linked sections of this article. In 2004 Funaki and others analyzed MPS cases where =10 m and =100 m as summarized in Table 2 predicting a characteristic length of 50 and 450 km producing significant thrust with mass substantially less than the Magsail and hence significant acceleration. This paper detailed the MHD applicability test of equation that the characteristic length must be greater than the ion gyroradius (m) to effectively transfer solar wind momentum to the spacecraft. In 2005 Yamakawa and others further described a potential trial. An analogy with the Earth's magnetosphere and magnetopause in determining the penetration of plasma irregularities into the magnetopause defines the key parameter of a local kinetic plasma beta as the ratio of the dynamic pressure of the injected plasma over the magnetic pressure as followswhere (kg/m3) is the local plasma density, (m/s) is the local velocity of the plasma and (T) is the local magnetic field. Simulations have shown that the kinetic beta is smallest near the field source, at magnetopause and the bow shock. The kinetic differs from the thermal plasma beta whis the ratio of the plasma thermal pressure to the magnetic pressure, with terms: is the plasma pressure with (m−3) the number density, (J/K) the Boltzmann constant and (eV) the ion temperature; and the magnetic pressure for magnetic field (T) and (H/m) vacuum permeability. In the context of the MPS, determines the propensity of the injected plasma flow to stretch the magnetic field while specifies the relative energy of the injected plasma. In 2005 Funaki and others published numerical analysis showing =1.88 for =0.1. In 2009 Kajimura published simulation results with =5 and ranging from 6 to 20 that the magnetic field falloff rate with argon and xenon plasma injected into the polar region was =2.1 and with argon plasma injected into the equatorial region was =1.8. If then the Injection of a high-velocity, high-density plasma into a magnetosphere as proposed in M2P2 freezes the motion of a magnetic field into the plasma flow and was believed to inflate the magnetosphere. However experiments and numerical analysis determined that the solar wind cannot compress the magnetosphere and momentum transfer to the spacecraft is limited since momentum is transferred to injected plasma flowing out of the magnetosphere, similar to another criticism of M2P2. An alternative is to reduce the plasma injection velocity and density to result in to achieve a plasma in