technique used to transmit the data between nodes. Studies show that under ideal propagation conditions (simulations), direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) provides the highest throughput for all nodes on a network when used in conjunction with CSMA/CA and the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS exchange under light network load conditions. Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) follows distantly behind DSSS with regard to throughput with a greater throughput once network load becomes substantially heavy. However, the throughput is generally the same under real world conditions due to radio propagation factors. Usage GNET – an early proprietary LAN protocol Apple's LocalTalk implemented CSMA/CA on an electrical bus using a three-byte jamming signal. 802.11 RTS/CTS implements virtual carrier sensing using short request to send and clear to send messages for WLANs (802.11 mainly relies on physical carrier sensing though). IEEE 802.15.4 (Wireless PAN) uses CSMA/CA NCR WaveLAN – an early proprietary wireless network protocol HomePNA The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), uses CSMA/CA as a channel access method for flows that do not require guaranteed quality of service, specifically the CSMA/CARP variant. See also Carrier-sense multiple access Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS Network allocation vector Truncated binary exponential backoff References Computer Networks: a Systems Approach. Peterson & Davie. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, MA, USA. . pp128–139 External links IEEE 802.11 he:Carrier sense multiple access#CSMA/CA zh:载波侦听多路访问#CSMA/CA