spiral-horned antelopes have emigrated from Africa and into Eurasia during a latter period in their evolutionary history. In addition, undescribed fossils found in South Asia could be related to spiral-horned antelopes. Fossils from Africa have been recovered in places such as Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, but they are sometimes consist of fragmented pieces of leg bone and horn. The oldest known of these species is Tragelaphus moroitu which has been found in the late Miocene to early Pliocene deposits of the Asa Koma, Kuseralee and the Middle Awash deposits in the horn of Africa. Similar in appearance to the nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), T. moroitu was a small antelope and has primitive characteristics in the horn core, making it the most primitive known species of spiral-horn antelope in Africa. The evolution of spiral-horned antelopes based on the abundance of fossils shows they were among the most common species of antelope in Africa, and as climatic changes have occurred throughout their evolution, they have undergone faunal turnovers and adapting to new environments. Below is the list of fossil species that have been described so far listed in alphabetical order: Tribe Tragelaphini Blyth, 1863 sensu Sokolov, 1953 Genus †Pheraios Kostopoulo & Koufos, 2006 †Pheraios chryssomallos Kostopoulo & Koufos, 2006 Genus †Pontoceros Vereshchagin et al., 1971 †Pontoceros surprine Vekua, 2012 †Pontoceros ambiguus Vereshchagin et al., 1971 Genus Taurotragus Wagner, 1855 †Taurotragus arkelli Leakey, 1965 †Taurotragus maroccanus Arambourg, 1939 Genus Tragelaphus de Blainville, 1816 †Tragelaphus algericus Geraads, 1981 †Tragelaphus gaudryi Thomas 1884 †Tragelaphus kyaloae Harris, 1991 †Tragelaphus lockwoodi Reed & Bibi, 2011 †Tragelaphus moroitu Haile-Selassie et al., 2009 †Tragelaphus nakuae Arambourg, 1941 †Tragelaphus nkondoensis Geraads & Thomas, 1994 †Tragelaphus pricei Wells & Cooke, 1956 †Tragelaphus rastafari Bibi, 2011 †Tragelaphus saraitu Geraads et al., 2009 Taxonomy Traditionally the tribe was divided into two genera and seven species as shown below: Tribe Tragelaphini Blyth, 1863 Genus Taurotragus Wagner, 1855 – elands Taurotragus derbianus (Gray, 1847) – giant eland Taurotragus oryx (Pallas, 1767) – common eland Genus Tragelaphus de Blainville, 1816 Tragelaphus imberbis (Blyth, 1869) – lesser kudu Tragelaphus angasii Angas, 1849 – nyala Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Pallas, 1766) – greater kudu Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas, 1766) – bushbuck Tragelaphus buxtoni (Lydekker, 1910) – mountain nyala Tragelaphus euryceros (Ogilby, 1837) – bongo Tragelaphus spekii Speke, 1863 – sitatunga However recent molecular studies have shown a different arrangement. According to the molecular work on the nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA, the