as indirect evidence of such attacks. The term backscatter analysis refers to observing backscatter packets arriving at a statistically significant portion of the IP address space to determine the characteristics of DoS attacks and victims. Legality Many jurisdictions have laws under which denial-of-service attacks are illegal. In the US, denial-of-service attacks may be considered a federal crime under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act with penalties that include years of imprisonment. The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the US Department of Justice handles cases of DoS and DDoS. In one example, in July 2019, Austin Thompson, aka DerpTrolling, was sentenced to 27 months in prison and $95,000 restitution by a federal court for conducting multiple DDoS attacks on major video gaming companies, disrupting their systems from hours to days. In European countries, committing criminal denial-of-service attacks may, as a minimum, lead to arrest. The United Kingdom is unusual in that it specifically outlawed denial-of-service attacks and set a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison with the Police and Justice Act 2006, which amended Section 3 of the Computer Misuse Act 1990. In January 2019, Europol announced that "actions are currently underway worldwide to track down the users" of Webstresser.org, a former DDoS marketplace that was shut down in April 2018 as part of Operation Power Off. Europol said UK police were conducting a number of "live operations" targeting over 250 users of Webstresser and other DDoS services. On January 7, 2013, Anonymous posted a petition on the whitehouse.gov site asking that DDoS be recognized as a legal form of protest similar to the Occupy protests, the claim being that the similarity in the purpose of both is same. See also Notes References Further reading PC World - Application Layer DDoS Attacks are Becoming Increasingly Sophisticated External links Internet Denial-of-Service Considerations Akamai State of the Internet Security Report - Quarterly Security and Internet trend statistics W3C The World Wide Web Security FAQ cert.org CERT's Guide to DoS attacks. (historic document) ATLAS Summary Report – Real-time global report of DDoS attacks. Low Orbit Ion Cannon - The Well Known Network Stress Testing Tool High Orbit Ion Cannon - A Simple HTTP Flooder LOIC SLOW An Attempt to Bring SlowLoris and Slow Network Tools on LOIC Denial-of-service attacks Internet Relay Chat Cyberwarfare Types of cyberattacks Internet outages