scene. Officials like prosecutors, judges but also slave owners or passive bystanders were usually portrayed wearing shoes. During the Middle Ages, men and women wore pattens, commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe, while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, were usually barefoot. In the 15th century, chopines were created in Turkey, and were usually high. These shoes became popular in Venice and throughout Europe, as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing. During the 16th century, royalty such as Catherine de Medici and Mary I of England began wearing high-heeled shoes to make them look taller or larger than life. By 1580, men also wore them, and a person with authority or wealth might be described as, well-heeled. In modern society, high-heeled shoes are a part of women's fashion and are widespread in certain countries around the world. Materials Modern footwear is usually made up of leather or plastic, and rubber. In fact, leather was one of the original materials used for the first versions of a shoe. The soles can be made of rubber or plastic, sometimes having a sheet of metal inside. Roman sandals had sheets of metal on their soles so that it would not bend out of shape. More recently, footwear providers like Nike, have begun to source environmentally friendly materials. Components Adhesives Buckle Counter (footwear): Backstay fitting between upper and lining in heel area and giving structure to back of shoe and supporting ankle. Eyelet Heel Hook Insole Outsole Laces Shank Sole Tack Tongue (footwear): Part of shoe covering top of foot underneath laces Tread Welt Types Boots Boots Chukka boots Combat boots Cowboy boots Derby boots Fashion boots Go-go boots Hiking boots Motorcycle boots Mukluk Platform boots Riding boots Russian boots Seaboots Tabi boots Tanker boots Thigh-high boots Valenki Veldskoen Waders Wellington boots Winklepickers Shoes Shoes Athletic shoes (also known as trainers or sneakers) Ballet flats Brothel creepers Court shoes (known in the US as pumps) Diabetic shoes Espadrilles Galoshes Kitten heels Lace-up shoes Derby shoes Oxford shoes Brogues Blucher shoes High-tops Loafers Mary Janes Moccasins Monks Mules Platform shoes Plimsoll shoes School shoes Skate shoes Sneakers Tap shoes Toe shoes Sandals Sandals Kolhapuri Chappals Peshawari chappal Flip-flops (thongs) Slide Wörishofer Avarca, from Balearic Islands Slipper Closed slippers Open slippers Specific footwear Ballet shoes Boat shoes High-heeled footwear Climbing shoes