addition will be the Properties of signal sources and measurement methods. It covers the effective use of data, confidence intervals, effective degree of freedom, likewise introducing the overlapping Allan variance estimator. It is a highly recommended reading for those topics. The IEEE standard 1139 Standard definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology is beyond that of a standard a comprehensive reference and educational resource. A modern book aimed towards telecommunication is Stefano Bregni "Synchronisation of Digital Telecommunication Networks". This summarises not only the field, but also much of his research in the field up to that point. It aims to include both classical measures and telecommunication-specific measures such as MTIE. It is a handy companion when looking at measurements related to telecommunication standards. The NIST Special Publication 1065 "Handbook of Frequency Stability Analysis" of W. J. Riley is a recommended reading for anyone wanting to pursue the field. It is rich of references and also covers a wide range of measures, biases and related functions that a modern analyst should have available. Further it describes the overall processing needed for a modern tool. Uses Allan variance is used as a measure of frequency stability in a variety of precision oscillators, such as crystal oscillators, atomic clocks and frequency-stabilized lasers over a period of a second or more. Short-term stability (under a second) is typically expressed as phase noise. The Allan variance is also used to characterize the bias stability of gyroscopes, including fiber optic gyroscopes, hemispherical resonator gyroscopes and MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers. 50th Anniversary In 2016, IEEE-UFFC is going to be publishing a "Special Issue to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Allan Variance (1966–2016)". A guest editor for that issue will be David's former colleague at NIST, Judah Levine, who is the most recent recipient of the I. I. Rabi Award. See also Variance Semivariance Variogram Metrology Network time protocol Precision Time Protocol Synchronization References External links UFFC Frequency Control Teaching Resources NIST Publication search tool David W. Allan's Allan Variance Overview David W. Allan's official web site JPL Publications – Noise Analysis and Statistics William Riley publications Stable32, Software for Frequency Stability Analysis, by William Riley Stefano Bregni publications Enrico Rubiola publications Allanvar: R package for sensor error characterization using the Allan Variance Alavar windows software with reporting tools; Freeware AllanTools open-source python library for Allan variance MATLAB AVAR open-source MATLAB application Clocks Signal