confirms the idea that production is a purely-local activity. If the production of coal by a single person did not have a direct effect on interstate commerce, the production of coal by many people also could not have a direct effect on interstate commerce. The evils that Congress sought to control were "all local evils over which the federal government has no legislative control." "The federal regulatory power ceases when interstate commerce ends; and, the power does not attach until interstate commercial intercourse begins." Dissenting opinions The Three Musketeers (Supreme Court) dissented. Justice Cardozo, dissenting, reasoned that the price-fixing provision of the Coal Conservation Act was constitutional because it had a direct effect on interstate trade. Justices Stone and Brandeis joined Cardozo's opinion. Chief Justice Hughes also wrote a separate opinion, agreeing with the other five justices that the Act's labor provision was unconstitutional because it was poorly drafted and did not fall within the jurisdiction of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. However, he mainly sided with Cardozo's opinion and noted that the Act's labor and marketing provisions were not dependent on each other. On April 12, 1937, however, Hughes, who wrote the majority opinion, later found the pro-labor Wagner Act constitutional in five separate cases and noted that it was skillfully drafted and specified interstate commerce regulations. See also Carter Coal Company Store (Caretta, West Virginia) Carter Coal Company Store (Coalwood, West Virginia) List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 298 References Epstein, Lee, and Thomas G. Walker. Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints. 6th ed. Washington D.C.: CQ P, 2007. 448-450. External links Summary of Carter v. Carter Coal Company United States Constitution Article One case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court United States Commerce Clause case law 1936 in United States case law Coal mining in the United States New Deal in West Virginia McDowell County, West Virginia United States lawsuits Coal mining law Constitutional challenges to the New Deal