the peace" laws. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, The Commerce Clause gives Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. Loving v. Virginia, Laws that prohibit interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation laws) are unconstitutional. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, The busing of students to promote racial integration in public schools is constitutional. Gates v. Collier, 501 F.2d 1291 (5th Cir. 1974) This decision brought an end to the trusty system and flagrant inmate abuse at the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Parchman, Mississippi. It was the first body of law developed in the Fifth Circuit that abolished racial segregation in prisons and held that a variety of forms of corporal punishment against prisoners is considered cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Racial quotas in educational institutions violate the Equal Protection Clause, but a more narrowly tailored use of race in admission decisions may be permissible. Batson v. Kentucky, Prosecutors may not use peremptory challenges to dismiss jurors based on their race. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, Race-based discrimination, including discrimination in favor of minorities (affirmative action), must pass strict scrutiny. Grutter v. Bollinger, A narrowly tailored use of race in student admission decisions may be permissible under the Equal Protection Clause because a diverse student body is beneficial to all students. This was hinted at in Regents v. Bakke (1978). Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, A Michigan state constitutional amendment that bans affirmative action does not violate the Equal Protection Clause. Discrimination based on sex Muller v. Oregon, Oregon's restrictions on the working hours of women are constitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment because they are justified by the strong state interest in protecting women's health. Glasser v. United States, The exclusion of women from the jury pool, other than members of the League of Women Voters who have attended a jury training class, violates the fair-cross section requirement of the Impartial Jury Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Noteworthy for being the first majority opinion of the Court to use the phrase "cross-section of the community" and the first jury discrimination case to invoke the Sixth Amendment rather than Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., An employer may not, in the absence of business