on oil exports, the less cooperative they become: they grow less likely to join intergovernmental organizations, to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of international judicial bodies, and to agree to binding arbitration for investment disputes. Foreign aid There is an argument in political economy that foreign aid could have the same negative effects on the long run towards development as in the case of the resource curse. The so-called "aid curse" results from giving perverse political incentives on a weak body of civil servants, lowering politicians' accountability towards citizens and decreasing economic pressure thanks to the income of an unearned resource to mitigate economic crisis. When foreign aid represents a major source of revenue to the government and especially in low-income countries the state building capacity hinders by undermining responsiveness toward taxpayers or by decreasing the incentive for the government to look for different sources of income or the increase in taxation. Crime A 2018 study found that "a 1% increase in the value of oil reserves increases murder by 0.16%, robbery by 0.55% and larceny by 0.18%." Petro-aggression Petro-aggression is the tendency for a petrostate to be involved in international conflicts, or to be the targets of them. The term was populized by a 2013 book by Jeff Colgan that found that petrostates (states with 10% or more GDP from petroleum) are 250 percent more likely to instigate international conflicts than a typical country. Examples of oil-rich countries engaging in conflict include: Iraq (Invasion of Kuwait) Iran (Support of Hezbollah and other Shia militias) Libya (Chadian–Libyan conflict) Biafra Indonesia (Operation Lotus) Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) ) Russia (War in Donbas, Russian Invasion of Ukraine) South Sudan (South Sudanese Civil War) As of 1999, it remained unclear whether the pattern of petro-aggression found in oil-rich countries also applies to other natural resources besides oil. Oil rich states also tend to have a poor record of human rights abuses, as well as revolutionary, revisionist ambitions, making them more conflict prone. Unfortunately, due to scant data, there is no way of being able to discern high oil prices turning petro-states more aggressive as public thought might deduce. Natural disasters turn out to be far more hurtful to the price of oil than any conflict. Examples in biology and ecology Microbial ecology studies have also addressed if resource availability modulates the cooperative or competitive behaviour in bacteria