A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Plants that have an underground storage organ are called geophytes in the Raunkiær plant life-form classification system. Storage organs often, but not always, act as perennating organs which enable plants to survive adverse conditions (such as cold, excessive heat, lack of light or drought). Relationship to perennating organ Storage organs may act as perennating organs ('perennating' as in perennial, meaning "through the year", used in the sense of continuing beyond the year and in due course lasting for multiple years). These are used by plants to survive adverse periods in the plant's life-cycle (e.g. caused by cold, excessive heat, lack of light or drought). During these periods, parts of the plant die and then when conditions become favourable again, re-growth occurs from buds in the perennating organs. For example, geophytes growing in woodland under deciduous trees (e.g. bluebells, trilliums) die back to underground storage organs during summer when tree leaf cover restricts light and water is less available. However, perennating organs need not be storage organs. After losing their leaves, deciduous trees grow them again from 'resting buds', which are the perennating organs of phanerophytes in the Raunkiær classification, but which do not specifically act as storage organs. Equally, storage organs need not be perennating organs. Many succulents have leaves adapted for water storage, which they retain in adverse conditions. Underground storage organ In common parlance, underground storage organs may be generically called roots, tubers, or bulbs, but to the botanist there is more specific technical nomenclature: True roots: Storage taproot — e.g. carrot Tuberous root or root tuber – e.g. Dahlia Modified stems: Bulb (a short stem that produces fleshy scale leaves or modified leaf bases) — e.g. Lilium, Narcissus, onion Caudex — e.g. Adenium (desert-rose) Corm — e.g. Crocus Pseudobulb — e.g. Pleione (windowsill orchid) Rhizome — e.g. Iris pseudacorus (yellow flag iris) Stem tuber — e.g. Zantedeschia (arum lily), potato Trophopod (the persistent petiole base of several fern genera) — e.g. Diplazium, Onoclea sensibilis Others: Storage hypocotyl (the stem of a seedling) — sometimes called a tuber, as in Cyclamen Some of the above, particularly pseudobulbs and caudices, may occur wholly or partially above ground. Intermediates and combinations of the