the Royal Palace in Fes between Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco and Eugène Regnault were interpreted by Abdelqader Benghabrit, who was then working as the translator at the French Legation in Tangier. The negotiations on 29 March, held with the French military surrounding the city, lasted for 6 hours from 6:00 pm until midnight, and they culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Fes, which established the French Protectorate in Morocco on 30 March. Effects France gained authority over non-Moroccan citizens in legislative, military, foreign policy and jurisdictional transactions, though nominally leaving the Moroccan government in control of its own citizens. Moroccan nationalists dispute this, noting that France still influenced Moroccan affairs as a result of the treaty. The Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco, concluded on 27 November 1912, established the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. By this agreement, Spain gained a zone of influence in the Rif and the Cape Juby areas, where the Sultan remained nominally the sovereign and was represented by a vice regent under the control of the Spanish high commission. The treaty also granted the concession for exploitation of the iron mines of Mount Uixan to the Spanish Rif Mines Company, which was also given permission to build a railroad to connect the mines with Melilla. Moroccan reception 1912 Fes riots The treaty was kept secret until, on 17 April, the population of Fes learned of it and riots broke out. Abdelhafid had already left Fes seeking safety in Rabat, but the Mellah, or Jewish quarter, of Fes was bombarded by French artillery then sacked by tribesmen in Fes for the weekly market. After the violence, Resident General Hubert Lyautey, decided to make Rabat the capital instead of Fes. Moroccan resistance Moroccan resistance to French colonialism continued after the Treaty of Fes, with the Zaian War and the Rif War, for example. Text See also Mnebhi Palace (location of the Treaty's signing) Moroccan Debt Administration History of Morocco French Morocco Spanish Morocco References External links 1912 in Morocco 1912 in the French colonial empire Fez, Morocco France–Morocco relations German West Africa March 1912 events Frez Fez Fez