Kanyasulkam is a Telugu play written by Gurajada Apparao in 1892. It is one of the earliest modern works in an Indian language, and it is the first Telugu play to deal with social issues. The play portrays the practice of Kanya-sulkam (roughly translates to bride price) which was common among the priestly Brahmins in Telugu-speaking areas of southern India. Controversial in its time, this play continues to be one of the most popular Telugu literary works of all time. A number of expressions used by Gurajada in this play are still popular in modern-day Telugu. Objective Gurajada wrote this play to raise awareness about what he felt was a scandalous state of affairs in society. His English preface to the first edition states: "Such a scandalous state of things is a disgrace to society, and literature can not have a higher function than to show up such practices and give currency to a high standard of moral ideas. Until reading habits prevail among masses, one must look only to the stage to exert such healthy influence." Traditionally, Telugu literary works were written in a highly stylistic language with complicated words and meter; these works could only be understood by the educated elite. Gurajada's mission was to reach out to the masses, so he broke with tradition (he called the literary dialect "doubly dead" in his preface) and wrote in the vibrant and colorful spoken language of the day. Background Kanyasulkam drama has 2 versions, both written by Gurajada Apparao 15 years apart. The 2nd version of Kanyasulkam was published in 1909. Setting The play is set in the Vizianagaram (Vijayanagaram) princely state in British India. It deals primarily with the lives of the "upper caste" Brahmins of the area, although it offers a few insights into the lives of other people as well. The play centers on Gireesam, an English-educated, resourceful but unscrupulous Vaidiki Brahmin man, and Madhura vani, a prostitute who takes her morals seriously. Although it maintains a surface of humor through satire, the play conveys the "disgrace to society" that outraged Gurajada. Main characters Agnihotravadhanlu, Krishnarayapuram agrahareekudu Venkamma, Wife of Agnihotravadhanlu Bucchamma, Elder daughter of Agnihotravadhanlu Subbamma, Younger daughter of Agnihotravadhanlu Venkatesam, Son of Agnihotravadhanlu Karataka Sastri, Brother-in-law of Agnihotravadhanlu Sishyudu a.k.a. '"Mahesam"', Disciple of Karataka Sastri Lubdhavadhanlu, Ramachandrapuram agrahareekudu Meenakshi, Widowed daughter of Lubdhavadhanlu Ramappantulu, Karanam of Ramachandrapuram agraharam and Brother-in-law of Lubdhavadhanulu Gireesam, cousin