those metrics, but is also interested in measures of "sentiment" regarding the stock among other investors, such as sell-side analyst coverage and earnings forecasts, trading volume, and media commentary about the company and its business prospects. In the example of a stock that has dropped because of excessive pessimism, one can see similarities to the "margin of safety" that value investor Benjamin Graham sought when purchasing stocks—essentially, being able to buy shares at a discount to their intrinsic value. Arguably, that margin of safety is more likely to exist when a stock has fallen a great deal, and that type of drop is usually accompanied by negative news and general pessimism. Along with this, although more dangerous, is shorting overvalued stocks. This requires 'deep pockets' in that an overvalued security may continue to rise, due to over-optimism, for quite some time. Eventually, the short-seller believes, the stock will 'crash and burn'. Notable contrarian investors Bill Ackman is a contrarian investor who twice reinvested heavily in beaten-down Valeant Pharmaceuticals against prevailing market sentiments. Later, he short-sold Herbalife, but was forced to take a large loss after the stock failed to fall as predicted. Warren Buffett is a famous contrarian, who believes the best time to invest in a stock is when shortsightedness of the market has beaten down the price. Keith Gill is a contrarian/value investor who produces educational YouTube videos, publicizing his bullish position in a company (GameStop) that most saw to be on its deathbed. His gains in that one stock surpassed 10,000% in under 1 year, maxing out at 44 million dollars before the stock dropped dramatically. He has since doubled his position in anticipation of more growth, and has seen more than 500% additional growth since doubling down. Ryan Cohen is a notable contrarian/value investor. He was able to best Amazon, against public opinion, at online pet product sales and delivery through the company "Chewy." Cohen was able to sell Chewy for $3.35 billion. He has since taken a large enough stake in a company called GameStop to have more shares than any other individual. He has taken an aggressive activist value investor position in the company, and is up for the chairman of the board position. He has hired seasoned e-commerce specialists from executive positions in both Chewy and Amazon to take on leadership roles in GameStop moving forward. Dodge & Cox is an American investing