→ nissatta In a sequence of two dissimilar Sanskrit stops, the first stop assimilates to the second stop Examples: vimukti → vimutti, dugdha → duddha, utpāda → uppāda, pudgala → puggala, udghoṣa → ugghosa, adbhuta → abbhuta, śabda → sadda In a sequence of two dissimilar nasals, the first nasal assimilates to the second nasal Example: unmatta → ummatta, pradyumna → pajjunna j assimilates to a following ñ (i.e., jñ becomes ññ) Examples: prajñā → paññā, jñāti → ñāti The Sanskrit liquid consonants r and l assimilate to a following stop, nasal, sibilant, or v Examples: mārga → magga, karma → kamma, varṣa → vassa, kalpa → kappa, sarva → savva → sabba r assimilates to a following l Examples: durlabha → dullabha, nirlopa → nillopa d sometimes assimilates to a following v, producing vv → bb Examples: udvigna → uvvigga → ubbigga, dvādaśa → bārasa (beside dvādasa) t and d may assimilate to a following s or y when a morpheme boundary intervenes Examples: ut+sava → ussava, ud+yāna → uyyāna Progressive assimilations Nasals sometimes assimilate to a preceding stop (in other cases epenthesis occurs) Examples: agni → aggi, ātman → atta, prāpnoti → pappoti, śaknoti → sakkoti m assimilates to an initial sibilant Examples: smarati → sarati, smṛti → sati Nasals assimilate to a preceding stop+sibilant cluster, which then develops in the same way as such clusters without following nasals Examples: tīkṣṇa → tikṣa → tikkha, lakṣmī → lakṣī →lakkhī The Sanskrit liquid consonants r and l assimilate to a preceding stop, nasal, sibilant, or v Examples: prāṇa → pāṇa, grāma → gāma, śrāvaka → sāvaka, agra → agga, indra → inda, pravrajati → pavvajati → pabbajati, aśru → assu y assimilates to preceding non-dental/retroflex stops or nasals Examples: cyavati → cavati, jyotiṣ → joti, rājya → rajja, matsya → macchya → maccha, lapsyate → lacchyate → lacchati, abhyāgata → abbhāgata, ākhyāti → akkhāti, saṁkhyā → saṅkhā (but also saṅkhyā), ramya → ramma y assimilates to preceding non-initial v, producing vv → bb Example: divya → divva → dibba, veditavya → veditavva → veditabba, bhāvya → bhavva → bhabba y and v assimilate to any preceding sibilant, producing ss Examples: paśyati → passati, śyena → sena, aśva → assa, īśvara → issara, kariṣyati → karissati, tasya → tassa, svāmin → sāmī v sometimes assimilates to a preceding stop Examples: pakva → pakka, catvāri → cattāri, sattva → satta, dhvaja