drew inspiration from the writings of modernist thinkers like Moses Mendelson. They coined the name "Orthodox" to describe those who opposed the "Reform". They were criticized by the Orthodox Judaism rabbis, such as Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany, and condemned, particularly by those known today as followers of Haredi Judaism, based mainly in Eastern Europe. (Later on, in 1880s America, Conservative Judaism split from the Reform movement.) Thus a cultural schism was also created between the more Western German-, English- and French-speaking Western European Jews and their more religiously observant Yiddish speaking Eastern European brethren whom they denigratingly labeled Ostjuden ("Eastern Jews"). These schisms and the debates surrounding them, continue with much ferocity in all Jewish communities today as the Reform and Orthodox movements continue to confront each other over a wide range of religious, social, political and ethnic issues. (Today, the largest Jewish communities are in Israel and in the United States, and the geographical separation has resulted in cultural differences, such as a tendency to identify as hiloni and haredi in Israel, as opposed to, say, Reform and Orthodox in the United States.) See also Apostasy in Judaism Culture of Israel Heresy in Judaism Jewish atheism Jewish religious movements Jewish secularism Jewish Science List of Israelite civil conflicts Reconstructionist Judaism Religion in Israel References External links History of Jewish denominations What's the difference between Orthodox, Conservative and Reform? Jewish Identity Numbers Chapters 16-18: The Schism of Korah excerpt from the Tanakh, The Holy Scriptures, (Philadelphia, Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society) 1985. Schisms Jewish theology Judaism-related controversies