Cited: December 1, 2022). Canadian parliamentary authorities reflect the tradition of the casting vote e.g., Bourinot's Rules of Order (1995) "Casting Vote - A single vote (usually the prerogative of the chair) that determines an issue when a vote on the motion has resulted in a tie." (page 14), and Standing Orders of the Canadian House of Commons — June 23, 2022 "casting vote - The deciding vote accorded to the Speaker (or, in committee, to the chair) in the event of a tie. The Speaker or chair may vote only in order to avoid a deadlock, and traditionally votes so as to maintain the status quo." (Source: https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/glossary/index-e.html cited December 1, 2022). In this latter example it is interesting to note that the speaker or chair may only vote to break an equality of votes. Robert's Rule of Order Newly Revised (12th Edition, 2020) does not include the concept of a casting vote. In RONR the presiding officer may vote by ballot and vote to break a tie. Quite differently than a casting vote, however, the presiding officer can also vote to cause a tie, defeating the motion (RONR 4:56, 44:12). On small boards, however, those that are smaller than 12 persons, Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, 12th Edition (2022) empowers the chair to use their rights as members. If a member, not only may the chair debate all questions, but the chair can also vote on all questions: "If the Chairman is a member, he may, without leaving the chair, speak in informal discussions and in debate, and vote on all questions." (RONR 49:21, 7). Informal discussions and motions may even be initiated by the chair (see footnote 4, 49:21). The chair of either small or large boards may only vote once (44:12), but if the chair of a small board withholds that vote until the mind of the house is known, the chair may vote to break or to cause a tie. Exceptions Some legislatures have abandoned the concept of a casting vote. Australia Some legislatures have a dual approach; for example, in the Australian Parliament: The Speaker of the House of Representatives may not vote in general debates, but has a casting vote to decide a tie. The President of the Senate usually votes in general debates, which are commonly based on party lines, but the President does not have a casting vote: a tied