of custom "named forks" in addition to the traditional data and resource forks. This feature has gone largely unused, as Apple never added support for it under Mac OS 8.1-10.3.9. Beginning with 10.4, a partial implementation was made to support Apple's extended inline attributes. Until Mac OS X v10.4, users running the Unix command line utilities (such as tar) included with Mac OS X would risk data loss, as the utilities were not updated to handle the resource forks of files. Novell Starting in 1985, Novell NetWare File System (NWFS), and its successor Novell Storage Services (NSS), were designed from the ground up to use a variety of methods to store a file's metadata. Some metadata resides in Novell Directory Services (NDS), some is stored in the directory structure on the disk, and some is stored in, as Novell terms it, 'multiple data streams' with the file itself. Multiple data streams also allow Macintosh clients to attach to and use NetWare servers. Microsoft NTFS, the file system introduced with Windows NT 3.1, supports file system forks known as alternate data streams (ADS). ReFS, a new file system introduced with Windows Server 2012, originally did not support ADS, but in Windows 8.1 64-bit and Server 2012 R2, support for ADS, with lengths of up to 128K, was added to ReFS. ADS was originally intended to add compatibility with existing operating systems that support forks. A computer program may be directed to open an ADS by specifying the name of ADS after a colon sign (:) after the file path. In spite of the support, most programs, including Windows Explorer and the dir command (before Windows Vista) ignore ADS. Windows Explorer copies ADS and warns when the target file system does not support them, but only calculates the main stream's size and does not list a file or folder's streams. Since Windows Vista, the dir command supports showing ADS. Windows PowerShell v3.0 and later supports manipulating ADS. Uses Windows 2000 uses ADS to store thumbnails in image files, and to store summary information (such as title and author) in any file, without changing the main stream. With Windows XP, Microsoft realized that ADS is susceptible to loss when the files containing them are moved off NTFS volumes; thus Windows XP stores them in the main stream whenever the file format supports it. Windows Vista discontinued support for adding summary information altogether, as