by the Etruscans because they rise and set together, are twelve in number and their names are unknown, six male and six females and are the cousellors and masters of Jupiter. Martianus states they are always in agreement among themselves. While these last gods seem to be the Penates of Jupiter, Jupiter himself along with Juno and Minerva is one of the Penates of man according to some authors. This complex concept is reflected in Martianus Capella's division of heaven, found in Book I of his De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, which places the Di Consentes Penates in region I with the Favores Opertanei; Ceres and Genius in region V; Pales in region VI; Favor and Genius (again) in region VII; Secundanus Pales, Fortuna and Favor Pastor in region XI. The disposition of these divine entities and their repetition in different locations may be due to the fact that Penates belonging to different categories (of Jupiter in region I, earthly or of mortal men in region V) are intended. Favor(es) may be the Etruscan masculine equivalent of Fortuna. See also Ver sacrum Japheth Planets in astrology#Jupiter Zeus Notes References Bibliography Musei Capitolini Mary Beard, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A History (Cambridge University Press, 1998). Dumézil, G. (1977) La religione romana arcaica. Con un'appendice sulla religione degli Etruschi. Milano, Rizzoli. Edizione e traduzione a cura di Furio Jesi. Dumézil, G. (1988). Mitra-Varuna: An essay on two Indo-European representations of sovereignty. New York: Zone Books. Dumézil, G. (1996). Archaic Roman religion: With an appendix on the religion of the Etruscans. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. Article "Jupiter" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Smith, Miranda J., 'Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend' Favourite Greek Myths, Mary Pope Osbourne Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini Platner, S. B., & Ashby, T. (1929). A topographical dictionary of ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press, H. Milford. Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), A Companion to Roman Religion, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. External links Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 1,700 images of Jupiter) Jovian deities Sky and weather gods Thunder gods Justice gods Roman gods Mythological kings Mythological rapists Deities in the Aeneid Baal Metamorphoses characters Capitoline Triad Dii Consentes Zeus