was Pope John XII. About 949 the Frankish King Berengar II of Italy retook Spoleto from its final margrave. At that time, the Emperor Otto I detached from the Duchy of Spoleto the lands called Sabina Langobardica and presented them to the Holy See. Now the control of Spoleto became increasingly a gift of the emperors. In 967, Otto briefly united the Duchy of Spoleto with that of Principality of Capua and Benevento, which was then ruled by Pandulf Ironhead. After Pandolf's death in 981, the joint principality of Spoleto, Capua and Benevento is partitioned amongst the sons of Pandulf, who fight endlessly to gain supremacy. Landulf IV gains Spoleto, Capua, and Benevento, while Pandulf II receives Salerno. Then in 989 Otto III detached Spoleto and granted it to Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany. Later in December 998, Otto appointed Adhemar of Capua as the Duke of Spoleto. Adhemar ruled four years until the duchy is united a second time with Tuscany in 1003. During the Investiture Controversy with the papacy, the Emperor Henry IV named other dukes of Spoleto. In 1152, the emperor gave the duchy to Guelf VI of Este. The city was destroyed by Emperor Frederick I three years later, but was soon rebuilt. After that, the dukedom was held by the family of the Werner (Guarnieri) of Urslingen, Margraves of Ancona. In 1183, Frederick appointed Conrad of Urslingen as the Duke. Conrad ruled until 1190 when Frederick died and the Guelphs seized the principality and positioned Pandulf as the Duke. Five years later after Henry VI succeeded Frederick I as emperor, Conrad regained the position as Duke of Spoleto. After Henry VI died in 1197 and Otto of Brunswick became the King of Italy in 1198, however, Conrad left the position and ceded Spoleto to Pope Innocent III. Papal fief In 1201, in support of Pope Innocent's desire to strengthen the dominion of the Papal States, Otto made a gift of the Imperial rights for Spoleto to the Papacy. In 1209, after the death of Philip of Swabia, however, Otto became the Holy Roman Emperor and reneged on his earlier promises to support the Pope. Otto set his sights on reestablishing Imperial power and occupied Spoleto until 1213 when the duchy was brought back under papal rule with a governor, usually a cardinal. However, Spoleto remained a pawn in the struggles of Frederick II until the extinction