Year 1312 (MCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe June 15 – Battle of Rozgony: Hungarian forces led by King Charles I defeat the family of Palatine Amadeus Aba near Rozgony. During the battle, Charles losses his royal standard, but is reinforced by German mercenaries from Košice (or Kassa). The rebel army is routed, and Charles extends his power base in Hungary. His position is secured and resistance (reduced by the magnates' opposition) against Charles' rule comes to an end. June 29 – Henry VII is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in the Lateran Palace (St Peter's Basilica is occupied by Romans hostile to him). Later, Henry abandons his campaign against Florence on October 31. September 7 – King Ferdinand IV (the Summoned) dies after a 17-year reign and is succeeded by his 1-year-old son Alfonso XI (the Avenger) as ruler of Castile. His mother, Queen Constance, becomes his co-regent. September 27 – The Charter of Kortenberg is signed, and is possibly the first constitution which allows democratic decisions in feudal mainland Europe. Battle of Amorgos: A Hospitaller fleet intercepts and destroys a Turkish fleet near the island of Amorgos. During the battle, all 23 Turkish ships are burnt. Winter – Battle of Gallipoli: A combined Byzantine-Serbian force (supported by a Genoese fleet) defeats the Turcopoles (some 2,000 men) at Gallipoli. England January 13 – Piers Gaveston returns in secret at Knaresborough Castle after an exile of two months. King Edward II restores all the promised lands to him, they travel to Scotland to seek help from King Robert the Bruce. May 4 – Edward II and Piers Gaveston are at Newcastle when they are alerted to the news of an English force under Henry Percy and Robert Clifford is heading for them. They manage to escape to Scarborough Castle. May – English forces under Aymer de Valence besiege Scarborough Castle. After a couple of weeks, Piers Gaveston surrenders on May 19. In terms of surrender, Aymer gives his word that Gaveston will not be harmed. June – Piers Gaveston is taken hostage by Guy de Beauchamp and is put in a dungeon at Warwick Castle. He is condemned to death and taken to Leek Wootton (or Blacklow Hill), where Piers is executed on June 19. Middle East Öljaitü of the Ilkhanate briefly