include: Government Pension Investment Fund ($1045.5 billion [2011]) Local Government Officials ($165 billion [2004]) Pension Fund Association ($117 billion [2004]) United Kingdom In the UK, institutional investors may play a major role in economic affairs, and are highly concentrated in the City of London's square mile. Their wealth accounts for around two-thirds of the equity in public listed companies. For any given company, the largest 25 investors would have to be able to muster over half of the votes. United States Some examples of important U.S. institutional investors are: Alaska Permanent Fund ($73 billion [2021]) Ensign Peak Advisors ($100 billion [2019]) CalPERS ($389 billion [2020]) CalSTRS ($282 billion [2021]) Harvard University endowment ($42 billion [2020]) New York State Common Retirement ($248 billion [2020]) Princeton University endowment ($27 billion [2020]) Stanford University endowment ($30 billion [2020]) Teacher Retirement System of Texas ($165 billion [2020]) Yale University endowment ($31 billion [2020]) The major investor associations are: Investment Management Association Association of British Insurers National Association of Pension Funds The Association of Investment Trust Companies The IMA, ABI, NAPF, and AITC, plus the British Merchant Banking and Securities House Association were also represented by the Institutional Shareholder Committee (ISC). As of August 2014 the ISC effectively became the Institutional Investors Committee (IIC), which comprises the Association of British Insurers, the Investment Management Association and the National Association of Pension Funds. See also Global assets under management Investment management List of institutional investors in the United Kingdom Private placement Notes References Articles AA Berle, "Property, Production and Revolution" (1965) 65 Columbia Law Review 1 LW Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No.3 December 2008 BS Black and JC Coffee, "Hail Britannia?: Institutional Investor Behavior under Limited Regulation" (1994) 92(7) Michigan Law Review 1997 G Clark and A Clark, "Common Rights to Land in England, 1475–1839" (2001) 61(4) The Journal of Economic History 1009 JC Coffee, "Liquidity versus Control: The Institutional Investor as Corporate Monitor" (1991) 91 Columbia Law Review 1277–1368 BL Connelly, R Hoskisson, L Tihanyi & ST Certo, "Ownership as a Form of Corporate Governance" (2010) Journal of Management Studies, Vol 47(8):1561-1589. PL Davies, "Institutional investors in the United Kingdom" in T Baums et al., Institutional Investors and Corporate Governance (Walter de Gruyter 1994) ch 9 MN Firzli & V Bazi, "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective",