Human rights in Europe are generally upheld. However, several human rights infringements exist, ranging from the treatment of asylum seekers to police brutality. The 2012 Amnesty International Annual Report points to problems in several European countries. One of the most accused is Belarus, the only country in Europe that, according to The Economist, has an authoritarian government. All other European countries are considered to have "some form of democratic government", having either the "full democracy", "flawed democracy", or a "hybrid regime". Unlike its member states, the European Union itself has not yet joined the Convention on Human Rights as of 2011. History The history of human rights in Europe is marked by a contradictory combination of legislative and intellectual progress and violations of fundamental human rights in both Europe and its colonies. Pre-1945 1215: Magna Carta 1222: Golden Bull of 1222 of Hungary defines the first time the rights of the nobility. 1264: Statute of Kalisz – the General Charter of Jewish Liberties introduces numerous right for the Jews in Poland, leading to an autonomous "nation within a nation" 1367: Statutes of Kilkenny 1463: Sultan Mehmed II's firman grants freedom to Bosnian Franciscans after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia 15th to 19th centuries: African slave trade 1505: Nihil novi in Poland forbids peasant from leaving their lands without permission from their feudal lord 1525: Twelve Articles of Memmingen, Bavaria, Germany 1529: Statutes of Lithuania 1550–1551: Bartolomé de las Casas debates Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda on human rights (Valladolid debate) 1573: The Warsaw Confederation confirms the religious freedom of all residents of Poland 1650–1660: Jesuit priest António Vieira fights for the human rights of the indigenous population of Brazil and obtains royal decrees against their enslavement 1689: The English Bill of Rights is established 1689: The Claim of Right Act is passed by Scottish Parliament 1690: The Second Treatise of Civil Government by John Locke 1750–1860: The Inclosure Act is passed by the United Kingdom Parliament, enclosing common land and assigning private property rights to lands which formerly had not been private 1772: British court ruling by William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield sets a precedent that slavery had no basis in law 1781: Serfdom is abolished in the Habsburg countries through the emperor Leopold II ( Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia) 1783: Serfdom is abolished in the first German state, Baden Poland-Lithuania abolishes corporal punishment 1789: The Declaration of the