burning down the nearby town of Hakata (modern-day Fukuoka). The invaders are eventually repelled, and after inflicting heavy losses on the Japanese, a withdrawal is ordered. Credit for a great typhoon – called a kamikaze, or divine wind – the Mongol fleet is dashed on the rocks and destroyed. Some sources suggest that 200 warships are lost. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, some 13,000 does not return. Nichiren, Japanese priest and philosopher, enters exile on Mount Minobu. He leads a widespread movement of followers in Kantō and Sado mainly through his prolific letter-writing. By topic Literature Bonvesin da la Riva, Italian poet, writes the didactic-allegoric poem Liber di Tre Scricciur ("Book of the Three Scriptures"). The text is in the Western Lombard language (similar to other Gallo-Italic languages). The poem is one of the first great literary works in Italy. It tells about Hell, the Passion of Jesus and Paradise; the plot later prefigures Dante Alighieri in his Divine Comedy (or La Divina Commedia). May 1 – In Florence, the 9-year-old Dante first sees the 8-year-old Beatrice, his lifelong muse. She appears later as one of his guides in the Divine Comedy, Paradiso and Purgatorio. Religion Pope Gregory X decrees that conclaves (gatherings of the College of Cardinals where the elections of a bishop of Rome are convened) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him. Gregory X obtains the region of Romagna from Rudolf I, in exchange for acknowledging him as Holy Roman Emperor. With this important acquisition, the Papal States become the second-largest power block in Italy after the Kingdom of Sicily. Births February 9 – Louis of Toulouse, French archbishop (d. 1297) July 11 – Robert I (the Bruce), king of Scotland (d. 1329) July 25 – John Beauchamp, English nobleman (d. 1336) October 4 – Rudolf I, German nobleman (d. 1319) November 24 – Catherine I, Latin empress (d. 1307) Adam Murimuth, English priest and chronicler (d. 1347) Al-Dhahabi, Syrian scholar and encyclopedist (d. 1348) Anastasia de Montfort, Italian noblewoman (d. 1345) Eric VI, king of Denmark (House of Estridsen) (d. 1319) Ibn al-Jayyab, Andalusian scholar and poet (d. 1349) Marino Faliero (or Falier), doge of Venice (d. 1355) Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi, Indian Sufi poet (d. 1337) Rizzardo IV, Italian nobleman and military leader (d. 1312) Robert Clifford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1314)