privilege and bias. Related Psychology/ psychological theories Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Areas The functional areas of student affairs and services are considered by several professional associations including: ACPA, CAS, CACUSS, and NASPA. Growing research in the field of student affairs and services contributes to our understanding of how these functional areas are organized and operationalized. The composition and structure of these functional areas differs across various institutions, and continues to be shaped as new information is gathered pertaining to the needs of students in post-secondary education. NASPA outlines 39 functional areas of student affairs and services: Aboriginal Student Services Academic advising Admissions Alumni programs Campus activities Campus safety Co-operative Education and Career Success/Services Civic learning and democratic engagement Clinical health programs College unions Community service/Service learning Commuter student services Counseling services Disability support services/Accessibility services Enrollment management Experiential Learning (Work-Integrated Learning) Federated and affiliated colleges Financial aid Graduates and professional student services Greek affairs Intercollegiate athletics International student services Learning assistance/Academic support services LGBTQ student services Multicultural services Nontraditional-student services On-campus dining On-campus housing Orientation Recreational sports Registrar Spirituality, spiritual-life, campus ministry Student affairs assessment Student affairs fundraising and development Student affairs research and evaluation Student conduct (Academic) Student conduct (Behavioral Case management) Student media TRIO/Educational opportunity University colleges Veteran's services Wellness programs Women's center Work-Integrated Learning Departments in Student Affairs may overlap or combine multiple functional areas into one office, especially at smaller institutions. Some departments can include: Academic services Academic advising: Student academic services related to course selection, finding a major, study skills, and referrals to tutoring and academic success skills Student success/Academic support services: Intensive tutoring and academic success skill interventions with academic subjects such as math, business, or science as well as academic rigors such as essay writing, exam preparation, note-taking, reading, time management, and other academic subjects. Also see Writing center. Assessment and research: Focused on assessment, program evaluation, and research implementation in student services and other academic departments for both accreditation and continual improvement of student services and academic departments English language institutes: units that support students in developing their English language skills and competence through a combination of curricular and co-curricular programming. Higher Education Opportunity Programs (HEOP)/Summer Bridge: Programs designed to support low-income, first-generation students, including students of color, in intensive academic advising and support either in the summer prior to enrollment and during the regular school year to increase graduation rates and