changed dramatically as the November Uprising and later the January Uprising had broken out in 1830 and 1863 respectively and both failed in effort to restore an independent state which would have been a kind of successor to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the fall of the Russian Empire and the end of World War I, Western Krai territories became a scene of military and political rivalry between emerging nations of Eastern Europe, the expanding Soviet Union and the Polish state reborn as the Second Polish Republic. The Treaty of Riga laid the end to this rivalry in 1921. Although borders were set as a compromise between political stability and national aspirations, none of the sides of the treaty were satisfied. In the new political situation of Europe in the beginning of the 20th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had no chance of being successfully restored. Marshal Józef Piłsudski, however, seeking to revive the cultural and political heritage of the Commonwealth, continued for some time to pursue his (ultimately unsuccessful) plan for the creation of a federation of Central and Eastern European countries, called Intermarium (). See also Pale of Settlement Privislinsky Krai Western Oblast (1917–18) References Sources Subdivisions of the Russian Empire