Magnolia tsiampacca subsp. tsiampacca (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) Magnolia tsiampacca subsp. tsiampacca var. glaberrima (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (New Guinea) Magnolia tsiampacca subsp. tsiampacca var. tsiampacca (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre (Sulawesi, Moluccas) Subsection Maingola Magnolia annamensis Dandy (Vietnam) Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot. (Borneo, Celebes) Magnolia carsonii var. carsonii (Borneo) Magnolia carsonii var. drymifolia Noot. (Borneo) Magnolia carsonii var. phaulanta (Dandy ex Noot.) S.Kim (Celebes) Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot. (SW China, Burma) Magnolia griffithii King (India, Assam) Magnolia gustavii King (India, Assam) Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy (W Java, Borneo, Sumatra) Magnolia macklottii var. beccariana (Agostini) Noot. (Sumatra) Magnolia macklottii var. macklottii (W Java, Borneo) Magnolia pealiana King (Assam) Subsection Aromadendron Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex. Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) Magnolia bintuluensis (Agostini) Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) Magnolia borneensis Noot. (Borneo, Philippines) Magnolia elegans (Blume) Keng (Sumatra, Java) Magnolia pahangensis Noot. (Borneo, Philippines) Subgenus Gynopodium Section Gynopodium Magnolia kachirachirai (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy (Taiwan) Magnolia lotungensis Chun & Tsoon (S China) Magnolia nitida W.W.Smith (NW Yunnan (China)) Magnolia omeiensis (Hu & Cheng) Dandy (Sichuan (China)) Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot. (SE Yunnan (China)) Section Manglietiastrum Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Assam) Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Vietnam, Malay penn.) Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot. (SE Yunnan (China)) Uses Horticultural uses In general, the genus Magnolia has attracted horticultural interest. Some, such as the shrub M. stellata (star magnolia) and the tree M. × soulangeana (saucer magnolia) flower quite early in the spring, before the leaves open. Others flower in late spring or early summer, including M. virginiana (sweetbay magnolia) and M. grandiflora (southern magnolia). Hybridisation has been immensely successful in combining the best aspects of different species to give plants which flower at an earlier age than the parent species, as well as having more impressive flowers. One of the most popular garden magnolias, M. × soulangeana, is a hybrid of M. liliiflora and M. denudata. In the eastern United States, five native species are frequently in cultivation: M. acuminata (as a shade tree), M. grandiflora, M. virginiana, M. tripetala, and M. macrophylla. The last two species must be planted where high winds are not a frequent problem because of the large size of their leaves. Culinary uses The flowers of many species are considered edible. In parts of England, the petals of M. grandiflora are pickled and used as a spicy