the impact of DLP supporters. Consequently, the 1961 General Election campaign was extremely tense and racially polarised. The DLP alleged that voting machines were rigged. These allegations found support when initial returns showed PNM candidate A.N.R. Robinson receiving more votes than there were registered electors in his constituency. The PNM secured a two-thirds majority (20 of 30 seats) in Parliament.The DLP won the remaining 10 seats. When the Federation was dissolved in 1961 (following the withdrawal of Jamaica), this majority allowed the PNM to write the Independence Constitution without input from the DLP. In response to allegations of voting irregularities the DLP boycotted the opening of parliament and operated largely through boycotts and walk-outs. In 1963 Rudranath Capildeo accepted a permanent position at the University of London and attempted to run the DLP and serve as Leader of the Opposition while based in London. He was able to retain his seat in Parliament through special dispensation from the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Arnold Thomasos. In March of that year Capildeo gave the party a new creed, democratic socialism. This action, coupled with Capildeo's absentee rulership, led to a revolt in the party executive, and this resulted in the appointment of Stephen Carpoondeo Maharaj, a former Butler Party member, as Leader of the Opposition, while Capildeo retained the post of Party Leader. When the executive tried to replace Capildeo with Maharaj as Party leader, Capildeo dismissed the executive. In response to this on 13 January 1964 three MPs, Montgomery Forrester, Peter Farquahar and Tajmool Hosein resigned from the party and formed the Liberal Party. Unrest in country and party Independence left the two main industries, sugar and oil in the hands of foreign multi-national corporations (Tate & Lyle in sugar, Shell, British Petroleum and Texaco in oil). The labour unions interpreted this as evidence that the PNM and DLP leadership had sold out to foreign corporations. George Weekes, an anti-PNM Afro-Trinidadian trade unionist, gained control of the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union, while Krishna Gowandan challenged Bhadase Sagan Maraj's leadership of the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union. In March 1965, 15,000 sugar workers went on strike. Williams responded by declaring a state of emergency and suspending civil rights. This brought the Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian-dominated Trade Union Congress into alliance with the Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian-dominated sugar workers. In response to labour unrest in 1965, the PNM government introduced