increased, especially by those who were in debt to them. A deed of 1249, for instance, between the Anglo-Norman Hamond de Levet (Levett) and several donors to Yorkshire's Roche Abbey, required the donors to put the "Hebrew letter with their seal," acknowledging that the Abbey had likely borrowed money from Jewish lenders in York. Reformation Anglicanism Roman Catholicism Modern Church of England Located in York are the Mother Church, York Minster, and administrative centre of the Church of England's Diocese of York, as well as Bishopthorpe Palace the official residence of the Archbishop of York the second highest ranking cleric the Church. There are 32 Church of England churches within the area of the City of York. Roman Catholic York is part of the Central Deanery of the Diocese of Middlesbrough and has eight Roman Catholic Churches and one separate shrine to St. Margaret Clitherow, where masses are held, located in The Shambles. Masses are also celebrated at the University Catholic Chaplaincy, based at More House. The oldest active Catholic institution in the city is the Bar Convent, which was founded in 1686. The oldest active parish is that of St. Wilfrid which was formed in 1710. The current Oratory church in Duncombe Place was built in 1862-4 to a design by architect George Goldie. The oldest extant Catholic church is that of St George, which was built in 1850 to a design by architech Joseph Hansom. Religious Society of Friends There are three meeting houses of the Religious Society of Friends in York although meetings are held at other venues including The Retreat and University of York. York has a long association with the Religious Society of Friends, known as the Quakers, and founded two schools in the city Bootham School in 1823 and The Mount in 1831. The Retreat is a large Quaker mental hospital, situated in the east of the city outside the city walls. It was founded in 1796 by William Tuke; over the next century his son Henry Tuke, grandson Samuel Tuke and great-grandson Daniel Hack Tuke also devoted themselves to mental health reform, continuing to reform The Retreat and publishing a number of works on the subject. The York-born Quaker chocolate entrepreneurs and social reformers Joseph Rowntree and Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree left an indelible mark on the city, through both their business interests and their philanthropy. They built the village of New Earswick to