Jamestown is burned to the ground by the forces of Nathaniel Bacon. September 21 – Pope Innocent XI succeeds Pope Clement X, as the 240th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. October–December October 13 – Battle of Gegodog: Trunajaya defeats the Mataram Sultanate. October 17 – The Treaty of Żurawno is signed, between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. November 16 – A prison is founded on Nantucket Island, in the English colony of Massachusetts. November 27 – A fire in Boston, Massachusetts, is accidentally set by a careless and sleepy apprentice, who drops a lighted candle, or leaves it too near some combustible substance; this is the largest fire known at this time in the district. The Rev. Increase Mather’s church, dwelling and a portion of his personal library are destroyed. December 4 – Scanian War – Battle of Lund: Sweden defeats the forces of Denmark. December 7 – Ole Rømer makes the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light. December 21 – Sands baronets created in the Baronetage of Ireland. Date unknown Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia decrees that Muslims must live separately from Christians throughout his realm. Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovers microorganisms. An Åbo Lantdag (assembly) meets in Turku, Finland. The French East India Company founds its principal Indian base at Pondicherry, on the Coromandel Coast. The first coffeehouse in North America opens in Boston. Births March 17 – Thomas Boston, Scottish church leader (d. 1732) March 27 – Francis II Rákóczi, Hungarian rebel against the Habsburgs (d. 1735) April 23 – King Frederick I of Sweden (d. 1751) May 26 – Maria Clara Eimmart, German astronomer, engraver and designer (d. 1707) May 28 – Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician (d. 1754) June 17 – Louise de Maisonblanche, illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France (d. 1718) June 21 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher (d. 1729) July 3 – Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal (d. 1747) July 14 – Caspar Abel, German theologian, historian, poet (d. 1763) August 26 – Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1745) September 13 – Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, duchess and regent of Lorraine (d. 1744) September 18 – Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1733) October 8 – Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro, Spanish scholar (d. 1764) October 19 – Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, 1st Marquis of Abrantes, Portuguese diplomat (d.