of Mons-en-Pévèle: French forces (some 13,000 men) led by King Philip IV (the Fair) defeat a Flemish army at Mons-en-Pévèle. During the battle, the Flemish led by William of Jülich (the Younger) are forced to retreat to Lille. William is killed, and the French lose the Oriflamme ("Golden Flame"), the battle standard of Philip. August – Flemish forces under John II (the Peaceful) and Guy of Dampierre occupy Zeeland and Holland. In response, John II, count of Holland, recovers the counties. He restores his authority but dies on August 22. October 5 – Treaty of Treviso: After a dispute over salt works, the Italian commune of Padua and Venice sign a peace treaty, ending the Salt War. Venice establishes a salt monopoly and sells salt rights to merchants. England February 9 – War of Scottish Independence: Scottish nobles led by Robert the Bruce and John Comyn (the Red), negotiate a peace treaty with King Edward I (Longshanks). His terms are accepted, and the Scots submit to English rule. In return, they are granted life and liberty under their old laws and freedom from the forfeiture of their lands. A few prominent nobles are singled out for temporary banishment – among them John de Soules, guardian of Scotland, who is exiled to France. No terms are offered to William Wallace, Edward's most wanted enemy, who remains defiantly at large despite every effort of Edward to capture him. February 20 – Battle of Happrew: Scottish rebels led by William Wallace and Simon Fraser fight guerilla warfare against Edward I (Longshanks). They defend themselves against a vanguard of English knights at Peebles, in the Scottish Borders. During the skirmish, the Scots are defeated and routed. Wallace and Fraser narrow escapes being captured. July 24 – Siege of Stirling Castle: Edward I (Longshanks) captures the Scottish rebel stronghold at Stirling. The castle is for four months bombarded by twelve siege engines. During the siege, Edward orders his engineer, Master James of St. George, to build a massive engine called the Warwolf. Eventually, William Oliphant and his garrison surrender. Middle East October 24 – Ottoman-Turkish forces led by Sultan Osman I (or Othman) conquer the ancient city of Ephesus from the Byzantine Empire, massacring and deporting its native population. Asia Ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of Central Asia and the Yuan Dynasty announce to Toqta Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde, their general peace