by married couples is unconstitutional because all Americans have a constitutionally protected right to privacy. Eisenstadt v. Baird, A Massachusetts law that criminalizes the use of contraception by unmarried couples violates the right to privacy established in Griswold as well as the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Roe v. Wade, Laws that restrict a woman's ability to have an abortion prior to viability are unconstitutional. Most restrictions during the first trimester are prohibited, and only health-related restrictions are permitted during the second trimester (partially overruled by Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) and fully overruled by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)). Carey v. Population Services International, Laws that restrict the sale, distribution, and advertisement of contraceptives to both adults and minors are unconstitutional. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, A woman is still able to have an abortion before viability, but several restrictions are now permitted during the first trimester. The strict trimester framework of Roe is discarded and replaced with the more flexible "undue burden" test (overruled by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)). Stenberg v. Carhart, Laws that ban partial-birth abortion are unconstitutional if they do not