parliament under any form of surveillance." Neither immunity nor inviolability are prerogatives of individual parliamentarians; they are intended to protect the free exercise of Parliament's functions against judicial interference, which occurred in earlier regimes when the judiciary was under Government control and was not autonomous. There is controversy with respect to the principle of immunity about what statements are expressed in the member's parliamentary role and the Constitutional Court distinguishes between political activities and parliamentary activities, and even with respect to the latter, distinguishes between activities which are immune and activities which are not immune because they contradict other constitutional principles and rights. The principle of inviolability results from Constitutional Law #3 of 1993, which revoked the earlier system of "authorisation to proceed" (autorizzazione a procedere) for convictions in cases with defined sentences. Finally, article 69 states that "members of parliament receive compensation set down by the law," thereby affirming that parliamentarians must receive compensation and cannot renounce that compensation. This reverses the principle laid down in the Albertine Statute, which was the opposite, and is linked to the principle of equality (article 3) and the prohibition on imperative mandate (article 67). Electoral system The national elections for the renewal of members of the Senate of the Republic and Chamber of Deputies are regulated by Law n. 165 of 3 November 2017. It introduces a mixed electoral system in the form of parallel voting (mixed-member majoritarian), with about one-third (37%) of the seats allocated using a majoritarian system (single-member districts; first-past-the-post), and the remaining about two-thirds (63%) of the seats allocated using a proportional system (multi-member districts; D'Hondt method), with one round of voting. This electoral law is colloquially known as the Rosatellum bis, or simply Rosatellum, after Ettore Rosato, member of the Chamber of Deputies for Italia Viva, first signatory of the law upon proposal of the bill to Parliament. Constituencies Election of the Senate of the Republic The Senate comprises 200 members elected by universal suffrage and by citizens who are 18 or older. Out of the total number, according to the Rosatellum bis: 74 are directly elected in single-member districts; 126 are elected by proportional representation on a regional basis (of whom 4 are elected in overseas constituencies). In addition to the elected members, the Senate, as per article 59 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic, also comprises senators for life as discussed above. The Senate