A thrust gain between 2 and 10 is common with the larger gains with a magnetic nozzle injecting plasma in one direction in opposition to the solar wind. The MHD applicability test of equation for the solar wind is 72 km. Therefore, the estimated force of the MPS is that of equation multiplied by the empirically determined thrust gain from the figure multiplied by the percentage thrust loss from equation For example, using solar wind parameters =8x10−21 kg/m3 and =500 km/s then =72 km and =4x10−8 T. With =105 m for =3 then and 11% from equation . The magnetic field only force with a coil radius of =6,300 m and coil current =1.6x106 A yields =1.6x10−4 T from equation and with =5 the magnetic force only is 175 N from equation . Determining 4 from the figure at =105 m as the multiplier for the magnetic-only force then the MPS force 700 N. Since MPS injects ionized gas at a rate of (kg/s) that can be viewed as a propellant it has a specific impulse where (m/s2) is the acceleration of Earth's gravity. Funaki and Arita stated =0.31 (kg/day). Therefore =28,325 (s) per newton of thrust force. The equivalent exhaust velocity is 278 km/s per newton of thrust force. In 2015 Kajimura and others published simulation results for thrust performance with plasma injected by a magnetic nozzle, a technology used in VASIMR. They reported a thrust gain of 24 when the ion gyroradius (see equation ) was comparable to the characteristic length , at the boundary of the MHD applicability test. The optimal result occurred with a thermal with some decrease for higher values of thermal beta. In 2015 Hagiwara and Kajimura published experimental thrust performance test results with plasma injection using a magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (aka MPD thruster or MPD Arcjet) in a single direction opposite the solar wind direction and a coil with the axial orientation. This meant that provided additional propulsive force. Density plots explicitly show the increased plasma density upwind of the bow shock originating from the MPD thruster. They reported that showing how MPS inflated the magnetic field to create more thrust than the magnetic sail alone plus that of the <<text gap here>>. The conclusion of the experiment was that the thrust gain was approximately 12 for a scaled characteristic length of = 60 km. In the above figure, note the significant improvement in