same piece with a cold end prolonged the perceived duration by 2.4 seconds. This is called the “Pulse Continuity Phenomenon" and was measured by a tapping-along task to measure participants’ perception of pulsation. An 1894 78 rpm record called "The Spirit of '76" features a narrated musical vignette with martial fife-and-drum that gets louder as it 'nears' the listener, and quieter as it 'moves away'. There are early examples that appear to bear no obvious relationship to movement. One is "Barkin' Dog" (1919) by the Ted Lewis Jazz Band. Another contender is "America" (1918), a patriotic piece by the chorus of evangelist Billy Sunday. By the early 1930s longer songs were being put on both sides of records, with the piece fading out at the end of Side One and fading back in at the beginning of Side Two. Records at the time held only about two to five minutes of music per side. The segue allowed for longer songs (such as Count Basie's "Miss Thing"), symphonies and live concert recordings. However, shorter songs continued to use the fade-out for unclear reasons—for example, Fred Astaire's movie theme "Flying Down to Rio" (1933). Even using fade-out as a segue device does not seem obvious, though we certainly take it for granted today. It is possible that movies were an influence here. Fade-ins and fade-outs are often used as cinematic devices that begin and end scenes; film language that developed at the same time as these early recordings. The term 'fade-out' itself is of cinematic origin, appearing in print around 1918. And jazz, a favorite of early records, was a popular subject of early movies too. The same could be said for radio productions. Within a single programme of a radio production, many different types of fade can be applied. When mixing from speech to music, there are a few ways that fade can be used. Here are three examples. Types Straight: the introduction has become a musical link between the music/speech that follows, additionally the first notes of the intro can be emphasized to make it ‘pop’ out more. Cutting the introduction: Since the first word of the vocals has to follow promptly after the cue light, it could be used to move the recording onward. Introduction under speech: The music is placed at the specified time on the cue, the level must be low in order for the vocals to