implement random drug testing upon students participating in school-sponsored athletics. Ohio v. Robinette, The Fourth Amendment does not require police officers to inform a motorist at the end of a traffic stop that they are free to go before seeking permission to search the motorist's car. Board of Education v. Earls, Coercive drug testing imposed by school districts upon students who participate in extracurricular activities does not violate the Fourth Amendment. Georgia v. Randolph, Police cannot conduct a warrantless search in a home where one occupant consents and the other objects. In re Directives, (2008) According to the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review, an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement exists when surveillance is conducted to obtain foreign intelligence for national security purposes and is directed against foreign powers or agents of foreign powers reasonably believed to be located outside the United States. United States v. Jones, Attaching a GPS device to a vehicle and then using the device to monitor the vehicle's movements constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment. Riley v. California, Police must obtain a warrant in order to search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual who has been arrested. Carpenter v. United States, Government acquisition of cell-site records is a Fourth Amendment search, and, thus, generally requires a warrant. Right to counsel Powell v. Alabama, Under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, a state must inform illiterate defendants charged with a capital crime that they have a right to be represented by counsel and must appoint counsel for defendants who cannot afford to hire a lawyer and give counsel adequate time to prepare for trial. Glasser v. United States, A defense lawyer's conflict of interest arising from a simultaneous representation of codefendants violates the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Betts v. Brady, Indigent defendants may be denied counsel when prosecuted by a state (overruled by Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)). Gideon v. Wainwright, All defendants have the right to an attorney and must be provided one by the state if they are unable to afford legal counsel. Escobedo v. Illinois, A person in police custody has the right to speak to an attorney. Miranda v. Arizona, Police must advise criminal suspects of their rights under the Constitution to remain silent, to consult with a lawyer, and to have one appointed to them if they