for juvenile offenders. Ramos v. Louisiana, The Sixth Amendment right to jury trial is read as requiring a unanimous verdict to convict a defendant of a serious offense and is an incorporated right to the states. Other areas Hurtado v. California, State governments, as distinguished from the federal government, need not use grand juries in criminal prosecutions. Moore v. Dempsey, Mob violence at criminal trials, such as those that followed the Elaine Race Riot, is a violation of due process. First 20th-century case where the Court protected the rights of Blacks in the South, and one of its first to review a criminal conviction for constitutionality. Sorrells v. United States, Entrapment is a valid defense to a criminal charge. Brown v. Mississippi, Confessions obtained through physical force and torture are inadmissible at trial. Chambers v. Florida, Confessions compelled by police through duress are inadmissible at trial. United States v. Morgan, The writ of coram nobis is the proper application to request federal post-conviction judicial review for those who have completed the conviction's incarceration in order to challenge the validity of a federal criminal conviction. Thompson v. City of Louisville, Criminal convictions are unconstitutional when no element of the offense has been proven. Robinson v. California, Besides ruling that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause applies to the states the Supreme Court held that punishing a person for a medical condition is a violation of the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Brady v. Maryland, The prosecution must turn over all evidence that might exonerate the defendant (exculpatory evidence) to the defense. Barker v. Wingo, The Supreme Court laid down a four-part case-by-case balancing test for determining whether the defendant's speedy trial right under the Sixth Amendment has been violated. Crawford v. Washington, The Supreme Court held that the admission of "testimonial" hearsay in a criminal trial violates the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against him unless the declarant is unavailable to testify at trial and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Election-related cases Bush v. Gore, The recount of ballots in Florida during the 2000 presidential election violated the Equal Protection Clause because different standards of counting were used in the counties that were subjected to the recount. This decision effectively resolved the election in favor of the Republican nominee, George W. Bush. Chiafalo v. Washington, States have the ability to