of the screen, but can actually be placed on any of the 14 screen rows to avoid covering graphics or action. This method is used when captioning video in real-time such as for live events, where a sequential word-by-word captioning process is needed or a pre-made intermediary file isn't available. This method is signaled on EIA-608 by a two-byte caption command or in Teletext by replacing rows for a roll-up effect and duplicating rows for a paint-on effect. This allows for real-time caption line editing. Pop-on or pop-up or block: A caption appears on any of the 14 screen rows as a complete sentence, which can be followed by additional captions. This method is used when captions come from an intermediary file (such as the Scenarist or EBU STL file formats) for pre-taped television and film programming, commonly produced at captioning facilities. This method of captioning can be aided by digital scripts or voice recognition software, and if used for live events, would require a video delay to avoid a large delay in the captions' appearance on-screen, which occurs with Teletext-encoded live subtitles. Caption formatting TVNZ Access Services and Red Bee Media for BBC and Australia example: I got the machine ready. ENGINE STARTING (speeding away) UK IMS for ITV and Sky example: (man) I got the machine ready. (engine starting) US WGBH Access Services example: MAN: I got the machine ready. (engine starting) US National Captioning Institute example: - I GOT THE MACHINE READY. US other provider example: I GOT THE MACHINE READY. [engine starting] US in-house real-time roll-up example: >> Man: I GOT THE MACHINE READY. [engine starting] Non-US in-house real-time roll-up example: MAN: I got the machine ready. (ENGINE STARTING) US CaptionMax example: [MAN] I got the machine ready. [engine starting] Syntax For real-time captioning done outside of captioning facilities, the following syntax is used: '>>' (two prefixed greater-than signs) indicates a change in single speaker. Sometimes appended with the speaker's name in alternate case, followed by a colon. '>>>' (three prefixed greater-than signs) indicates a change in news story or multiple speakers. Styles of syntax that are used by various captioning producers: Capitals indicate main on-screen dialogue and the name of the speaker. Legacy EIA-608 home caption decoder fonts had no descenders on lowercase letters. Outside North America, capitals with background coloration indicate a song title or sound effect description. Outside North America, capitals with black