Coins Frankfurt — 1 Reichstaler = 90 Kreuzer = 360 Pfennige OR 1 Reichsgulden = 60 Kreuzer = 240 Pfennige Hanover — 1 Thaler = 36 Mariengroschen = 288 Pfennige Hamburg — 1 Thaler = 3 Mark = 48 Schillinge = 96 Pfennige; later 12 Pfennige = 1 Schilling Prussia — 1 Thaler = 30 Silbergroschen India Calcutta and Madras — 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 paise = 192 pies Also, 1 gold mohur = 15 silver rupees Bombay — 1 rupee = 4 quarters = 400 reas Iran — 1 Rial = 20 Shahi Japan — separate gold, silver, and copper currencies, but linked during the Edo period Gold: 1 ryō = 4 bu = 16 shu Silver: 1 momme = 10 fun = 100 rin (1 ryō = officially 50 momme, market rates fluctuated with supply and demand and the value of the metal minted see Japan's Currency at Marteau) Copper: 1 kan = 1000 mon (1 ryō = 4000 mon; hence, 1 bu = 1 kan) Netherlands — 1 gulden = 20 stuivers = 160 duit = 320 penningen Ottoman Empire — 1 kuruş = 40 para = 120 akçe Poland — 1 złoty = 30 groszy Portugal — 1 real = 840 dinheiros Roman Empire — 1 aureus = 25 denarii = 100 sestertii = 400 asses = 1600 quadrantes Siam (now Thailand) — 1 tical = 4 salung = 8 fuang = 16 song phai = 32 phai = 64 att = 128 solot Spanish Empire — 1 peso = 8 reales (de plata fuerte) = 680 maravedíes (the pesos are the "pieces of eight" often referred to in stories about pirates, such as Treasure Island, vellon means the coin minted of an alloy with a low silver content.) Switzerland — 1 Gulden Rheinisch = 15 or 16 (later also 17 or 18) Batzen or = 20 Schilling; 1 Batzen = 10 Rappen; 1 Batzen = 4 Kreuzer (in Germany); 1 Schilling = 6 Angster = 12 Heller The United Kingdom and many countries formerly part of the British Empire — 1 pound = 4 crowns = 20 shillings = 240 pence = 960 farthings; these were units of account, although many other coins had informal or formal names (see coins of the pound sterling). In medieval England the unit of account was the mark, equivalent to two-thirds of a pound or 160