who recoiled from the consequences whenever the ideology was practised and implemented in any consistent way. None of the shades or 'nuances of secular liberalism represented a valid option for Christian citizens." Groen called for a rejection of the entire available spectrum of political positions, calling for a "radical alternative in politics, along anti-revolutionary, Christian-historical lines". The South African scholar Jan Adriaan Schlebusch describes the basic theme of Groen's anti-revolutionary theory as follows: "The dichotomy of revolution or rebellion against God on the one hand and faith in God on the other, was one that Groen believed to be ever-present throughout history. Groen therefore also understood this epistemic Revolution to be opposed to history, i.e. the divinely-ordained cosmic-historic telos of evangelistic progress and the glorification of the Lordship of Christ ... ‘Revolution’ for Groen was ultimately a denial of the sovereignty of God in favor of the sovereignty of mankind, with the ‘revolutionary’ ideas of the Enlightenment being the fruits of a rationalist religion wrongly elevating man-made abstractions as truths supreme over the revelation of God. This epistemic perspective shaped his political theory and engagement. Groen argued that the Revolution, not only as a historical-political phenomenon, but as a historical-philosophical development, amounted to an anti-Christian infringement upon the natural rights, established socio-political relationships, and justice system rooted in a divinely-ordained social order. Therefore the anti-revolutionary or Christian-historical position entailed opposing this epistemic Revolution as a path doomed to social disaster and political tyranny." Works in English translation Unbelief and Revolution: A Series of Lectures in History. Amsterdam: Groen van Prinsterer Fund, 1973-1975. The History of the Revolution in its First Phase. Amsterdam: Groen van Prinsterer Fund, 1978. Christian Political Action in an Age of Revolution. Translated by Collin Wright. Aalten, the Netherlands: WordBridge Publishing, 2015. References Further reading Essen, J. L. van (1982). "Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer and His Conception of History," Westminster Theological Journal 44, pp. 205–49. Hospers Sr., G. H. (1935). "Groen van Prinsterer and His Book," Evangelical Quarterly 7, pp. 267–86. Lloyd-Jones, D. Martyn (1975). "The French Revolution and After." In: The Christian and the State in Revolutionary Times. London: Westminster Conference, pp. 94–99. Morton, Herbert Donald & Jantje L. van Essen (1982). Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer: Selected Studies. Jordan Station, Ont: Wedge Pub. Foundation. Sap, John W. (2001). Paving the Way for Revolution: Calvinism and the Struggle for a Democratic Constitutional State. Amsterdam: VU Uitgeverij, pp.