The Quark Publishing System (QPS) was a collaborative workflow management system first released in 1991 by Quark, Inc. and now superseded by Quark Publishing Platform. It allowed the creators of large publications to manage the process by which the publications are created, and also track the flow of created materials through the various phases of creation, editing, review, combination, and printing. It was mostly used by the producers of periodical publications like magazines, newspapers and catalog but also occasionally used for producing complicated one-off publications like books and advertising materials. System QPS Classic was a cross-platform workgroup publishing solution that streamlines workflow and provides tools to manage workloads. It incorporated a central repository for content with modules for file management, file locking, monitoring, tracking, version control, revision management, page design, and copyediting. One large innovation/advantage of the system was that QPS allowed layout artists and editors to work at the same document at the same time. The system was configurable by end users/administrators and IT professionals with a fairly modest amount of training. It was very flexible and became more stable since having been launched, in 2004, as a Mac OS X product. Previous versions of QPS were notorious for various bugs and crashes that required strict adherence to certain procedures and maintenance. QPS was first released in 1991 by Quark, Inc. after having been beta-tested at BusinessWeek and M&T Publishing on DBMS Magazine in the late 1980s. The product was long considered the market leader with over 900 sites worldwide and over 50,000 seats sold. For the first decade of its existence, QPS was more-or-less without competitors. Although some companies did offer similarly conceived workflow systems, most of those were designed/developed with the newspaper market in mind. QPS latterly supported Mac, Web and Windows Clients, editors could use QuarkXPress and InDesign for page layouting, QuarkCopyDesk, InCopy and an Internet Browser for editing, copyfitting and reviewing text and Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Word etc. for content editing. In 2009, Quark, Inc. in association with Stepnet Ingénierie, a French software editor, developed a java based framework which gave web services to almost all QPS features and some of QuarkXPress' ones, such as editing rich text, cropping high resolution pictures or generate PDF/X from standard QuarkXPress files within a QPS secured workflow. This framework supported the latest release of QPS and was available as an option, called QPS Web Portal. Core modules included