and many other fields. The following outcomes of the Reformation regarding human capital formation, the Protestant ethic, economic development, governance, and "dark" outcomes have been identified by scholars: Human capital formation Higher literacy rates. Lower gender gap in school enrollment and literacy rates. Higher primary school enrollment. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. Higher capability in reading, numeracy, essay writing, and history. Protestant ethic More hours worked. Divergent work attitudes of Protestant and Catholics. Fewer referendums on leisure, state intervention, and redistribution in Swiss cantons with more Protestants. Lower life satisfaction when unemployed. Pro-market attitudes. Income differences between Protestants and Catholics. Economic development Different levels of income tax revenue per capita, % of labor force in manufacturing and services, and incomes of male elementary school teachers. Growth of Protestant cities. Greater entrepreneurship among religious minorities in Protestant states. Different social ethics. Industrialization. Governance The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the development of the state system. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the formation of transnational advocacy movements. The Reformation impacted the Western legal tradition. Establishment of state churches. Poor relief and social welfare regimes. James Madison noted that Martin Luther's doctrine of the two kingdoms marked the beginning of the modern conception of separation of church and state. The Calvinist and Lutheran doctrine of the lesser magistrate contributed to resistance theory in the Early Modern period and was employed in the United States Declaration of Independence. Reformers such as Calvin promoted mixed government and the separation of powers, which governments such as the United States subsequently adopted. Other outcomes Witch trials became more common in regions or other jurisdictions where Protestants and Catholics contested the religious market. Christopher J. Probst, in his book Demonizing the Jews: Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany (2012), shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and Judaism to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists. In its decree on ecumenism, the Second Vatican Council of Catholic Bishops declared that by contemporary dialogue that, while still holding views as the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church, between the churches "all are led to examine their own faithfulness to Christ's will for the Church and accordingly to undertake with vigor