African descent in the Militia, and the emancipation of slaves owned by Confederates. Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1385: The Posse Comitatus Act of June 18, 1878 Reaction in Congress against the Reconstruction-era suspensions of Southern states' rights to organize militias led to the passage of the Posse Comitatus Act, restricting any person's use of the U.S. Army and, as later amended, the U.S. Air Force in domestic law enforcement (use of the Navy and Marine Corps, being uniformed services within the Department of Defense, is similarly restricted by statute). The U.S. Coast Guard, in its peacetime role within the Department of Homeland Security, and the National Guard, when not in Federal Service, are specifically not limited by this act. The States revise the military codes 1881 to 1892 The Militia Act of 1903 Established the creation of the National Guard of the United States as the primary organized reserve force for the U.S. armed forces. National Defense Act of 1916 This act abandoned the idea of an expandable Regular Army and firmly established the traditional concept of the citizens' army as the keystone of the United States defense forces. It established the concept of merging the National Guard, the Army Reserve, and the Regular Army into the Army of the United States in time of war. The act further expanded the National Guard's role, and guaranteed the State militias' status as the Army's primary reserve force. The law mandated use of the term "National Guard" for that force, and the President was given authority, in case of war or national emergency, to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency. The number of yearly drills increased from 24 to 48 and annual training from five to 15 days. Drill pay was authorized for the first time. The National Defense Act Amendments of 1920 This act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau (later the National Guard Bureau) would be a National Guard officer, that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions, as used by the Guard in World War I, would be reorganized. The National Guard Mobilization Act, 1933 Made the National Guard a component of the Army. The National Defense Act of 1947 Section 207 (f) established the Air National Guard of the United States, under the National Guard Bureau. 'The Total Force Policy, 1973 Requires all active