minister as a part of a desperate attempt to hold Hungary on to the Habsburgs. Károlyi would have preferred to keep the monarchy and some link to Austria if possible. Only after Charles's withdrawal from government on 16 November 1918 made Károlyi proclaim the Hungarian Democratic Republic, with himself as provisional president. On 11 January 1919 the National Council formally recognized him as president. Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychologist—who had known the two politicians personally—wrote about the assassination of István Tisza and the appointment of Mihály Károlyi as new prime minister of Hungary: In the same vein, the British writer Harold Nicolson, who had known Károlyi during his exile in Britain, when reviewing Károlyi's memoirs in 1957 noted that: Baron Lajos Hatvany described Károlyi's leadership well when he noted: Károlyi's cabinet (From 31 October 1918 to 19 January 1919) Prime minister: Mihály Károlyi Minister of Defense: Béla Linder (31 October 1918 to 9 November 1918); Albert Bartha (9 November 1918 to 12 December 1918; Mihály Károlyi (12 December 1918 to 29 December 1918; Sándor Festetics (29 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) Minister of the Interior: Tivadar Batthyány (31 October 1918 to 12 December 1918; Vince Nagy (12 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) Minister of Justice: Barna Buza (31 October 1918 to 3 November 1918; Dénes Berinkey (3 November 1918 to 19 January 1919) King's Personal Minister: Tivadar Batthyány (31 October 1918 to 1 November 1918) Minister of Agriculture: Barna Buza Minister of Commerce: Ernő Garami Minister of Finance: Mihály Károlyi (31 October 1918 to 25 November 1918; Pál Szende (25 November 1918 to 19 January 1919) Minister of Food: Ferenc Nagy Minister of Religion and Education: Márton Lovászy (31 October 1918 to 22 December 1918) Sándor Juhász Nagy (22 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) Minister of Welfare and Labour: Zsigmond Kunfi (12 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) Minister Without Portfolio: Oszkár Jászi (31 October 1918 to 1 November 1918); Zsigmond Kunfi (31 October 1918 to 12 November 1918); Béla Linder (9 November 1918 to 12 December 1918) Minister Without Portfolio for Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia: Zsigmond Kunfi (6 November 1918 to 19 January 1919) Minister Without Portfolio for Nationalities: Oszkár Jászi (1 November 1918 to 19 January 1919) Berinkey cabinet (19 January 1919 to 21 march 1919) On 19 January 1919, Károlyi resigned as Prime Minister to concentrate exclusively on his duties as President of the Republic.