When these ambassadors arrived in China, they acquired official titles, bronze mirrors, and military banners, which their masters could use to bolster their claims to political supremacy, to build a military system, and to exert influence on southern Korea. (Wang 2005:221–222) Wa Kingdoms The Wa Kingdoms in Kyushu were documented in the Civil War of Wa, which originated from a power struggle or political situation in the mid-2nd century CE. There were over 100 chiefdoms before the civil war. Afterward there were around 30 chiefdoms left that were ruled by shaman queen Himiko of . Himiko restored peace and gained control of the region around 180 CE. Shan Hai Jing Possibly the earliest record of Wō 倭 "Japan" occurs in the Shan Hai Jing 山海經 "Classic of Mountains and Seas". The actual date of this collection of geography and mythological legends is uncertain, but estimates range from 300 BCE to 250 CE. The Haineibei jing 海內北經 "Classic of Regions Within the North Sea" chapter includes Wō 倭 "Japan" among foreign places both real (such as Korea) and legendary (e.g. Penglai Mountain). [蓋國在鉅燕南倭北倭屬燕 朝鮮在列陽東海北山南列陽屬燕] The State of Gai is south of Great Yan and north of Wo. Wo belongs to Yan. Chaoxian [Chosŏn, Korea] is east of Lieyang, south of Haibei Mountain. Lieyang belongs to Yan. (12, tr. Nakagawa 2003:49) Nakagawa notes that Ju Yan 鉅燕 refers to the (ca. 1000–222 BCE) kingdom of Yan (state), and that Wo ("Japan was first known by this name.") maintained a "possible tributary relationship" with Yan. Lunheng Wang Chong's ca. 70–80 CE Lunheng 論衡 "Discourses Weighed in the Balance" is a compendium of essays on subjects including philosophy, religion, and natural sciences. The Rŭzēng 儒増 "Exaggerations of the Literati" chapter mentions Wōrén 倭人 "Japanese people" and Yuèshāng 越裳 "A people in the southern part of Kuang-tung province, near the Annamese frontier" presenting tributes during the Zhou dynasty. In disputing legends that ancient Zhou bronze ding tripods had magic powers to ward off evil spirits, Wang says. During the Zhou time there was universal peace. The Yuèshāng offered white pheasants to the court, the Japanese odoriferous plants. [周時天下太平，越裳獻白雉，倭人貢鬯草。] Since by eating these white pheasants or odoriferous plants one cannot keep free from evil influences, why should vessels like bronze tripods have such a power? (26, tr. Forke 1907:505) Another Lunheng chapter Huiguo 恢國 "Restoring the nation" similarly records that Emperor Cheng of Han (r. 51–7