of Soviet-occupied southeastern Poland into Hungary. In 1940, the Soviet Union executed most of the Boy Scouts held at Ostashkov prison. In 1945 the ZHP restored its former name and returned to public existence. However, the communist authorities of Poland pressured the organization to become a member of the Pioneer Movement and eventually it was banned in 1949. The only existing part of pre-war ZHP during the years of the Communist regime was the ZHP pgK ('ZHP abroad', consisting of Polish Scouts from USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Argentina, France and Sweden). Principles The Gray Ranks followed the prewar principles of the Polish Scouting Association: service to the people and country, and education and improvement of their skills. In addition to the prewar oath, the following line was added: "I pledge to you that I shall serve with the Grey Ranks, safeguard the secrets of the organization, obey orders, and not hesitate to sacrifice my life." In addition to the Scouting moral code, the Gray Ranks also followed a basic three-step path of action. The program was nicknamed "Dziś - jutro - pojutrze" ("Today - tomorrow - the day after"): "Today" – struggle for Poland's independence "Tomorrow" – prepare for an all-national uprising and the liberation of Poland "The Day After" – prepare to rebuild Poland after the war Structure The Gray Ranks' structure was based on the prewar structure of the Polish Scouting Association, modified to suit the new circumstances of occupation and repression. The basic unit was the troop (drużyna), comprising some 20 boys or girls. Each troop was composed of several squads (zastępy), each zastęp comprising 7 persons. Several troops from a specified area (city district, village or town) formed a district (hufiec), which in turn formed part of a region (chorągiew — literally, a banner or standard). During World War II, the several units were referred to by their own code-names: "banner" (chorągiew) – ul ("beehive") "district" (hufiec) – rój ("swarm") "troop" (drużyna) – rodzina ("family") "squad" (zastęp) – pszczoły ("bees") The were code-named "Bee Yard" (Pasieka), headed by the commander (Naczelnik). The Gray Ranks' successive commanders were: Florian Marciniak (27 September 1939 – 6 May 1943) Stanisław Broniewski ("Orsza"; 12 May 1943 – 3 October 1944) Leon Marszałek (3 October 1944 – 18 January 1945) At the apogee of the Gray Ranks' strength, Headquarters commanded 20 banners. To control the movement, the area of prewar Poland