companies Schering-Kahlbaum and Parke-Davis started the pharmaceutical production of estrogen. 1944 Harvard Medical School professor John Rock became the first person to fertilize human ovum outside the uterus. 1953 Researchers successfully performed the first cryopreservation of sperm. 1976 Michigan lawyer Noel Keane wrote the first surrogacy contract in the United States. 1978 Louise Brown, the first "test-tube baby", was born in England, the product of the first successful IVF procedure. 1985–1986 A woman carried the first successful gestational surrogate pregnancy. 1986 Melissa Stern, otherwise known as "Baby M," was born in the U.S. The surrogate and biological mother, Mary Beth Whitehead, refused to give up custody of Melissa to the couple with whom she made the surrogacy agreement. The courts of New Jersey found that Whitehead was the child's legal mother and declared contracts for gestational carrierhood illegal and invalid. However, the court found it in the best interest of the infant to award custody of Melissa to the child's biological father, William Stern, and his wife Elizabeth Stern, rather than to Whitehead, the gestational carrier. 1990 In California, gestational carrier Anna Johnson refused to give up the baby to intended parents Mark and Crispina Calvert. The couple sued her for custody (Calvert v. Johnson), and the court upheld their parental rights. In doing so, it legally defined the true mother as the woman who, according to the surrogacy agreement, intends to create and raise a child. 2009 Ukraine, one of the most requested countries in Europe for this treatment, has its first Surrogacy Law approved. Psychological concerns Surrogate Anthropological studies of surrogates have shown that surrogates engage in various distancing techniques throughout the surrogate pregnancy so as to ensure that they do not become emotionally attached to the baby. Many surrogates intentionally try to foster the development of emotional attachment between the intended mother and the surrogate child. Some surrogates describe feeling empowered by the experience. Although gestational surrogates generally report being satisfied with their experience as surrogates, there are cases in which they are not. Unmet expectations are associated with dissatisfaction. Some women did not feel a certain level of closeness with the couple and others did not feel respected by the couple. Some gestational surrogates report emotional distress during the process of surrogacy. There may be a lack of access to therapy and emotional support through the surrogate process. Gestational surrogates may struggle with postpartum depression and