and controlled by the intelligence services of South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and South Vietnam. The purpose of the Asian People's Anti-Communist League was as its founding charter put was to wage "political and psychological warfare" against Communism in Asia. The preferred methods of the League were as its pamphlets described it: "infiltration, instigation, economic manipulation, public demonstrations, terrorism, subversion, guerrilla warfare and assassination". The chairman of the League, Dr. Ku Chen Kang, was a member of the Kuomintang's Supreme National Defense Council and was an adviser to Chiang. As the League was against the non-alignment concept championed by several Asian leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Sukarno of Indonesia under which the Third World nations were to be neutral in the Cold War, instead advocating that for an alliance of Asian states with the United States, the League was approved by the U.S. government. However, some of the League's activities such as the attempts to provoke guerrilla war in China went beyond what the U.S. government was willing to contemplate. In an attempt to find more allies, the League reached out to the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, an alliance of anti-Communist emigres from Eastern Europe founded by Nazi Germany in 1943 which continued after the war. The leader of the Bloc was Yaroslav Stetsko, one of the leaders of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), an anti-Semitic Ukrainian nationalist group which had collaborated with Germany during World War Two and whose members had killed hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian Jews. The Bloc was committed to starting a guerrilla war in the Soviet Union, an idea that had received support from the CIA and MI6 for a time, but by the middle of the 1950s, both American and British intelligence had written off the Bloc as the attempts to parachute agents into the Soviet Union always ended in failure. As the Asian People's Anti-Communist League was funded by the governments of Taiwan, South Korea, the Philippines, and South Vietnam, Stesko hoped that the Asian governments would also finance the Bloc. At the same, there was a third group, the Inter-American Confederation for the Defense of the Continent founded by a Mexican politician, Jorge Prieto Laurens, to combat Communism in Latin America. The Confederation's most notable member was Admiral Carlos Penna Botto of Brazil, who had been forced to retire in World War Two for his pro-Axis views, and