Steward Way, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Way, on leave from his job at Westinghouse Electric, assigned his senior-year undergraduate students to develop a submarine with this new propulsion system. In the early 1990s, a foundation in Japan (Ship & Ocean Foundation (Minato-ku, Tokyo)) built an experimental boat, the Yamato-1, which used a magnetohydrodynamic drive incorporating a superconductor cooled by liquid helium, and could travel at 15 km/h. MHD power generation fueled by potassium-seeded coal combustion gas showed potential for more efficient energy conversion (the absence of solid moving parts allows operation at higher temperatures), but failed due to cost-prohibitive technical difficulties. One major engineering problem was the failure of the wall of the primary-coal combustion chamber due to abrasion. In microfluidics, MHD is studied as a fluid pump for producing a continuous, nonpulsating flow in a complex microchannel design. MHD can be implemented in the continuous casting process of metals to suppress instabilities and control the flow. Industrial MHD problems can be modeled using the open-source software EOF-Library. Two simulation examples are 3D MHD with a free surface for electromagnetic levitation melting, and liquid metal stirring by rotating permanent magnets. Magnetic drug targeting An important task in cancer research is developing more precise methods for delivery of medicine to affected areas. One method involves the binding of medicine to biologically compatible magnetic particles (such as ferrofluids), which are guided to the target via careful placement of permanent magnets on the external body. Magnetohydrodynamic equations and finite element analysis are used to study the interaction between the magnetic fluid particles in the bloodstream and the external magnetic field. See also Computational magnetohydrodynamics Electrohydrodynamics Electromagnetic pump Ferrofluid List of plasma physics articles Lorentz force velocity meter Magnetic flow meter Magnetohydrodynamic generator Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence Molten salt Plasma stability Shocks and discontinuities (magnetohydrodynamics) Notes References Bansal, J. L. (1994) Magnetofluiddynamics of Viscous Fluids Jaipur Publishing House, Jaipur, India, Biskamp, Dieter. Nonlinear Magnetohydrodynamics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 378 p. Calvert, James B. (20 October 2002) "Magnetohydrodynamics: The dynamics of conducting fluids in an electromagnetic field" (self published by an Associate Professor Emeritus of Engineering, University of Denver, U.S.A.) Davidson, Peter Alan (May 2001) An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, Faraday, M. (1832). "Experimental Researches in Electricity." First Series, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, pp. 125–162. Ferraro, Vincenzo Consolato Antonio and Plumpton,