product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction. Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in the United States are implementing variable-rate pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay As You Throw - PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream. Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. Toxics use reduction is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials. Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers. Toxics use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some states, e.g., Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Oregon. The 3 R's represent the 'Waste Hierarchy' which lists the best ways of managing waste from the most to the least desirable. Many of the things we currently throw away could be reused again with just a little thought and imagination. See also Circular economy Directorate-General for the Environment Durable good European Environment Agency Green transport hierarchy Life cycle thinking Material passport Mottainai Repair Repurposing Reuse Sustainable products Notes and references External links Waste unit in DG Environment Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive) Directorate General for the Environment Letsrecycle, Letsrecycle.com article on European Debate on Waste Hierarchy Getting to Zero Waste Recovered Resource Blog Action RE-buts in Québec Waste management Waste management concepts Waste legislation in the European Union Hierarchy Industrial ecology Reuse Recycling Waste minimisation