compiled by the Bureau of Interpreters became first known to the Western scholars in 1910, and in 1912 L. Aurousseau reported the existence of a manuscript of it with a Jurchen section, supplied to him by Yang Shoujing. This dictionary is similar in its structure to the one from the Bureau of Translators, but it only gives the "phonetic" transcription of Jurchen words (by means of Chinese characters) and not their writing in Jurchen script. The time of its creation is not certain; various scholars thought that it could have been created as late as (by Mao Ruicheng) or as early as 1450–1500; Daniel Kane's analysis of the dictionary, published in 1989, surmises that it may have been written in the first half of the 16th century, based on the way the Jurchen words are transcribed into Chinese. Both dictionaries record very similar forms of the language, which can be considered a late form of Jurchen, or an early form of Manchu. According to modern researchers, both dictionaries were compiled by the two Bureaus' staff, who were not very competent in Jurchen. The compilers of the two dictionaries were apparently not very familiar with Jurchen grammar. The language, in Daniel Kane's words, was geared to basic communications "with 'barbarians', when this was absolutely inevitable, or when they brought tribute to the Court". Jurchen words in Chinese texts Besides the inscriptions and one or two surviving manuscripts in Jurchen script, some important information on the Jurchen language is provided by the Jurchen words, transcribed using Chinese characters in Chinese documents. These include: The list of 125 Jurchen words in Jin Guoyu Jie ("Explanation of the national language of the Jin" ), an appendix to the History of Jin. Alexander Wylie translated the list into English and Manchu. Jurchen names and words throughout the History of Jin. An appendix with Jurchen words in Da Jin guozhi ("The veritable annals of the Jin Dynasty"), the text prepared in 1234 by Yuwen Mouzhao. Researches on Manchu Origins contained a list of corrections of transcribed Jurchen language words found in the History of Jin in Chapter 135 – , using the Manchu language to correct them, in Chapter 18 – . The Jin dynasty referred to the Jurchen language with the term Guoyu ("National language"), which was also used by other non-Han dynasties in China to refer to their languages, like the Manchu language during