letters, the dominant one written first. Example: AB and BA. If discrete, intermingled bodies of two master horizons occur together, the horizon symbols are combined using a slash (/). Example: A/B and B/A. The master horizon symbols may be followed by the lowercase letters indicating subordinate characteristics (see below). Example: AhBw. The I, L and W symbols are not used in transitional horizon designations. Subordinate characteristics This is the list of suffixes to the master horizons. After the hyphen, it is indicated to which master horizons the suffixes can be added. a: Highly decomposed organic material—H and O horizons. b: Buried genetic horizon—mineral horizons, not cryoturbated. c: Concretions or nodules—mineral horizons. c: Coprogenous earth—L horizon. d: Dense layer (physically root restrictive)—mineral horizons, not with m. d: Diatomaceous earth—L horizon. e: Moderately decomposed organic material—H and O horizons. f: Frozen soil—not in I and R horizons. g: Stagnic conditions—no restriction. h: Accumulation of organic matter—mineral horizons. i: Slickensides—mineral horizons. i: Slightly decomposed organic material—H and O horizons. j: Jarosite accumulation—no restriction. k: Accumulation of pedogenic carbonates—no restriction. l: Mottling due to upmoving groundwater (gleying)—no restriction. m: Strong cementation or induration (pedogenic, massive)—mineral horizons. m: Marl—L horizon. n: Pedogenic accumulation of exchangeable sodium—no restriction. o: Residual accumulation of sesquioxides (pedogenic)—no restriction. p: Ploughing or other human disturbance—no restriction; ploughed E, B, or C horizons are referred to as Ap. q: Accumulation of pedogenic silica—no restriction. r: Strong reduction—no restriction. s: Illuvial accumulation of sesquioxides—B horizons. t: Illuvial accumulation of clay minerals—B and C horizons. u: Urban and other human-made materials (artefacts—H, O, A, E, B and C horizons. v: Occurrence of plinthite—no restriction. w: Development of colour or structure—B horizons. x: Fragipan characteristics—no restriction. y: Pedogenic accumulation of gypsum—no restriction. z: Pedogenic accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsum—no restriction. @: Evidence of cryoturbation—no restriction. Discontinuities and vertical subdivisions Numerical prefixes are used to denote lithic discontinuities. By convention, 1 is not shown. Numerical suffixes are used to denote subdivisions within a horizon. The horizons in a profile are combined using a hyphen (-). Example: Ah-E-Bt1-2Bt2-2BwC-3C1-3C2. Horizons and layers according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), 4th edition (2022) Source: The designations are found in Chapter 10 of the WRB Manual. The Chapter starts with some general definitions: The fine earth comprises the soil constituents ≤ 2 mm. The whole soil comprises fine earth, coarse fragments, artefacts, cemented parts,