of successful graduates have shown that boot camp programs as an alternative to prison time are particularly successful in reducing criminality, but these studies are limited to successful graduates of state correctional and prison-alternative programs managed by current and former military service members. Programs such as teaching family homes based on the Teaching-Family Model have been researched by industry funded organizations and show positive gains. Research shows that they can be used to reduce delinquency while adolescents are in the home and post release {see Kingsley (2006). In general, these types of programs take a behavioral engineering approach to reducing problem behavior and building skills. In general, behavior modification programs, including military style boot camps that follow modern curriculum, that are used in facilities or in the natural environment have a large effect size and lead to an estimated 15 to 40% reduction in recidivism. While this reduction appears to be modest, it holds potential in the U.S. given the large number of people in the prison system. Increasingly, behavior modification models based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and dialectic behavioral therapy are being developed to model and reduce delinquency and are being integrated into programs of all types. Controversy This industry is not without controversy, however. The U.S. Surgeon General (1999) discussed the need to clarify admission criteria to residential treatment programs. Included in the same report was the call for more updated research as most of the residential research had been completed in the 1960s and 1970s.. Disability rights organizations, such as the Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, oppose placement in such programs and call into question the appropriateness and efficacy of such group placements, the failure of such programs to address problems in the child's home and community environment, the limited or no mental health services offered and substandard educational programs. Bazelon promotes community-based services on the basis that it considers more effective and less costly than residential placement. While the behavior modification programs can be delivered as easily in residential programs as in community-based programs overall community-based programs continue to lack empirical support especially with respect to long term outcomes for severe cases with the notable exception of Hinckley and Ellis (1985). Even with this said, in 1999 the surgeon general clearly stated "...it is premature to endorse the effectiveness of residential treatment for adolescents.". From late 2007 through 2008,