straits closed to all non-Ottoman warships in peacetime. This helped assuage the British fear that the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi had effectively granted the Russian fleet free passage through the straits and into the Mediterranean. Another step towards nullifying the treaty came in the form of the London Straits Convention the following year. This agreement barred all warships from entering the straits, save those of allies of the Sultan in wartime. While it may seem that this agreement does not change much, it is important to remember that at this point, Britain was one of the Sultan's allies. Thus, this would allow the British fleet to enter the straits in times of war, eliminating the perceived exclusive right of the Russians to do so. By this point, the most important aspect of the treaty had effectively been negated. Russo-Ottoman relations continued to deteriorate in the following decade, and while it is unclear when the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi was entirely invalidated, it can be said with certainty that the coming of the Crimean War meant the end of any potential for the continuation of the Russo-Ottoman alliance set out in the treaty. Footnotes Works Cited Lord Kinross. The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1977. Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Bailey, Frank Edgar. British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement: A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853. Cambridge, MA: The Harvard University Printing Office, 1942. Aksan, Virginia H. Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged. London: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy 1774-2000. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2000. See also Eastern Question History of the Russo-Turkish wars The Second Egyptian-Ottoman War History of Ottoman Egypt Muhammad Ali dynasty Treaty of Balta Liman Russo-Turkish wars Law of the sea 1833 in the Russian Empire Politics of the Russian Empire 1833 treaties 19th century in Istanbul 1833 in the Ottoman Empire Turkish Straits July 1833 events Ottoman Empire–Russia treaties