featured TTC-V, Toyota's licensed version of Honda's CVCC stratified charge combustion system. Output is . The 19R was a short-lived experiment by Toyota, and was only offered in Japanese market cars. Applications: 1974–1977 Carina RA13/RA31 1974–1977 Corona RT103/RT123 20R The 2-valve SOHC 20R was produced from 1975 through 1980. Cylinder bore and stroke was . Aluminum alloy heads were used. Initial output was at 4800 rpm ( in California) and at 2,800 rpm. Power was down slightly from 1978 through 1979 at at 4800 rpm and at 2400 rpm. The final version, from 1979 through 1980, was down again at at 4800 rpm (still at in Canada) and at 2400 rpm. The 20R and subsequent models featured important design changes relative to the earlier SOHC R-series engines. The head was changed from a reverse-flow to a cross-flow type with hemispherical combustion chambers and shorter valve rockers. The timing chain was strengthened. The lower block bearings were strengthened against wear, safeguarding oil pressure, and the stroke was lengthened. The changes increased torque substantially and shifted peak power and torque towards the lower speed range. The later R series engines did much to establish Toyota's reputation for reliability, which had previously been indifferent at best. Applications: 1975–1980 Toyota Hilux 1975–1980 Toyota Celica (U.S. Version) 1975–1980 Toyota Corona (U.S. Version) Toyota Stout (RK110/111) Toyota Coaster (RB11) 21R The 2-valve SOHC 21R was produced from 1978 through 1987. Cylinder bore and stroke are . Output for export markets, largely unconstrained by emissions, was DIN at 5,000 rpm and at 4,000 rpm. Air injection and federally compliant emissions equipment for the 21R-C (1982–1985) dropped power down to SAE net at 5,000 rpm. The air-injected Japanese version, the 21R-U, produces JIS at 5,200 rpm and at 3,600 rpm but dropped to at 5,400 rpm and at 4,000 rpm in 1986. Applications: 1978–1982 Toyota Carina RA46-A, RA56-A 1978–1981 Toyota Celica RA46-B 1981–1983 Toyota Celica RA60-B 1978–1983 Toyota Corona RT133 1978–1980 Toyota Cressida/Corona Mark II/Chaser RX40, RX41 1980–1983 Toyota Cressida/Corona Mark II RX60 1979–198? Toyota HiAce Wagon RH23G 22R The 2-valve SOHC 22R was produced from 1981 through 1997. Cylinder bore and stroke was . Initial output was at 4,800 rpm and at 2,800 rpm. By 1990 the 22R was producing at 5,000 rpm and at 3,400 rpm. The first fuel injected 22R-E engines appeared in August 1982. Output of these engines is commonly rated at at 4,800