– Alford, Aberdeenshire. July 10 – English Civil War – Battle of Langport: Cromwell wins in Somerset. July 21 – Qing Dynasty regent Dorgon issues an edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus. July 23 – Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia comes to the throne. July 30 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters under Lord Leven begin the Siege of Hereford, a Royalist stronghold. August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee. September 1 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters abandon the Siege of Hereford and retreat northwards September 10 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol. September 13 – Battle of Philiphaugh: The Covenanters defeat Montrose at Selkirk. September 24 – English Civil War – Battle of Rowton Heath: Parliamentarians defeat the Royalist cavalry. October–December October 8–14 – English Civil War: The Third siege of Basing House by Oliver Cromwell results in its destruction. October 8 – Jeanne Mance founds the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the first hospital in North America. October 11 – English Civil War: Re-fortification of Bourne Castle in Lincolnshire against a threatened Royalist attack begins. November 20 The Colegio de Santo Tomas is elevated by Pope Innocent X into the University of Santo Tomas, in his brief In Supreminenti. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia. December 18 – English Civil War: The Royalist stronghold of Hereford is seized in a swift attack by Parliamentary forces under John Birch. Date unknown Bamana forces from Ségou invade the Mali heartland, destroying the Mali Empire after its 400 years as a unified state. The Stolberg-Wernigerode branch of the family of the counts of Stolberg and Wernigerode is founded in Germany. The Solar cycle enters the 70-year Maunder Minimum, during which sunspots will be rare. Wallpaper begins to replace tapestries, as a wall decoration. The Roxbury Latin School is founded. Births January–March January 9 – Sir William Villiers, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1712) January 22 – Isaac Addington, longtime functionary of various colonial governments of Massachusetts (d. 1719) January