more into play. Examples of embodied energy include: the energy used to extract raw resources, process materials, assemble product components, transport between each step, construction, maintenance and repair, deconstruction and disposal. As such, it is important to employ a whole-life carbon accounting framework in analyzing the carbon emissions in buildings. In the energy field EROEI EROEI (Energy Returned On Energy Invested) provides a basis for evaluating the embodied energy due to energy. Final energy has to be multiplied by in order to get the embodied energy. Given an EROEI amounting to eight e.g., a seventh of the final energy corresponds to the embodied energy. Not only that, for really obtaining overall embodied energy, embodied energy due to the construction and maintenance of power plants should be taken into account, too. Here, figures are badly needed. Electricity In the BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2018, toe are converted into kWh "on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station". In France, by convention, the ratio between primary energy and final energy in electricity amounts to 2.58, corresponding to an efficiency of 38.8%. In Germany, on the contrary, because of the swift development of the renewable energies, the ratio between primary energy and final energy in electricity amounts to only 1.8, corresponding to an efficiency of 55.5%. According to EcoPassenger, overall electricity efficiency would amount to 34% in the UK, 36% in Germany and 29% in France. Data processing According to association négaWatt, embodied energy related to digital services amounted to 3.5 TWh/a for networks and 10.0 TWh/a for data centres (half for the servers per se, i. e. 5 TWh/a, and the other half for the buildings in which they are housed, i. e. 5 TWh/a), figures valid in France, in 2015. The organization is optimistic about the evolution of the energy consumption in the digital field, underlining the technical progress being made. The Shift Project, chaired by Jean-Marc Jancovici, contradicts the optimistic vision of the association négaWatt, and notes that the digital energy footprint is growing at 9% per year. See also Biophysical economics Ecological economics Embodied emissions Energy accounting Energy cannibalism Energy economics Environmental accounting Life cycle assessment Systems ecology References Bibliography External links Embodied energy data and research at The University of Melbourne Research on embodied energy at the University of Sydney, Australia Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the