sacred Black Hills for the Lakota, within several years gold was discovered in the hills. The US violated its treaty, taking over the Black Hills and other property to enable European-American development. In 1889 the government broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five smaller ones, and sold off 9,000,000 acres of former Lakota communal land. In 2016 the United States Board on Geographic Names renamed Harney Peak as Black Elk Peak. See also List of battles fought in Nebraska Notes Footnotes Citations Paul, R. Eli, Blue Water Creek and the First Sioux War, 1854-1856 Swanson, Clifford L., The Sixth United States Infantry Regiment, 1855 to Reconstruction References Beck, Paul Norman (2004). The First Sioux War: The Grattan Fight and Blue Water Creek, 1854-1856], University Press of America David Eggenberger, An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present James S. Robbins, Last in Their Class, Custer, Pickett and the Goats of West Point, New York: Encounter Books, 2006, pp. 146–158. , Nebraska History Conflicts in 1855 1855 in the United States Ash Hollow Ash Hollow Pre-statehood history of Nebraska Sioux Wars Massacres of Native Americans 1855 in Nebraska Territory September 1855 events United States war crimes Ash Hollow