have raised its price in the local market by an equivalent value. The effective rate of protection reveals the extremely adverse effect of tariffs that escalate from low rates on raw materials to high rates on intermediate inputs and yet higher rates on the final product as, in fact, most countries' tariff schedules do. Less developed countries complain that such tariff schedules gravely impede their access to developed countries' markets. See also Consumer support estimate (CSE), General services support estimate (GSSE) Total support estimate (TSE) References International trade theory Protectionism Theory of taxation Protection