Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw). Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as egg or knife. There are hundreds of such words, and the list below does not aim at completeness. To be distinguished from loan words which date back to the Old English period are modern Old Norse loans originating in the context of Old Norse philology, such as kenning (1871), and loans from modern Icelandic (such as geyser, 1781). Yet another class comprises loans from Old Norse into Old French, which via Anglo-Norman were then indirectly loaned into Middle English; an example is flâneur, via French from the Old Norse verb flana "to wander aimlessly". A ado influenced by Norse "at" ("to", infinitive marker) which was used with English "do" in certain English dialects aloft á ("=in, on, to") + lopt ("=air, atmosphere, sky, heaven, upper floor, loft") English provenance = c 1200 AD anger angr ("=trouble, affliction"); root ang (="strait, straitened, troubled") English provenance = c 1250 AD are merger of Old English (earun, earon) and Old Norse (er) cognates auk A type of Arctic seabird. awe agi ("=terror") English provenance = c 1205 AD (as aȝe, an early form of the word resulting from the influence of Old Norse on an existing Anglo-Saxon form, eȝe) awkward the first element is from Old Norse ǫfugr ("=turned-backward"), the '-ward' part is from Old English weard awn From Old Norse ögn axle May be a combination of Old English eax and Old Norse öxull (="axis") B bag baggi bait beita band band (="rope") bark bǫrkr bask baðask reflex. of baða "bathe" (baðast, baða sig) berserk berserkr, lit. 'bear-shirt', (alt. berr-serkr, 'bare-shirt') frenzied warriors billow bylgja birth byrðr blather Probably from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse blaðra (="mutter, wag the tongue") bleak bleikr (="pale") blend Possibly from Old Norse blanda (="to mix") blunder blundra (="shut one's eye") boast Probably from a Scandinavian source via Anglo-French bole From Old Norse bolr (="tree trunk") both baðir boon bon (="a petition, prayer") booth From Old Danish boþ (="temporary dwelling"), from East Norse *boa (="to dwell") brunt Likely from Old Norse brundr (="sexual heat") or bruna =("to advance like wildfire") bug búkr (="insect within tree