as the DPS. Applicants must serve a copy of the application on Responsible Authorities, which include: the licensing authority (the council), the police, the fire authority, the body of responsible for health and safety enforcement, the body responsible for dealing with pollution (Environmental Health), a body responsible for advising on Child Protection issues, the planning authority, and the weights and measures/trading standards authority. Responsible Authorities can make representations to the licensing authority about an application. The application must also be advertised by way of a blue notice displayed on or near to the premises for 28 days and in a local newspaper on one working day within ten working days of making the application. In addition to the Responsible Authorities, the act allows for any "other person" to make representations. If representation is made, the licensing authority must hold a hearing in most cases. After the hearing, the authority can make one of five decisions: Grant the licence with conditions that match the operating schedule (and conditions can be added) Exclude some licensable activities from the application Refuse to accept the person specified as DPS (only on police advice) Approve different part of the premises for different activities Reject the application entirely. An unsuccessful applicant can appeal to the magistrates' court; an interested third party who disagrees with a decision to grant a licence can also appeal against the council's decision. Any person or responsible authority can apply to the licensing authority for a review of an existing premises licence, with the aim of amending its conditions or revoking it entirely. Cumulative Impact Policy Although not specifically referred to in the original act, guidance is provided for the establishment of Cumulative Impact Zones (CIZ), which allows Licensing Authorities to designate an area as such when there is evidence that the accumulation of licensed premises within it may cause one or more of the licensing objectives to be undermined if further licences are granted. A research study in the London Borough of Southwark found no evidence that CIZ establishment reduced the number of successful applications nor impacted on the relative proportion of licence applications receiving objections. Cumulative Impact Assessments were formally included in the Licensing Act 2003 (as Section 5A) by the Policing and Crime Act 2017. Personal licences A personal licence allows a person to sell or authorise the sale of alcohol under the authority of a premises license. Anyone