was working from an "obsolete conceptual framework", provided no solid evidence and that he was arguing for a teleological process of evolution. In 2004, biologist Samuel Scheiner stated that Reid's "presentation is both a caricature of evolutionary theory and severely out of date." Reid later published the book Biological Emergences (2007) with a theory on how emergent novelties are generated in evolution. According to Massimo Pigliucci "Biological Emergences by Robert Reid is an interesting contribution to the ongoing debate on the status of evolutionary theory, but it is hard to separate the good stuff from the more dubious claims." Pigliucci noted a dubious claim in the book is that natural selection has no role in evolution. It was positively reviewed by biologist Alexander Badyaev who commented that "the book succeeds in drawing attention to an under appreciated aspect of the evolutionary process". Others have criticized Reid's unorthodox views on emergence and evolution. See also The eclipse of Darwinism Emergentism is a corresponding belief in emergence. Evolutionary biology Orthogenesis Vitalism References Further reading Alexander, Samuel. (1920). Space, Time, and Deity. Kessinger Publishing Reprint. Bergson, Henri. (1911). Creative Evolution (English translation of L'Evolution créatrice). Dover Publications 1998: Lewes, George H. (1875). Problems of Life and Mind. First Series: The Foundations of a Creed, vol. II. University of Michigan Library. MacDougall, William. (1929). Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution. London: Macmillan. Morgan, C. Lloyd. (1923). Emergent Evolution. Henry Holt and Co. Patrick, G. T. W. (1923). Emergent Evolution by C. Lloyd Morgan. The Journal of Philosophy. Vol. 20, No. 26. pp. 714–718. Evolution Non-Darwinian evolution Philosophical theories Evolutionary biology Holism