cultures are several members of Chrysoperla as well as Mallada signatus. They are a natural predator of the European corn borer, a moth that costs the US agriculture industry more than $1 billion annually in crop losses and population control. Gardeners can attract these lacewings – and therefore ensure a steady supply of larvae – by using certain companion plants and tolerating beneficial weeds. Chrysopidae are attracted mainly by Asteraceae – e.g. calliopsis (Coreopsis), cosmos (Cosmos), sunflowers (Helianthus) and dandelion (Taraxacum) – and Apiaceae such as dill (Anethum) or angelica (Angelica). Systematics and taxonomy For a long time, green lacewings were considered close relatives of the pleasing lacewings (Dilaridae) and brown lacewings (Hemerobiidae) and placed in the superfamily Hemerobioidea. But this grouping does not appear to be natural and misled most significantly by the supposed hemerobioideans' plesiomorphic larvae. Today, the Hemerobioidea are usually considered monotypic, containing only the brown lacewings; the green lacewings seem to be very closely related to the osmylids (Osmylidae), which have much more advanced larvae superficially resembling those of the spongillaflies (Sisyridae) with which the spongillaflies were thus formerly allied. Thus the superfamily Osmyloidea – also monotypic following the spongillaflies' removal from there – is the closest living relative of green lacewings; some Mesozoic taxa have been placed in families even closer to Chrysopidae (Ascalochrysidae and Mesochrysopidae) and united with these to superfamily Chrysopoidea. Selected genera The living genera of Chrysopidae are divided into one very large and two smaller subfamilies; a few genera are not robustly assigned to either of these yet: Subfamily Apochrysinae Handlirsch, 1908 Apochrysa (including Anapochrysa, Lauraya, Nacaura, Oligochrysa, Synthochrysa) Domenechus Joguina – includes Lainius Loyola (including Claverina) Nobilinus Nothancyla Pimachrysa Subfamily Chrysopinae Almost 60 genera, see article. Subfamily Nothochrysinae Navas, 1910 Asthenochrysa Dictyochrysa Hypochrysa Kimochrysa Nothochrysa McLachlan, 1868 Pamochrysa Triplochrysa Incertae sedis Cladochrysa Maculatae Sinochrysa Yang, 1992 (Nothochrysinae?) Tibetochrysa Yang, 1988 (Chrysopinae?) Tolmeron Xanthochrysa Yang & Yang, 1991 (Chrysopinae?) Yunchrysopa Yang & Wang, 1994 (Chrysopinae?) Compared to other Neuroptera, which have an extensive, sometimes extremely abundant, fossil record, green lacewings are not known from that many fossils, and these are not generally well-studied. Their prehistoric relatives mentioned above, however, indicate that at least the basal radiation of the Chrysopoidea must have happened in the Jurassic already, if not earlier. †subfamily Limaiinae Martins-Neto and Vulcano 1988 †Aberrantochrysa Khramov 2018 Khasurty, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) †Araripechrysa Martins-Neto and Vulcano 1988 Crato Formation, Brazil,