bacteriological section, with the title of reader of bacteriology in 1936. The Standards Laboratory eventually moved to the Medical Research Council's laboratories at Colindale, but not until 1946. Florey also wanted a biochemist on his staff, but securing one proved difficult. He secured the services of E. A. H. Roberts with a £300 Medical research Council grant in July 1935, and for the next two years Roberts worked with Florey and Magraith on Florey's lysozyme project. Still, Florey wanted a biochemist on his own staff. He tried to obtain Hugh Macdonald Sinclair, but Sinclair declined the offer. Norman Pirie asked Florey if he could assume the role, but when Florey approached Pirie's boss, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Hopkins refused to release Pirie. Hopkins tempered this refusal by recommending Ernst Boris Chain. Chain was one of many Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany who had found sanctuary in the United Kingdom, and he had recently completed his PhD thesis under Hopkins's supervision. Chain gratefully accepted Florey's offer of an appointment although it was initially for one year only, and with an annual salary of £200 (). In turn, Chain felt that he needed a collaborator, and he had one in mind: Norman Heatley, who was finishing his PhD in Hopkins's department. Heatley was happy to come, and Florey was able to arrange for the Medical research Council to fund the position. In 1936, Florey received a letter from Hilda stating that their mother Bertha had terminal cancer, so he arranged to travel to Australia with Ethel, Paquita and Charles during the summer break. They travelled on the to Melbourne, where they were met by Bertha, Charlotte, Hilda, Valetta and Hilda's daughter Joan Gardner. In addition to spending time with his family, he visited Peter MacCallum at his laboratory. MacCullum introduced Florey to Roy Douglas (Pansy) Wright, and they arranged for Wright to come to Oxford the following year. Florey then joined Ethel and the children in Adelaide. The family returned to Oxford in October, and Bertha died on 27 November. Henceforth, Florey would lead an interdisciplinary team in an attack on a particular problem. Each member of the team tackled a particular aspect in their own way, with simultaneous research along different lines building up a complete picture. This was a manner of collaboration that was practically unknown in the United Kingdom at the time. However, the team members, including Florey, all