to be things that are a direct result of technological advances. They include: Less strenuous physical exercise, often through increased use of motor vehicles Irregular exercise as a result of office jobs involving no physical labor. Easy accessibility in society to large amounts of low-cost food (relative to the much-lower caloric food availability in a subsistence economy) More food generally, with much less physical exertion expended to obtain a moderate amount of food Higher consumption of vegetable oils and high sugar-containing foods Higher consumption of meat and dairy products Higher consumption of refined flours and products made of such, like white bread or white noodles More foods which are processed, cooked, and commercially provided (rather than seasonal, fresh foods prepared locally at the time of eating) Prolonged periods of little activity Greater use of alcohol and tobacco Longer lifespans Reduced exposure to infectious agents throughout life (this can result in a more idle and inexperienced immune system, as compared to an individual who experienced relatively frequent exposure to certain pathogens in their time of life) Increased cleanliness. The hygiene hypothesis postulates that children of affluent families are now exposed to fewer antigens than has been normal in the past, giving rise to increased prevalence of allergy and autoimmune diseases. Diabetes mellitus Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by increase blood glucose level. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. It is caused by resistance to insulin or the lack of production of insulin. It is seen most commonly in adults. Type 1 diabetes or juvenile diabetes affects mostly children. This condition is due to little or lack of insulin production from the pancreas. According to WHO the prevalence of diabetes has quadrupled from 1980 to 422 million adults. The global prevalence of diabetes has increased from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. Diabetes has been a major cause for blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and lower limb amputation. Prevalence in countries of affluence The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a report in 2015 indicating that more than 100 million Americans have diabetes or pre-diabetes. Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in the United States in 2015. In developed countries like the United States, the risk for diabetes is seen in people with low socioeconomic status (SES). Socioeconomic status is defined by the education and the income level of a