vowel combinations */ia/, */ai/, */ea/, and */au/. The Oto-Manguean languages have changed quite a lot from the very spartan phoneme inventory of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Many languages have rich inventories of both vowels and consonants. Many have a full series of fricatives, and some branches (particularly Zapotecan and Chinantecan) distinguish voicing in both stops and fricatives. The voiced series of the Oto-Pamean languages have both fricative and stop allophones. Otomian also have full series of front, central and back vowels. Some analyses of Mixtecan include a series of voiced prenasalised stops and affricates; these can also be analysed as consonant sequences but it would be the only consonant clusters known in the languages. These are some of the most simple sound changes that have served to divide the Oto-Manguean family into subbranches: to in Chatino to in Chiapanec–Mangue, Oto-Pame, and Isthmus Zapotec to in Mixtecan to in Chatino to before vowels in Oto-Pame to before vowels in Oto-Pame and Amuzgo Lexicon The following lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean are from Kaufman (1983). The reconstructions are tentative, and are hence marked using two asterisks (**). {| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Oto-Manguean |- | to sit || **hku |- | to dawn || **(n)xə(n) |- | fire; fever || **xi |- | three || **hɔ(n) |- | to choose || **xʷə |- | to blow; to whistle || **xʷi |- | ripe || **hwe |- | to die || **(h)wə |- | flattened; squashed || **(ʔ)ma(h) |- | root || **mA |- | cloud; dew; rain || **nwa |- | to weave || **(n)wa |- | to hit || **(n)pah |- | bark || **kʷa |- | deer || **kʷa |- | rabbit || **kVwa |- | cocoa beans; edible pod || **kVwa |- | cure; medicine; herb || **lya |- | road || **lyɔ |- | flower || **lih |- | salt || **re(n) |- | sugar cane || **ro |- | eight || **(h)Nye |- | two || **(n)yU |- | hand || **(n)ya |- | teeth || **ʔ(Y)nu |- | and || **ʔ(Y)ne |- | bad || **cɔ |- | grindstone || **ci |- | Indian || **sa(n) |- | up || **sɔ |- | word || **ʔɔn |- | turkey hen || **ʔO |- | opening || **ʔA |- | to bury || **ʔA |- | to shake || **(n)pi |- | little || **ci |- | slowly || **(h,n)wi