Lisinopril is a medication of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and after heart attacks. For high blood pressure it is usually a first-line treatment. It is also used to prevent kidney problems in people with diabetes mellitus. Lisinopril is taken by mouth. Full effect may take up to four weeks to occur. Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, high blood potassium, and angioedema. Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby. Lisinopril works by inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the fourth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 88million prescriptions. In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States. Structure–activity relationships Lisinopril has a proline group that is responsible for the availability of the drug in oral formulation. The carboxylate group interacts with zinc ions to inhibit the ACE enzyme found in the kidneys and lungs. The other substituents participate in binding the same enzyme. Unlike Captopril, another ACE Inhibitor, Lisinopril lacks a thiol group. Medical uses Lisinopril is typically used for the treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy and after acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Lisinopril is part of the ACE inhibitors drug class. Compared to other drugs within the same class such as captopril and enalapril, lisinopril has a longer duration of action. FDA-approved Indications: Lisinopril is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to manage hypertension in adult and pediatric patients six years and older. as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of heart failure. It is recommended as a treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within 24 hours in hemodynamically stable patients to improve survival. The lisinopril is started at 5 or 10 mg and titrated upwards to 40 mg once daily maximum. The usual effective maintenance dosage is 20mg administered in a single daily dose. A review concluded that lisinopril was effective for treatment of proteinuric kidney disease, including diabetic proteinuria. In people of sub-Saharan African descent, calcium-channel blockers or thiazide diuretics may more effectively lower