well into the beginning of the 1930s. Governors of Turkestan Turkestan had 21 Governor-generals. 1865–1867 Mikhail Grigoryevich Chernyaev (Military Governor) 1866–1867 Dmitri Ilyich Romanovskiy (Civil Governor) 1867–1881 Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman 1881–1882 Gerasim Alexeevich Kolpakovsky 1882‒4 Mikhail Chernyayev 1884‒9 Nikolai Rozenbakh 1889–1898 Alexander Borisovich Vrevsky 1898–1901 Sergey Mikhailovich Dukhovsky 1901–1904 Nikolay Alexandrovich Ivanov 1904–1905 Nikolay Nikolayevich Tevyashev 1905–1906 Vsevolod Victorovich Zaharov 1906 Dean Ivanovich Subotich 1906 Yevgeny Osipovich Matsievsky 1906–1908 Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov 1908–1909 Pavel Ivanovich Mischenko 1909–1910 Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov 1910–1911 Vasiliy Ivanovich Pokotilo 1911–1914 Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov (restored) 1914–1916 Fedor Vladimirovich Martson 1916 Mikhail Romanovich Yerofeyev 1916–17 Aleksey Kuropatkin Administrative division Turkestan was divided into five oblasts. Fergana Oblast (New Margelan (Skobelev)) (part of Kokand Khanate until 1876) Samarkand Oblast (Samarkand) (until 1886 Zeravshan Okrug, the occupied east territories of Khanate of Bukhara) Semirechye Oblast (Verny) (1882–1899 part of the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes) Syr-Darya Oblast (Tashkent) Transcaspian Oblast (Askhabat) (until 1898 part of Caucasus Governorate-General) Soviet rule After the Russian Revolution of 1917, a Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR) within the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was created in Soviet Central Asia (excluding modern-day Kazakhstan). After the foundation of the Soviet Union it was split into the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmenistan) and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbekistan) in 1924. The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajikistan) was formed out of part of the Uzbek SSR in 1929, and in 1936 the Kyrgyz SSR (Kyrgyzstan) was separated from Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, these republics gained their independence. See also National delimitation in Soviet Central Asia Orenburg Cossacks Semirechye Cossacks Turkestan Military District History of Uzbekistan History of Kyrgyzstan History of Turkmenistan History of Kazakhstan History of Tajikistan References Further reading Pierce, Richard A. Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917 : a study in colonial rule (1960) online free to borrow Daniel Brower Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire (London) 2003 Wheeler, Geoffrey. The modern history of Soviet Central Asia (1964). online free to borrow Eugene Schuyler Turkistan (London) 1876 2 Vols. online free G.N. Curzon Russia in Central Asia (London) 1889 online free Count K.K. Pahlen Mission to Turkestan (Oxford) 1964 Seymour Becker Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia, Bukhara and Khiva 1865–1924 (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1968 Adeeb Khalid The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley) 1997 T.K. Beisembiev The Life of Alimqul (London) 2003 Hisao Komatsu,