the 13th century by way of papal bull, along with a host of newer universities. While these papal bulls initially did little more than confer the privileges of a specified university such as Bologna or Paris, by the end of the 13th century universities sought a papal bull conferring on them , the privilege of granting to masters licences to teach in all universities without further examination (Haskins, 1941:282). Universities officially recognized as in the 14th century were several, among them: University of Lleida (founded in 1301) Sapienza University of Rome (founded in 1303) University of Perugia (founded in 1308) University of Florence (founded in 1321) University of Pisa (founded in 1343) Charles University in Prague (founded in 1348) University of Pavia (founded in 1361) Jagiellonian University in Kraków (founded in 1364) University of Vienna (founded in 1365) University of Zadar (founded in 1396) Contemporary usage Today is primarily used within a European university context as a description for lectures, seminars and other activities which aim at providing academic foundations for students and the general public. They are in line with the humanistic roots of the traditional universities to reach outside of their boundaries and provide a general education. In the early post-war years in Germany the concept was re-introduced, for example, with a formal programme begun in 1948 at the Leibniz College of University of Tübingen. Today the term is often used interchangeably with orientation year and may be regarded as the academic equivalent of a Gap year. Studium particulare A tended to take local students. A , by contrast, would take students from all regions and all countries. See also List of oldest universities in continuous operation Studium Particulare Notes References Cobban, Alan, The Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization, London: Harper & Row, 1975. Haskins, George L (1941) 'The University of Oxford and the Ius ubique docendi,' The English Historical Review, pp. 281–292. Rashdall, H. (1895) The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Vol. 1. Medieval European education Medieval organizations History of academia