an out-of-state institution; they must offer those opportunities in-state. Smith v. Allwright, Primary elections must be open to voters of all races. Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railway Co., Imposed duty of fair representation on labor unions, requiring that they represent all members of their bargaining unit equally, without regard to race or union membership (later understood to include other protected categories). Korematsu v. United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 is constitutional; therefore, American citizens of Japanese descent can be interned and deprived of their basic constitutional rights. This case featured the first application of strict scrutiny to racial discrimination by the government. (Potentially overruled by Trump v. Hawaii (2018)) Morgan v. Virginia, A Virginia law that enforces segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional. Shelley v. Kraemer, Courts may not enforce racial covenants on real estate. Henderson v. United States, The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 makes it unlawful for a railroad that engages in interstate commerce to subject any particular person to any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage in any respect whatsoever. Hernandez v. Texas, The equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment covers any racial, national, and ethnic groups of the United States against whom discrimination can be proved. Brown v. Board of Education, Segregated schools in the states are unconstitutional because they violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court found that the separate but equal doctrine adopted in Plessy "has no place in the field of public education". Bolling v. Sharpe, Segregated schools in the District of Columbia violate the Equal Protection Clause as incorporated against the federal government by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, 64 MCC 769 (1955) According to the Interstate Commerce Commission, the non-discrimination language of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 bans racial segregation on buses traveling across state lines. The Supreme Court later adopted and expanded this decision in Boynton v. Virginia (1960). Browder v. Gayle, 142 F.Supp. 707 (M.D. Ala. 1956) Bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. Gomillion v. Lightfoot, Electoral district boundaries drawn only to disenfranchise blacks violate the Fifteenth Amendment. Boynton v. Virginia, Racial segregation in all forms of public transportation is illegal under the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. Garner v. Louisiana, Peaceful sit-in demonstrators protesting segregationist policies cannot be arrested under a state's "disturbing