three-mile limit of territorial waters, but also in a grey area of the law. Because the studios and transmitters were located on board the ships or offshore structures, the personnel on board were only under the authority of the captain of that ship or structure. In the case of ship stations such as Wonderful Radio London which introduced top 40 radio to Britain, the ship was registered in a foreign country and therefore subject to the laws of that country, which did not recognise "needle time". Payola operated on several of these stations. See also International Federation of the Phonographic Industry#History – a history of attempts by the record industry to claim a separate right to ownership of recorded works. Music industry Broadcast law 1988 disestablishments in the United Kingdom