250 Petabytes of storage, having lost the top position to the Japanese Fugaku supercomputer. In May 2022, the ORNL Frontier system broke the exascale barrier, achieving 1.102 exaflop/s using 8,730,112 cores. Since 1992 the Center for Computational Sciences (CCS) has overseen high performance computing at ORNL. It manages the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility that contains the machines. In 2012, Jaguar was upgraded to the XK7 platform, a fundamental change as GPUs are used for the majority of processing, and renamed Titan. Titan performed at 17.59 petaFLOPS and held the number 1 spot on the TOP500 list for November 2012. Other computers include a 77 node cluster to visualise data that the larger machines output in the Exploratory Visualization Environment for Research in Science and Technology (EVEREST), a visualisation room with a 10 by 3 metre (30 by 10 ft) wall that displays 35 megapixel projections. Smoky is an 80 node linux cluster used for application development. Research projects are refined and tested on Smoky before running on larger machines such as Titan. In 1989 programmers at the Oak Ridge National Lab wrote the first version of Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM), software that enables distributed computing on machines of differing specifications. PVM is free software and has become the de facto standard for distributed computing. Jack Dongarra of ORNL and the University of Tennessee wrote the LINPACK software library and LINPACK benchmarks, used to calculate linear algebra and the standard method of measuring floating point performance of a supercomputer as used by the TOP500 organisation. Notable people See also American Museum of Science and Energy Brookhaven National Laboratory Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant Karl Z. Morgan Los Alamos National Laboratory National Transportation Research Center Sandia National Laboratory Spallation Neutron Source Thorium Energy Alliance United States Department of Energy National Laboratories and Technology Centers Y-12 National Security Complex Footnotes Further reading Lindsey A. Freeman, Longing for the Bomb: Oak Ridge and Atomic Nostalgia. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. External links United States Department of Energy national laboratories Buildings and structures in Roane County, Tennessee Federally Funded Research and Development Centers Manhattan Project sites Uranium Military history of Tennessee Military research of the United States Nuclear power in the United States Nuclear research institutes Nuclear technology in the United States Supercomputer sites 1942 establishments in Tennessee Battelle Memorial Institute University of Chicago University of