central-government règime of absolute monarchy as politically necessary for societal stability and the national security of the state: In the Kingdom of France, critics of Crown and Church risked censorship and summary imprisonment without trial, and primitivism was political protest against the repressive imperial règimes of Louis XIV and Louis XV. In his travelogue of North America, the writer Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan, who had lived with the Huron Indians (Wyandot people), ascribed deist and egalitarian politics to Adari, a Canadian Indian who played the role of noble savage for French explorers: Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin, who had good relations with American Indians during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), protested against the legal authorities’ indifference to the Paxton Boys massacre of Indian women and children at Conestoga, Pennsylvania, in December 1763. To temper and control the racial violence of the white population, Franklin organized a Quaker militia to strengthen the local government in policing the entire colonial community to prevent further attacks against the local Indian populace. In the pamphlet Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America (1784), Franklin especially noted the racism inherent to the colonists using the word savage as synonym for the North American natives: Franklin used the white colonists’ massacres to describe and identify the vigilante Paxton Boys as “Christian white savages”, and called for the judicial punishment of men and women who carried the Bible in one hand and a hatchet in the other. Franklin also praised the way of life of the Indians, their customs of hospitality, their councils of government, and acknowledged that some white men had foregone civilization to live like an Indian, but that the opposite rarely occurred, because few Indians chose civilization over savagery. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Like the Earl of Shaftesbury in the Inquiry Concerning Virtue, or Merit (1699), Jean-Jacques Rousseau likewise believed that Man is innately good, and that urban civilization, characterized by jealousy, envy, and self-consciousness, has made men bad in character. In Discourse on the Origins of Inequality Among Men (1754), Rousseau said that in the primordial state of nature, man was a solitary creature who was not méchant (bad), but was possessed of an "innate repugnance to see others of his kind suffer." Moreover, as the philosophe of the Jacobin radicals of the French Revolution (1789–1799), ideologues accused Rousseau of claiming that the noble savage was a real type of