Populism, some certainly by Progressivism, instituted taxes incorporating various measures long used in Europe, but considerably less common in America, such as withholding, corporate income taxation (as against earlier taxes on corporate capital), and especially the defining feature of a "modern" income tax, central administration by bureaucrats rather than local elected officials. The twin revenue-raising successes of Wisconsin's 1911 (the Wisconsin Income Tax, the first "modern" State Income Tax was passed in 1911 and came into effect in 1912) and the United States' 1914 income taxes prompted imitation. Note that writers on the subject sometimes distinguish between corporate "net income" taxes, which are straightforward corporate income taxes, and corporate "franchise" taxes, which are taxes levied on corporations for doing business in a state, sometimes based on net income. Many states' constitutions were interpreted as barring direct income taxation, and franchise taxes were seen as legal ways to evade these bars. The term "franchise tax" has nothing to do with the voting franchise, and franchise taxes only apply to individuals insofar as they do business. Note that some states actually levy both corporate net income taxes and corporate franchise taxes based on net income. For the following list, see and. The Territory of Hawaii, then Hawaii as a state, individual and corporate from 1901 (this is sometimes claimed as the oldest state income tax; it is certainly the oldest state corporate income tax); Wisconsin, individual and corporate from 1911 (generally considered the first modern state income tax, built on a law largely written by Delos Kinsman, whose 1903 book on the subject is cited above; its major distinction as against older laws, including Hawaii's, is that state bureaucrats rather than local assessors collected it); Connecticut, franchise, from 1915; Oklahoma, modernisation of existing individual tax, from 1915; Massachusetts, individual, from 1916; Virginia, corporate, from 1916; Delaware, individual, from 1917; Montana, franchise, from 1917; New York, franchise, from 1917; Note abolition of South Carolina's non-modern individual income tax in 1918; Alabama, individual, 1919, declared unconstitutional 1920; New Mexico, individual and corporate, 1919, apparently abolished soon thereafter; New York, individual, from 1919; North Dakota, individual and corporate, from 1919; Massachusetts, corporate (franchise), from 1919 or 1920; Mississippi's income tax was held to apply to corporations in 1921; North Carolina, modernisation of existing individual and institution of corporate taxes, from 1921; South Carolina, individual and corporate, from 1921 or 1922; New Hampshire, "intangibles" (restricted to