West and North Africa, as well as a large contingent that follows the Hanbali school as interpreted by the Salafi movement. The Sufi orders have a historic presence in Ghana and, as with much of West Africa, the predominant orders are the Tijaniyya and the Qadiriyya. Sufism is common among the immigrant Muslim population of Ghana, also known as the Zongos. About 37 percent of Muslims in Ghana say they belong to a Sufi order. Salafism was introduced into Ghana as part of the 1940s reformist activities of the late Ghanaian imam Afa Ajura. Ajura's campaign challenged the mainstream of Ghanaian Sunnism, which followed the Maliki school of jurisprudence and the Ash'ari school of theology. It was not until the 1970s that his movement gained popularity. From the onset of Ajura's mission, Salafism has been primarily propagated across Ghana in his native Dagbanli language. Recently Salafis in Zongo communities in southern Ghana (18% of Muslims) have formed the "Ahlusunnah wal Jamaa" (ASWaJ) organization in order to reach the Hausa-speaking population. ASWaJ still draws inspiration from their parent Anbariyya leadership, headed by Afa Seidu in Tamale. Shia Shia Islam is also present in Ghana, primarily among the Lebanese immigrant community that arrived starting in the 1980s. 8% of percent of Ghana's Muslim population identify as Shi'i. Shias freely operate religious schools and mosques. Other denominations Non-denominational Notable Muslims Afa Ajura Aliu Mahama Sheikh Osman Nuhu Shaributu Mahamudu Bawumia Samira Bawumia Abedi Pele Farouk Aliu Mahama Mustapha Abdul-Hamid Sulley Muntari Abdul Salam Mumuni Mubarak Wakaso André Ayew Jordan Ayew Baba Rahman Kasim Nuhu Kasim Mubarak Mohammed Muntaka Haruna Iddrisu Mohammed Kudus Ahmed Ramadan See also Office of Chief Imam of Ghana Religion in Ghana Notes References Further reading Hanson, John H. The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast: Muslim Cosmopolitans in the British Empire (Indiana University Press, 2017). Ryan, Patrick J. "Islam in Ghana: its major influences and the situation today." Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 28.1-2 (1996): 70–84. Skinner, David E. "Conversion to Islam and the promotion of ‘Modern’Islamic Schools in Ghana." Journal of religion in Africa 43.4 (2013): 426–450. Weiss, Holger. "Variations in the colonial representation of Islam and Muslims in Northern Ghana, Ca. 1900–1930." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 25.1 (2005): 73–95. Wilks, Ivor. "The growth of Islamic learning in Ghana." Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2.4 (1963): 409–417. online External links Muslims cry foul over population