to make negatives for color printing. Pixel craft was a small company in Long Island, New York, created by Kenneth Giordano and Khouri Giordano. The father and son team went on to accomplish many first in the computerization of color print. In 1993, Image Comics' use of computer color and more advanced color separation technology propelled DC and Marvel to further upgrade their coloring techniques. Finally, in the mid-1990s, Digital Chameleon's facility with Adobe Photoshop helped make that program the industry standard. The improvements in the technology used for coloring have had a great impact on the way comics are drawn. Before the use of computers, artists would often use the pen or brush to put in detailed shading effects; now the artist is more likely to leave the drawing open and leave it to the colorist to insert shading through variation in color tones or through adding a layer of translucent black. Most contemporary colorists work in digital media using tools. Notable colorists Jack Adler Marina Amaral David Baron Josette Baujot Jordie Bellaire Jeromy Cox Nine Culliford George Freeman, formerly with Digital Chameleon John Higgins Matt Hollingsworth Richard Isanove Vittorio Leonardo Lee Loughridge Thomas Sanna, WadeeKT Laura Martin Dave McCaig Paul Mounts Steve Oliff, founder of Olyoptics Cris Peter Joe Rivera Alex Sinclair Marie Severin Dave Stewart Christina Strain Lynn Varley Jose Villarrubia Glynis Wein Tatjana Wood See also Color grading Flatter Inker Letterer Penciller References Comics terminology Visual arts occupations