13, Prince Afonso, Duke of Braganza becomes the new King of Portugal upon the death of his father, King João IV. Because of his age and a mental disability King Afonso VI's authority is exercised instead my his mother, Queen Luisa, as Regent. November 20 – The Treaty of Labiau is signed, between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. December 1 – A treaty of alliance is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. December 6 – The Treaty of Radnot is signed between Sweden, the Electorate of Brandenburg, Transylvania (now Romania), and two rebels groups within Poland on how to divide the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the event of a victory in the Second Northern War. December 16 – English Quaker James Nayler is convicted of blasphemy but spared the death penalty. December 17 – King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway decrees that loan repayments and payments of interest to lenders will be made on two specific days, May 29 and June 11, each one nicknamed the Fandens fødselsdag or "Devil's Birthday", December 25 – The pendulum clock is invented by Christiaan Huygens, so accurate that it only loses 10 seconds per day. Huygens will mention the date in a letter to Ismail Boulliau a year later. Undated The Stockholm Banco, the first bank to issue banknotes, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden. The only English fifty shilling coin is minted. Konoike Zen'amon (son of Konoike Shinroku) founds a baking and money-changing business in Osaka, Japan. Adams' Grammar School at Newport, Shropshire, England is founded by William Adams. Physician Samuel Stockhausen of the metal mining town of Goslar, Lower Saxony publishes his Libellus de lithargyrii fumo noxio morbifico, ejusque metallico frequentiori morbo vulgò dicto die Hütten Katze oder Hütten Rauch ("Treatise on the Noxious Fumes of Litharge, Diseases caused by them and Miners' Asthma"), a pioneering study of occupational disease.</onlyinclude> Births January 1 – William Fleetwood, Anglican bishop (d. 1723) January 2 – Paolo Panelli, Italian painter (d. 1759) January 14 – Duchess Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1686) January 15 – John Ashburnham, 1st Baron Ashburnham, English politician (d. 1710) January 29 – Samuel Andrew, American Congregational clergyman, educator (d. 1738) February 2 – Charles Churchill (British Army general) (d. 1714) February 9 – Rose Venerini, Italian saint, educational pioneer (d. 1728) February 10 – Ferdinand de Marsin, Marshal of France