outlooks on how power should be structured and decisions should be reached has led to significant crossover in membership and influence between Christian anarchists and Quakers. The Quaker influence was particularly pronounced in the anti-nuclear movement of the 1980s and in the North American anti-globalization movement, both of which included many thousands of anarchists and self-consciously adopted secular, consensus-based aspects of Quaker decision-making. Gnosticism Gnosis, as originated by Jesus, is a direct revelation of moral and ethical perfection received by each individual from God. This ‘gnosis’ is necessary for self-governance; self-governance is the foundation of an anarchist society. Jesus embodied and taught that affirmed alignment with God allows for individual gnosis, which naturally co-creates collective harmony, eliminating external governing structures. The discovery of the ancient gnostic texts at Nag Hammadi, coupled with the writings of the science fiction writer Philip K. Dick, especially concerning his concept of the Black Iron Prison, has led to the development of anarcho-Gnosticism. Islam The Bedouin nomads of the Khawarij were Islam's first sect. They challenged the new centralization of power in the Islamic state as an impediment to their tribe's freedom. At least one sect of Khawarij, the Najdat, believed that if no suitable imam was present in the community, the position could be dispensed with. A strand of Muʿtazili thought paralleled that of the Najdat: if rulers inevitably became tyrants, the only acceptable course of action was to depose them. The Nukkari subsect of Ibadi Islam reportedly adopted a similar belief. Moreover, the Moorish Orthodox Church of America (MOCA) also presents itself as an anarchistic religious milieu drawing especially from esoteric Islamic traditions. Judaism While many Jewish anarchists were irreligious or sometimes vehemently anti-religious, a few religious anarchists and pro-anarchist thinkers combined contemporary radical ideas with traditional Judaism. Some secular anarchists, such as Abba Gordin and Erich Fromm, noticed remarkable similarities between anarchism and many Kabbalistic ideas, especially in their Hasidic interpretation. Some Jewish mystical groups were based on anti-authoritarian principles, similar to the Christian Quakers and Dukhobors. Martin Buber, a deeply religious philosopher, had frequently referred to the Hasidic tradition. The Orthodox Kabbalist rabbi Yehuda Ashlag believed in a religious version of libertarian communism based on principles of Kabbalah, which he called "altruist communism". Ashlag supported the Kibbutz movement and preached to establish a network of self-ruled internationalist communes, who would eventually "annul the brute-force regime completely, for "every man did that