restraining the doors of a vertical launch systems, binding gears, shafts, hinges and pedestals. Other effects include sluggish performance of lubricants, increased failure rate of seals, plugs and O-rings, frozen magazine sprinkler systems, excessively long warm-up times for electronics or weapon system electronics, and freeze up of compressed-air-operated components. Arctic operations Global climate change has opened the waters of the Arctic along the northern shores of Alaska, Russia and Canada. The region is rich in natural resources. Countries abutting the Arctic Ocean have shown greater military patrol activity. The Military Times reported in 2015 that Russia had reactivated ten military bases, had increased surface ship and aircraft patrols of its Northern Fleet, and had conducted missile tests in the region. The US Navy plans to have sufficient assets by 2030 to respond militarily in the Arctic. As of 2015, it conducted regular submarine patrols, but few air or surface ship operations. Russia had twelve ice breakers versus two for the US. As of 2013, Canada had six ice breakers. In 2016, Canada announced the building of five ice-breaking Arctic and offshore patrol ships. See also Warfare Desert warfare Mountain warfare Russian Northern Fleet Ski warfare List of mountain warfare forces Climate Russian Winter Annual Dry Season Offensive Arctic ICEX: US Navy Mission in Arctic Arctic cooperation and politics Natural resources of the Arctic References Further reading External links Bundeswehr Training Video 1959 Bundeswehr Lehrfilm - "Der Einzelschütze im Hochwinter" 1959 – 1959 German Army training film, "Individual protection in deep winter" – German narration Warfare by type