sovereign state of Poland for 123 years. It is disputed how free were elections held after 1926; in particular, the 1930 elections are often considered to have been non-free :pl:Wybory brzeskie. Polish presidents were elected by the Sejm and Senate (Zgromadzenie Narodowe), not in a popular vote. Before 1922, the Polish Chief of State was called Naczelnik Państwa. Only the 1947 and 1989 elections can be considered as partially free. All others were controlled during that period. There were no direct presidential elections until 1990, with President Bolesław Bierut's nomination in 1947 by the Sejm and the abolition of the office by the 1952 constitution. Polish elections 1573 to 1985 Polish election, Royal elections 1st 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 2nd 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 3rd 1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 4th 1632 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 5th 1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 6th 1669 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 7th 1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 8th 1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 9th 1704 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 10th 1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 11th 1764 Polish–Lithuanian royal election Presidential elections 1st Polish election, 1922 (9 Dec) 2nd Polish election, 1922 (20 Dec) 3rd Polish election, 1926 (May) 4th Polish election, 1926 (Jun) 5th Polish election, 1933 6th Polish election, 1947 Legislative elections 1st Polish election, 1919 2nd Polish election, 1922 3rd Polish election, 1928 4th Polish election, 1930 5th Polish election, 1935 6th Polish election, 1938 7th Polish election, 1947 8th Polish election, 1952 9th Polish election, 1957 10th Polish election, 1961 11th Polish election, 1965 12th Polish election, 1969 13th Polish election, 1972 14th Polish election, 1976 15th Polish election, 1980 16th Polish election, 1985 Post-Communist Poland Since 1991, Polish elections operate according to a typical representative democracy. Poland has a multi-party political system, with numerous parties in which no party often has any chance of gaining power by itself, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. Poland elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly has two chambers. The parliament (Sejm) has 460 members, elected for a four-year term by party lists in multi-seat constituencies with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions, (requirement waived for national minorities). The Senate (Senat) has 100 members elected for a four-year term via the first past-the-post system, with 100 single member