Project Manhigh was a pre-Space Age military project that took men in balloons to the middle layers of the stratosphere, funded as an aero-medical research program, though seen by its designers as a stepping stone to space. It was conducted by the United States Air Force between 1955 and 1958. History The project started in December 1955 to study the effects of cosmic rays on humans. Three balloon flights to the stratosphere were made during the program: Manhigh I to , by Captain Joseph W. Kittinger on June 2, 1957. The balloon was launched from South St. Paul Airport and the flight was cut short due to one of the capsule's valves being installed backwards which vented the oxygen supply outside, but not before reaching a record altitude of 96,784 feet. Manhigh II to , by Major David G. Simons on August 19–20, 1957, launched from Portsmouth Mine in Crosby, Minnesota, for a 32-hour flight that included a set of 25 experiments and observations, and earned Simons a Life magazine cover spot. With the pilot and the scientific payload, the Manhigh II gondola had a total mass of . At maximum altitude, the balloon expanded to a diameter of with a volume of over . Manhigh III to , by Lieutenant Clifton M. McClure on October 8, 1958 Candidates for the Manhigh project were put through a series of physical and psychological tests that became the standard for qualifying astronauts for the Project Mercury, America's first manned orbital space program. Similar projects in which men in a gondola reached near-space altitudes were performed by Swiss physicist Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer, reaching in 1931, USSR-1 piloted by Georgy Prokofiev reaching in 1933, and Osoaviakhim-1 reaching in 1934. See also John Stapp Project Excelsior, follow-on flights in 1959 and 1960 Flight altitude record References Bibliography Kane, Joseph Nathan (1997), Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries, and Inventions in American History (Fifth Edition), The H.W. Wilson Company, Further reading External links Details of Manhigh I, Manhigh II flight, and Manhigh III at stratocat.com.ar Space Men (American Experience episode) Ballooning Space research Human subject research in the United States Military projects of the United States