and includes multiple sub-temples. Guo Shoujing, Chinese engineer and astronomer, constructs the artificial Kunming Lake, which is developed into a reservoir with summer gardens for Khanbaliq (or Dadu of Yuan), Mongol capital of Emperor Kublai Khan. By topic Exploration Spring – The brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Italian explorers and merchants from Genoa, embark with two galleys intending to reach India and establish a trade route to Italy. They sail along the coast of present-day Morocco after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. They may have followed the African coast as far as Cape Non before being lost at sea. Markets Four towns of the County of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the County of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) agree collectively to secure a loan by their sovereign, Count Floris V. This gives important securities to the lenders, and allows Floris to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments. Religion Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino by papal bull. Births February 8 – Afonso IV (the Brave), king of Portugal (d. 1357) March 9 – Cangrande I della Scala, Italian nobleman (d. 1329) May 10 – Gilbert de Clare, English nobleman and knight (d. 1314) August 12 – Ichijō Uchitsune, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1325) September 23 – Bolesław III, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1352) October 31 – Philippe de Vitry, French musician and poet (d. 1361) December 15 – Aymon (the Peaceful), Savoyan nobleman (d. 1343) December 20 – Margareta Ebner, German nun and mystic (d. 1351) Hugh de Audley, English nobleman, knight and diplomat (d. 1347) Luis de la Cerda, French nobleman, prince and admiral (d. 1348) Luitgard of Wittichen, German nun, abbess and mystic (d. 1348) Marie of Artois, French noblewoman (House of Artois) (d. 1365) Shah Kamal Quhafah, Arab philanthropist and mystic (d. 1385) Tōin Kinkata, Japanese official, historian and writer (d. 1360) Deaths March 5 – Sa'ad al-Dawla, Persian physician and vizier (b. 1240) March 10 – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1258) March 16 – Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, Indian Sufi preacher (b. 1196) May 11 – Thomas Ingoldsthorpe, English archdeacon and bishop May 18 – Matthew of Clermont, French nobleman and Marshal May 25 – Benedict, Swedish nobleman, prince and knight (b. 1254) June 5 – John I, German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. 1260) June 18 – Alfonso III