of Animal Ecology, co-authored by Alfred E. Emerson, Orlando Park, Thomas Park, and Karl P. Schmidt (1949), and Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications (1951). Commemoration, death, and legacy Many biologists and historians believe that Allee's reputation was diminished by the work of another ecologist, George C. Williams. Williams's work, Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation by stressing the importance of individual selection and providing samples that invalidated the idea of group selection. However, the research and legacy of Allee is still recognized and discussed today as many scientists remain interested in the principles behind the Allee effect. In 1973, the Animal Behavior Society began to offer the W.C. Allee Award for the best presentation of an ethological work of research by a student in a juried competition held at their annual meeting. Allee died in Gainesville, Florida, aged 69, in 1955. Bibliography Allee, W. C. (1931). Animal Aggregations. A study in General Sociology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Allee, W. C. (1949). Principles of Animal Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Allee, W. C., Schmidt, K.P. (1951). Ecological Animal Geography: An Authorized, Rewritten edition, 2nd, based on Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage by Richard Hesse. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Courchamp, Franck. Luděk Berec and Joanna Gascoigne. (2008). Allee Effects in Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York. . Emerson, Alfred E. Thomas Park: Warder Clyde Allee: Ecologist and Ethologist. Science vol. 121, No. 3150 (May 13, 1955), p. 686-687 (obituary) Dugatkin, Lee Alan. (2006). The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for the Origins of Goodness. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Mitman, Gregg. The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900–1950, Science and Its Conceptual Foundations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. See also Animal geographies Group selection Population density Superorganism References External links Biographical sketch WC Allee Laboratory of Animal Behavior Biopsychological Research Building at the University of Chicago Warder Clyde Allee Papers at the University of Chicago Library National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir 1885 births 1955 deaths 20th-century American zoologists American Christian pacifists American ecologists American Quakers Earlham College alumni Ethologists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Lake Forest College faculty Non-interventionism People from Gainesville, Florida People from Parke County, Indiana Scientists from Chicago University of Chicago faculty University of Florida faculty University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty University of Oklahoma faculty Williams College faculty