Following the trial of Charles I in January 1649, 59 commissioners (judges) signed his death warrant. They, along with several key associates and numerous court officials, were the subject of punishment following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 with the coronation of Charles II. Charles I's trial and execution had followed the second English Civil War in which his supporters, Royalist "Cavaliers", were opposed by the Parliamentarian "Roundheads", led by Oliver Cromwell. With the return of Charles II, Parliament passed the Indemnity and Oblivion Act (1660), which granted amnesty to those guilty of most crimes committed during the Civil War and the Interregnum. Of those who had been involved in the trial and execution, 104 were specifically excluded from reprieve, although 24 had already died, including Cromwell, John Bradshaw (the judge who was president of the court), and Henry Ireton (a general in the Parliamentary army and Cromwell's son-in-law). They were given a posthumous execution: their remains were exhumed, and they were hanged and beheaded, and their bodies cast into a pit below the gallows. Their heads were placed on spikes at the end of Westminster Hall. Several others were hanged, drawn and quartered, while 19 were imprisoned for life. Property was confiscated from many, and most were barred from holding public office or title again. Twenty-one of those under threat fled England, mostly settling in the Netherlands or Switzerland; three settled in New England. In literature on the execution of Charles I, the term "regicide" (literally: "king-killing") has not only been applied to the act of killing the king in 1649 itself, but also on those individuals (the so-called "regicides", thus understood to mean "king-killers") who were deemed to be in some way responsible for that act. However, "regicide" has never been a specific crime in English law, and has never been defined in law. The Indemnity and Oblivion Act did not use the term either as a definition of the act, nor as a label for those involved. Therefore, there is no agreed definition of who is to be included in the list of regicides. Historians have identified different groups of people as being suitable for the name, and some do not include the associates who also faced trial and punishment. The list has been cited as an early blacklist: the state papers of Charles II (1681) declare: "If any innocent soul be found in this blacklist,