to language contact. The development of ejective consonants in Zuni may be due to contact with Keresan and Tanoan languages which have complete series of ejectives. Likewise, aspirated consonants may have diffused into Zuni. Other shared traits include: final devoicing of vowels and sonorant consonants, dual number, ceremonial vocabulary, and the presence of a labialized velar (Campbell 1997). Phonology The 16 consonants of Zuni (with IPA phonetic symbol when different from the orthography) are the following: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Post-alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |-class=small ! ! central ! lateral ! plain ! labial |- ! | Nasal | || || || || || || || |- ! Plosive | || || || || || || || |- ! Affricate | || || || || || || || |- ! Fricative | || || || || || || || |- ! Approximant | || || || || || || || |} The vowels are the following: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! ! Front ! back |- ! High | | |- ! Mid | | |- ! Low | colspan="2" | |} Zuni syllables have the following specification: C(C)V(ː)(C)(C) Morphology Word order in Zuni is fairly free with a tendency toward SOV. There is no case-marking on nouns. Verbs are complex, compared to nouns, with loose incorporation. Like other languages in the Southwest, Zuni employs switch-reference. Newman (1965, 1996) classifies Zuni words according to their structural morphological properties (namely the presence and type of inflectional suffixes), not according to their associated syntactic frames. His terms, noun and substantive, are therefore not synonymous. Pronouns Zuni uses overt pronouns for first and second persons. There are no third person pronouns. The pronouns distinguish three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three cases (subject, object and possessive). In addition, some subject and possessive pronouns have different forms depending on whether they appear utterance-medially or utterance-finally (object pronouns do not occur utterance-medially). All pronoun forms are shown in the following table: There is syncretism between dual and plural non-possessive forms in the first and second persons. Utterances with these pronouns are typically disambiguated by the fact that plural pronouns agree with plural-marked verb forms. Sociolinguistics storytelling (Delapna:we) – Tedlock (1972) ceremonial speech – Newman (1955) slang – Newman (1955) Names