a few independent variations. This form has never attracted serious interest in high-level play, though Alexander Alekhine defeated Efim Bogoljubow with it in one game of their second match, in 1934. The Old Benoni is sometimes called the Blackburne Defense after Englishman Joseph Henry Blackburne, the first player known to have used it successfully. Czech Benoni: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e5 In the Czech Benoni, also known as the Hromadka Benoni, after Karel Hromádka, Black plays 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e5. The Czech Benoni is more than the Modern Benoni, but also more passive. The middlegames arising from this line are characterized by much maneuvering; in most lines, Black will look to break with ...b7–b5 or ...f7–f5 after due preparation, while White may play Nc3, e4, h3, Bd3, Nf3, and g4, in order to gain space on the and prevent ...f5. Grandmaster Ben Finegold often plays this line; he notably beat Mamedyarov in this variation. Modern Benoni: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 The Modern Benoni, 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6, is the second most common form of Benoni after the Benko Gambit. Black's intention is to play ...exd5 and create a pawn , whose advance will be supported by a fianchettoed bishop on g7. The combination of these two features differentiates Black's setup from the other Benoni defenses and the King's Indian Defense, although transpositions between these openings are common. The Modern Benoni is classified under the ECO codes A60–A79. Snake Benoni: 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 Bd6 The Snake Benoni refers to a variant of the Modern Benoni where the bishop is developed to d6 rather than g7. This opening was invented in 1982 by Rolf Olav Martens, who gave it its name because of the sinuous movement of the bishop—in Martens's original concept, Black follows up with 6...Bc7 and sometimes ...Ba5—and because the Swedish word for "snake", orm, was an anagram of his initials. Normunds Miezis has been a regular exponent of this variation. Aside from Martens's plan, 6...0-0 intending ...Re8, ...Bf8 and a potential redeployment of the bishop to g7, has also been tried. White appears to retain the advantage against both setups. Benko Gambit 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 Blumenfeld Countergambit 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nf3 b5 ECO The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings has many codes for the Benoni Defense. Old Benoni Defense: A43 1.d4 c5 A44 1.d4 c5 2.d5 e5