(WHO) recommends prescription of fixed-dose combination drugs, to improve adherence to treatment by reducing the number of tablets that need to be taken by people, and also possibly reducing prescribing errors. A Cochrane review, published in 2016, found moderate quality evidence that "there is probably little or no difference in fixed-dose combination drugs compared to single-drug formulations". Treatment adherence strategies As stated above, non-compliance to anti-tuberculin treatment can result in treatment failure or development of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Therefore, overall treatment strategies should be focused on promoting adherence. WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend a multi-faceted patient centered care approach. Public health and private sector practitioners can promote TB treatment adherence by allowing patients to be active partners in making their own treatment decisions; improving patient's knowledge and understanding of tuberculosis disease, treatment and potential spread; and by discussing expected interim and long-term outcomes with patients. CDC also recommends use of incentives and enablers. Incentives are monetary rewards for a healthy behavior (e.g.transport or food vouchers), while enablers function to remove economic burdens impeding healthcare access (e.g. grouping clinic visits, providing after hours clinic visits, or home visits). However, more research is needed to determine whether incentives and enablers have a significant effect on long-term treatment adherence for TB. Smartphones are considered to have potential to improve compliance. Individuals with tuberculosis may also benefit from the emotional support of peers and survivors. Advocacy organizations and patient support groups such as STOP TB, TB Alert, Treatment Action Group (TAG) and others work to connect TB survivors. Adverse effects For information on adverse effects of individual anti-TB drugs, please refer to the individual articles for each drug. The relative incidence of major adverse effects has been carefully described: INH 0.49 per hundred patient months RMP 0.43 EMB 0.07 PZA 1.48 All drugs 2.47 This works out to an 8.6% risk that any one patient will need to have his drug therapy changed during the course of standard short-course therapy (2HREZ/4HR). The people identified to be most at risk of major adverse side effects in this study were: age >60, females, HIV positive patients, and Asians. It can be extremely difficult identifying which drug is responsible for which side effect, but the relative frequency of each is known. The offending drugs are given in decreasing order of frequency: Thrombocytopenia: Rifampicin (RMP) Neuropathy: Isoniazid (INH) Vertigo: Streptomycin (STM) Hepatitis: Pyrazinamide