the Star 37 (sometimes referred to as the "Burner" upper stage) and the Star 48 (sometimes referred to as the "Payload Assist Module", or PAM), both manufactured originally by Thiokol, and today by Northrop Grumman. They are used to lift large payloads to intended orbits (such as the Global Positioning System satellites), or smaller payloads to interplanetary—or even interstellar—trajectories. Another solid-fuel upper stage, used by the Space Shuttle and the Titan IV, was the Boeing-manufactured Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 were both sent out of the solar system by Star 37E upper stages from Atlas-Centaur rockets. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were both sent out of the solar system by Star 37E upper stages from Titan IIIE rockets. Magellan was sent to Venus on an IUS after being deployed from Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-30. Galileo was sent to Jupiter on an IUS after being deployed from Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-34. Ulysses was sent to Jupiter on an IUS and a Star 48 PAM after being deployed from Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-41. It then was placed in a polar orbit around the Sun following a gravity assist around Jupiter. New Horizons was sent out of the solar system on a Star 48 PAM from an Atlas V rocket. Some rockets, like the Antares (manufactured by Northrop Grumman), have mandatory solid-fuel upper stages. The Antares rocket uses the Northrop Grumman-manufactured Castor 30 as an upper stage. Advanced research Environmentally sensitive fuel formulations such as ALICE propellant Ramjets with solid fuel Variable thrust designs based on variable nozzle geometry Hybrid rockets that use solid fuel and throttleable liquid or gaseous oxidizer See also Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launchers families List of space launch system designs List of missiles List of orbital launch systems List of sounding rockets List of military rockets Fireworks Pyrotechnic composition Intercontinental ballistic missile Jetex engine Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster Crawford burner Nano-thermite Skyrocket References Further reading External links Robert A. Braeunig rocket propulsion page Astronautix Composite Solid Propellants Ariane 5 SRB Amateur High Power Rocketry Association Nakka-Rocketry (Design Calculations and Propellant Formulations) 5 cent sugar rocket Practical Rocketry NASA Practical Rocketry American inventions Chinese inventions Indian inventions Rocket engines Rocket propulsion Rocket engines by propellant Solid fuels