a forerunner of Christian rationalism, as he criticized Church authority. Berengar's position was never diametrically opposed to that of his critics. But the controversy that he aroused forced people to reconsider the ninth-century discussion of the Eucharist, as Paschasius Radbertus had left it, and to clarify the doctrine of transubstantiation. Further, when both Berengar and his critics used the secular disciplines of logic and grammar to express a matter of Christian doctrine, the way was open to the scholasticism of the twelfth century. Berengar of Tours was a forerunner of the Reformers, specially of Zwingli and John Calvin. See also Berengarians, followers of Berengar Eucharist in the Catholic Church References Further reading Charles M. Radding, Francis Newton: Theology, Rhetoric and Politics in the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078-1079. Columbia University Press: New York, 2003. Cowdrey, H. E. J. Lanfranc. Oxford University Press: New York, 2003. Heron, Alisdair. Table and Tradition. Handsel Press: Edinburgh, 1983. Macy, Gary. Treasures from the Storeroom. Liturgical Press: Collegeville, Minnesota, 1999. Macy, Gary. The Banquet’s Wisdom. Paulist Press: New York, 1992. Macy, Gary. The Theologies of the Eucharist in the Early Scholastic Period. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1984. Gibson, Margaret. Lanfranc of Bec. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1978. Mazza, Enrico. The Celebration of the Eucharist. Liturgical Press: Collegeville, Minnesota, 1999. Whitney, J. P.. Hildebrandine Essays. Cambridge University Press: London, 1932. Morin, G. "Bérenger contre Bérenger." Récherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale. IV, 2 (1932), pp 109–133. 990s births 1088 deaths 11th-century French Roman Catholic priests 11th-century French Catholic theologians 11th-century Latin writers 11th-century French philosophers People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church Writers from Tours, France Clergy from Tours, France Year of birth uncertain