loans for much-needed infrastructural and economic development. On average, African countries still owe more to multilateral institutions such as the World Bank and IMF than China, and debt owed to more Western-oriented institutions has existed for far longer and has had similar levels of debt and resource exploitation. According to an IMF report, Chinese aid and infrastructure projects on average lead to slight positive socioeconomic impacts for its host countries, but there is conflicting evidence as to whether these results apply to African countries. Ian Taylor, co-editor of the Journal of Modern African Studies, highlights that sovereign guarantees are not unusual in other bilateral financial institutions, and posits that an actual takeover of the Kenyan port seems unlikely, since China would be wary to take over a financially "loss-making enterprise" as well as compromise its international reputation. Maddalena Procopio, another analyst on China-Africa relations, cautions against overly dismissing Kenyan agency in negotiations, and emphasizes that the Kenyan government has itself actively sought and initiated these BRI projects as well as historically pushed back against disadvantageous Chinese investments. In 2018, Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta banned Chinese fish imports in response to public outcry over the unregulated importation of fish from China with Kenyan fishermen lamenting on how the foreign fish had flooded markets. In response, the Chinese government threatened to completely pull funding for the SGR project as well as to impose trade sanctions. The Kenyan government soon after lifted the ban of Chinese fish imports, which attracted further criticism of debt-diplomacy from local media. In February 2021, China postponed $245 million of Kenyan debt repayments for 6 months, a week after the Paris Club had offered similar relief, as the country struggles with the economic impact of COVID-19. Chinese development finance to Kenya From 2000 to 2011, there are approximately 65 Chinese official development finance projects identified in Kenya through various media reports. These projects range from a US$108 million grant from Chinese government to build the North and East Ring Road sections in Nairobi, to a concessional loan to finance the construction of the Kenyatta University Teaching, Research and Referral Hospital Project in 2011. See also China-Africa relations Chinese people in Kenya References Bilateral relations of Kenya Kenya Kenya