The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) is a United States-based non-profit organization incorporated in 1988 by founders David Crawford, a professional astronomer, and Tim Hunter, a physician and amateur astronomer. The mission of the IDA is "to preserve and protect the night time environment and our heritage of dark skies through quality outdoor lighting." Light pollution is the result of outdoor lighting that is not properly shielded, allowing light shine into the eyes and night sky. Direct light that shines into the eyes is called glare, and light directed into the night sky above the horizon causes skyglow. Lighting can also cause light trespass when it enters areas where unwanted (e.g. a neighbor's yard and windows). IDA was the first organization in the dark-sky movement, and is currently the largest. Principal approach IDA's principal approach is to raise awareness about the value of dark, star-filled night skies and encourage their protection and restoration through education about the problems and solutions, including outdoor lighting practices that create less light pollution. In 2011, the organization had about 5,000 members in 70 countries. International Dark Sky Places To promote awareness about the issues, the IDA has an International Dark Sky Places program that aims "to encourage communities, parks and protected areas around the world to preserve and protect dark sites through responsible lighting policies and public education". There are currently five types of designation for International Dark Sky Places: International Dark Sky Sanctuaries International Dark Sky Parks International Dark Sky Reserves International Dark Sky Communities Urban Night Sky Places International Dark Sky Sanctuaries IDA describes Dark Sky Sanctuaries as "the most remote (and often darkest) places in the world whose conservation state is most fragile". !Ae!Hai Kalahari Heritage Park South Africa, designated 2019 Aotea / Great Barrier Island New Zealand, designated 2017 Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness United States, designated 2020 Beaver Island Cosmic Campground United States, designated 2016 Devils River State Natural Area – Del Norte Unit United States, designated 2019 Bardsey Island/Ynys Enlli - Wales (United Kingdom), designated 2023 Gabriela Mistral Dark Sky Sanctuary Elqui Valley, Chile, designated 2015 Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument United States, designated 2020 Massacre Rim Wilderness Study Area Washoe County, Nevada United States, designated 2019 Medicine Rocks State Park United States, designated 2020 Niue, designated 2020 – the first entire country to be designated. Pitcairn Islands designated 2019 Rainbow Bridge National Monument United States, designated 2018