south to meet John. The year's campaign ends in a stalemate and a two-year truce is made between the two rulers. By topic Art and Culture Sugar, an import from the Muslim world, is mentioned for the first time in a royal English account. Almonds, cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg are also imported for royal banquets. Education Colchester Royal Grammar School is founded in England. Religion A peasant named Thurkhill in England claims that Saint Julian took him on a tour of Purgatory. Thurkhill includes realistic touches of descriptions of Purgatory's torture chambers. This is also believed by Roger of Wendover, one of his society's leading historians. December – The monks of Canterbury want their own sub-prior Reginald for the post of archbishop, while John (Lackland) chooses John de Gray. Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton. Finally, the monks accept the Pope's decision and vote for Langton. Technic The Arab engineer Ismail al-Jazari describes many mechanical inventions in his book (title translated to English) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Births c.March 19 – Güyük Khan (or Kuyuk), Mongol emperor (d. 1248) April 7 – Otto II, German nobleman (d. 1253) unknown dates An-Nasir Dawud, ruler of Damascus (d. 1261) Béla IV, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1270) Hong Bok-won, Korean general and official (d. 1258) Sheikh Edebali, Ottoman religious leader (d. 1326) Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan, Zayyanid ruler (d. 1283) probable Margaret de Quincy, English noblewoman (d. 1266) Maria Laskarina, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1270) Deaths February 4 – Theobald Walter, Norman High Sheriff (b. 1165) March 5 – Thietmar of Minden (or Dietmar), German bishop April 5 – Ottaviano di Paoli, Italian cardinal-bishop and diplomat April 7 – Frederick I, German nobleman (House of Lorraine) April 16 – Kujō Yoshitsune, Japanese nobleman (b. 1169) April 23 – Suero Rodríguez, Spanish knight and Grand Master June 4 – Adela of Champagne, queen of France (b. 1140) unknown dates Artaldus (or Arthaud), French priest and bishop (b. 1101) Harald Maddadsson, Norwegian nobleman (b. 1134) Huan Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (b. 1177) Ismail al-Jazari, Artuqid polymath and inventor (b. 1136) Muhammad of Ghor, ruler of the Ghurid Empire (b. 1149) William de Burgh, English nobleman (House of Burke) Yang Wanli, Chinese politician and poet (b. 1127) References