in energy efficiency. In countries where the resulting abundant fuel is coal, the impact of coal on the country is likely to be among the highest, such as South Africa. For example, Germany is burning large amounts of lignite (subbituminous coal), as it can be easily extracted from German soil. See also Banana republic Dutch disease Exploitation colonialism Freight equalization policy in India High-level equilibrium trap Passive income Rent seeking Rentier capitalism Rentier state Petrostate Political corruption Bribery Public choice theory Resource monotonicity References Further reading Arezki, Rabah, Raouf Boucekkine, Jeffrey Frankel, Mohammed Laksaci, and Rick van der Ploeg. 2018. Rethinking the Macroeconomics of Resource-Rich Countries. Economic growth Paradoxes in economics International economics Resource economics Curses