parallels between speculative grammar and phenomenology, a fact that was picked up early on by Martin Heidegger, who wrote his first book, (Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories and Meaning, 1916), on Thomas of Erfurt's treatise (at that time still mistakenly attributed to Duns Scotus). Modists Martin of Dacia, De modis significandi (after 1255) Boetius of Dacia, De modis significandi sive Quaestiones super Priscianum majorem (c. 1270) John of Dacia, Summa Grammatica (c. 1280) Simon of Dacia, Domus gramaticae (1255-1270) Radulphus Brito, Quaestiones super Priscianum minore (c. 1300) Thomas of Erfurt, Tractatus de modis significandi seu grammatica speculativa (before 1310) Siger of Courtrai, Summa modorum significandi (1320). See also Roger Bacon's Summa Grammatica Dante's De vulgari eloquentia Philosophical language References Bibliography Primary sources Radulphus Brito, Quaestiones super Priscianum minore, ed. by Jan Pingorg and K. W. Enders, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1980. Thomas of Erfurt, Grammatica speculativa, translated by G.L. Bursill-Hall, London: Longmans, 1972. Siger of Courtrai, Summa modorum significandi; Sophismata ed. by Jan Pinborg, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1977. Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi: I,1-2: Johannis Daci Opera, 1955 II: Martini de Dacia Opera, 1961 III: Simonis Daci Opera, 1963 IV: Boethii Daci Modi significandi, 1969. Secondary sources Bursill-Hall, G. L. Speculative Grammars of the Middle Ages: The Doctrine of the partes orationis of the Modistae, Approaches to Semantics, 11, Mouton: The Hague, 1971. Fredborg, Karin Margareta. Universal Grammar According to Some 12th-Century Grammarians, in Studies in Medieval Linguistic Thought, ed. Konrad Koerner et al., Historiographia Linguistica, VII.1/2, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 1980, 69-84. Fredborg, Karin Margareta. Speculative Grammar, in A History of Twelfth-Century Philosophy, ed. Peter Dronke, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, 177-195. Kelly, Louis G. The Mirror of Gammar. Theology, Philosophy, and the Modistae, Philadelphia : J. Benjamins, 2002. Marmo, Costantino. A Pragmatic Approach to Language in Modism, in Sprachtheorien in Spätantike und Mittelalter, ed. Sten Ebbesen, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1995, 169-183. Pinborg, Jan. Speculative Grammar, in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Norman Kretzmann, Anthony Kenny, and Jan Pinborg (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 254–69. Pinborg, Jan. Logik und Semantik im Mittelalter. Ein Uberblick, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1972. Pinborg, Jan. Radulphus Brito’s sophism on second intentions, Vivarium, 13, 1975, 119–152, Rosier, Irène. La grammaire spéculative des Modistes, Lille: Presses universitaires de Lille, 1983. Grammar Language and mysticism Medieval literature Medieval linguists Medieval philosophy History of linguistics Philosophers of language