Civil War) 660 – Construction of the Great Mosque of Kufa 661 to 750 – Umayyad Caliphate 670 to 742 – Muslim conquest of North Africa 674 – Siege of Constantinople (674–678) by the Umayyads against the Byzantines 680 – The Battle of Karbala takes place, martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad 680 to 692 – Second Fitna (Second Islamic Civil War) 711 to 718 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania 711 to 714 – Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent 717 to 718 – Siege of Constantinople (717-718) 719 to 759 – Umayyad invasion of Gaul 738 – Caliphate campaigns in India 746 to 750 – Abbasid Revolution 750 to 1258 – Abbasid Caliphate 750 to 950 – Jabir ibn Hayyan, or anonymous authors writing under this name, pioneered organic chemistry 766 to 869 – Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, the first mathematician to describe the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent 770 to 840 – Khwarizmi, developed algebra 800 to 870 – Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani, One of the prominent scientists involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length along others 801 to 873 – Al-Kindi, promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals 810 – House of Wisdom set up in Baghdad, where Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works were translated into Arabic 821 to 979 – Iranian Intermezzo 821 to 873 – Tahirid dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan 827 to 902 – Muslim conquest of Sicily 836 to 901 – Thabit Ibn Qurra, discovered a theorem which enables pairs of amicable numbers to be found 847 to 871 – Emirate of Bari 850 to 934 – Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine 858 to 929 – Al-Battani, Syrian Arab mathematician and astronomer who introduced a number of trigonometric relations such as tan θ 861 to 1003 – Saffarid dynasty, an Iranian Persian empire 864 to 930 – Al-Razi, advocate of hygiene and patients' psychology, wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap, glycerine and naphtha in "Book of the Secret of Secrets" 872 to 950/951 – Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneered social psychology and consciousness studies 874 to 941 – Minor Occultation of the Mahdi 875/819 to 999 – Samanid dynasty, an Iranian empire 895 to 1004 – Hamdanid