to live in ascetic solitude. It was there that he died, in union with the Roman Catholic Church. Selection from his 1059 confession "...the bread and wine which are placed on the altar are after consecration not only a sacrament but also the true body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and with the senses not only sacramentally but in truth are taken and broken by the hands of the priests and crushed by the teeth of the faithful." Text of his 1079 confession "I, Berengarius, believe in my heart and openly profess that the bread and wine that are placed on the altar are through the mystery of the sacred prayer and the words of our Redeemer substantially changed into the true and proper life-giving flesh and blood of Jesus Christ our Lord; and that after the consecration is the true body of Christ, which was born of the Virgin, as an offering for the salvation of the world hung on the cross, and sits at the right hand of the Father; and (is) the true blood of Christ which flowed from his side; not only through the sign and power of the sacrament but in his proper nature and true substance; as it is set down in this summary and as I read it and you understand it. Thus I believe, and I will not teach any more against this faith. So help me God and this holy Gospel of God." Berengar's theory of the Eucharist Berengar's theory of the Eucharist had four points: The elements remain in substance as well as in appearance, after the consecration, although they acquire a new significance. However the wine and bread are not mere symbols, but in some sense they still are the body and blood of Jesus which they represent. Christ is spiritually present and is spiritually received by faith. The communion in the Eucharist is a communion with the whole undivided person of Jesus Christ, and not the blood and body of Jesus as separate elements. As the whole body of Christ was sacrificed in death, it is received in a spiritual manner as the whole body; and as Christ’s body is now glorified in heaven, we must spiritually ascend to heaven. The views of Berengar on the Eucharist had very much in common with the views of John Calvin. Significance Berengar of Tours can be seen as