Public officials, to prove they were libelled, must show not only that a statement is false, but also that it was published with malicious intent (knowing the statement was false, or recklessly disregarding possible falseness).Dombrowski v. Pfister, A court may enjoin enforcement of a statute that is so overbroad in its prohibition of unprotected speech that it substantially prohibits protected speech — especially if the statute is being enforced in bad faith.Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, News organizations may be liable when printing allegations about public figures if the information they disseminate is recklessly gathered and unchecked.United States v. O'Brien, A criminal prohibition against draft-card burning does not violate the First Amendment because its effect on speech is only incidental, and it is justified by the significant governmental interest in maintaining an efficient and effective military draft system.Pickering v. Board of Education, Public employees do not surrender their First Amendment rights to speak on matters of public concern, even critically of their employers, when they take their jobs.Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, Public school students have free speech rights under the First Amendment. Therefore, wearing armbands as a form of protest on public school grounds qualifies as protected symbolic speech.Brandenburg v. Ohio, The mere advocacy of the use of force or of violation of the law is protected by the First Amendment. Only inciting others to take direct and immediate unlawful action is without constitutional protection.Cohen v. California, The First Amendment prohibits the states from making the public display of a single four-letter expletive a criminal offense without a more specific and compelling reason than a general tendency to disturb the peace.New York Times Co. v. United States, The federal government's desire to keep the Pentagon Papers classified is not strong enough to justify violating the First Amendment by imposing prior restraints on the material.Branzburg v. Hayes, The First Amendment's protection of press freedom does not give the reporters' privilege in court.Miller v. California, To be obscene, a work must fail the Miller test, which determines if it has any "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value."Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., The First Amendment permits the states to formulate their own standards of liability for defamation against private individuals as long as liability is not imposed without fault. If the state standard is lower than actual malice, then only actual damages may be awarded.Buckley v. Valeo, Spending