been established. END had working groups for each Soviet bloc country. The Czechoslovakia group exchanged views with and visited Havel and his colleagues in Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia; the Hungary group did the same with György Konrád, Miklos Haraszti and a small group of young peace activists in Hungary; the Poland group the same with Adam Michnik, Jacek Kuron and many younger activists; the East Germany group the same with Bärbel Bohley and others who were later to be the core of Neues Forum. The end of END Both the END Conventions and the UK END group went into decline in the late 1980s after the 1987 Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces treaty removed the weapons that had given the European peace movement its raison d’etre – though the conventions continued until 1991 (in Moscow) and END in the UK turned itself in 1989 into European Dialogue, a pressure group for encouraging the development of democracy and civil society, which is still going. The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation launched END Info (European Nuclear Disarmament Information) in March 2019 in response to the collapse of the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty and attendant nuclear risks. The Russell Foundation worked with others across Europe to launch a 'Nuke Free Europe' network that campaigns to rid the continent of all nuclear weapons. See also United States missile defence Eastern European Campaign Against Missile Defence The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation (http://www.russfound.org) Bibliography Wittner, Lawrence S. : Toward Nuclear Abolition. A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1971 to the Present. Stanford University Press 2003. References Archives Catalogue of the END papers at LSE Library European Nuclear Disarmament Bulletin pdf archive and Index at Spokesman Books (publishing imprint of the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation) Anti–nuclear weapons movement Peace organisations based in the United Kingdom