– like most other Latin scripts, missing letters can be signified by a macron over the previous letter, although Beneventan often adds a dot to the macron. There is also a symbol resembling the digit , or a sideways , when the letter has been omitted. In other scripts there is often little or no punctuation, but standard punctuation forms were developed for the Beneventan script, including the basis for the modern question mark. Beneventan shares some features with Visigothic and Merovingian script, probably due to the common late Roman matrix. References Further reading Francesco Bianchi/Antonio Magi Spinetti: BMB. Bibliografia dei manoscritti in scrittura Beneventana, Rom 1993 ff. Giulio Battelli: Beneventana, scritture e miniatura, in: Enciclopedia Cattolica II, Città del Vaticano 1949, p. 1617-1618. Virginia Brown: A second new list of beneventan manuscripts, in: Studi medievali 40 (1978), p. 239-289 Guglielmo Cavallo: Rotoli di Exultet dell'Italia meridionale, Bari 1973. Guglielmo Cavallo: Struttura e articolazione della minuscola beneventana tra i secoli X – XII, in: Studi medievali 3. ser. 11 (1970), p. 343-368. Alfonso Gallo: Contributo allo studio delle scritture meridionali nell'alto medio evo, in: Bulletino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano 47 (1931), S. 333-350. Elias Avery Lowe: The Beneventan Script. A history of the south Italian Minuscule, Oxford 1914. Elias Avery Lowe: Scriptura beneventana. A history of the South Italian minuscule, 2 vol., Oxford 1929. Elias Avery Lowe: A new list of beneventan manuscripts. In: Collectanea Vaticana in honorem A. M. card. Albareda, Città del Vaticano1962 (Studi e testi 220), p. 211-244 = ders., Palaographical Papers II, Oxford 1972, p. 417-479. Elias Avery Loew [=Lowe]: The Beneventan Script, 2 Bde., 2. Aufl., Rom 1978 - 1980. Francis Newton: Fifty Years of Beneventan Studies, in: AfD 50 (2004), p. 327-346. Viktor Novak: Scriptura Beneventana, Zagreb 1920 External links 'Manual of Latin Palaeography' (A comprehensive PDF file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated, January 2017). Bibliography of beneventan manuscripts Latin-script calligraphy Medieval scripts Duchy of Benevento Western calligraphy