1948, appointed by Nelson Mandela in 1998, retired in 2013) Justice Thembile Skweyiya (appointed by Thabo Mbeki in 2003, retired in 2014, died in 2015) Justice Johann van der Westhuizen (appointed by Thabo Mbeki in 2004, retired in 2016) Justice Bess Nkabinde (appointed by Thabo Mbeki in 2006, retired in 2018) Justice Edwin Cameron (appointed by Kgalema Motlanthe in 2009, retired in 2019) Justice Johan Froneman (appointed by Jacob Zuma in 2009, retired in 2020) Justice Chris Jafta (appointed by Jacob Zuma in 2009, retired in 2021) Justice Sisi Khampepe (appointed by Jacob Zuma in 2009, retired in 2021) The Constitution as the supreme law The judgments of the court are based on the Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. They enforce the basic rights and freedoms of all persons. They are binding on all organs of government, including the parliament, the presidency, the police force, the army, the public service and all courts. This means that the Court has the power to declare an Act of Parliament null and void if it conflicts with the Constitution and to control executive action in the same way. When interpreting the Constitution, the Court is required to consider international human rights law and may consider the law of other democratic countries. Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act, the Constitutional Court has had jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so. Other bodies protecting human rights The Court is one of many bodies created by the Constitution to defend the rights of citizens. It is concerned with matters of broad constitutional principle. Bad or incorrect conduct by state officials can be reported to the Office of the Public Protector, formerly called the Ombudsman. The Human Rights Commission has been established to handle complaints of violation of human rights in daily life. The ordinary courts, notably the small claims courts, the Magistrates' Courts, the High Courts and the Supreme Court of Appeal, deal with day-to-day disputes between citizens and between citizens and the state. Co-operation with Parliament and Provincial Assemblies The Constitutional Court has a special responsibility to parliament and the provincial legislatures. If there is a dispute in parliament or in a provincial legislature concerning whether or not legislation that has been passed and assented to is constitutional, a third of the members of the body concerned may