high proportion of government casualties were officers abandoned by their men. Unlike Prestopans, many were experienced veterans and a number of soldiers were court-martialled, several of whom were executed. The artillery commander, Captain Archibald Cunningham, described as a 'sot' or drunkard, abandoned his guns and fled using the transport horses; he committed suicide a few days later. Unlike Cope, Hawley never faced a court-martial for Falkirk, although the writer Horace Walpole argued he was 'fifty times more culpable, since Cope miscarried by incapacity, Hawley by insolence and carelessness.' Hawley led a cavalry unit at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, which lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Jacobite losses were estimated as between 1,200 and 1,500 dead, many of whom were killed during the pursuit that followed; this was a standard part of any 18th-century battle, and troops that held together, such as the French regulars, were far less vulnerable than those who scattered like the Highlanders. Many of the Jacobite wounded left on the battlefield were also killed, an act author and historian John Prebble refers to as 'symptomatic of the army's general mood and behaviour.' James Wolfe, Hawley's aide-de-camp at Culloden, features in an anecdote where he refused an order to shoot a wounded Highland officer, the person giving the order variously named as Cumberland or Hawley. While such killings certainly took place, whether Wolfe was either given or refused such orders is less clear; conducting punitive raids after Culloden, he later wrote to a colleague 'as few Highlanders are made prisoner as possible.' Wolfe had a reputation for criticising his senior officers; in 1755, he claimed the troops dread (Hawley's) severity, hate the man and hold his military knowledge in contempt and described Humphrey Bland as not so well-bred and polite as might be wished. In 1748, Cumberland described Hawley as the most competent of his cavalry leaders and his written papers show he was very far from being an unthinking martinet. Post-1745 and legacy In July 1745, the Earl of Albemarle took over as commander in Scotland and Hawley returned to Flanders with Cumberland, where he remained until the end of the War of the Austrian Succession. He took part in the 1747 Battle of Lauffeld, a decisive French victory where only cavalry charges led by Lord Ligonier saved the Allied infantry from annihilation. This ended Hawley's active military