the morphological distinctiveness of the holotype maxilla ML1100 that led to the naming of the Portuguese species. In 2017, a set of Portuguese cranial material assigned to Torvosaurus was described, including a specimen interpreted as belonging to the same individual as the holotype of Torvosaurus gurneyi. In 2020, Soto et al. described FC-DPV 2971, a tooth from Uruguay, as belonging to a new unnamed species of Torvosaurus. They also assigned Megalosaurus/Ceratosaurus ingens (specimen MB R 1050) from Tanzania to Torvosaurus. Also in 2020, a fragmentary maxilla referable to Torvosaurus was described from the middle Callovian Ornatenton Formation of Germany. This is the oldest record of the genus and suggests that megalosaurines originated in Europe, or at least that Europe was a biogeographical turntable for this group from the Middle to the early Late Jurassic. Other possible Torvosaurus instances in Europe include fragmentary remains from the Kimmeridge Clay of England which possibly belong to the genus. These consist of a tibia (OUMNH J.29886) and a maxilla fragment, collected separately from each other. Description Torvosaurus was a very large and robust predator, with an estimated maximum body length of and mass of for the Portuguese species T. gurneyi, making T. gurneyi among the largest land carnivores of the Jurassic. Claims have been made indicating even larger sizes for the American species T. tanneri up to in length and more than based on incomplete remains of Edmarka rex and Brontoraptor. However, these claims regarding T. tanneri are likely erroneous, for the discovered remains of T. tanneri indicate that they reached adult size at in length and approximately in body mass. Furthermore, both the Edmarka rex and Brontoraptor lack detailed analysis to verify whether they actually belong to T. tanneri. Among the differentiating features originally recognized between T. gurneyi and T. tanneri are the number of teeth and the size and shape of the mouth. While the upper jaw of T. tanneri has more than 11 teeth, that of T. gurneyi has less. However, later examination of a new right maxilla probably belonging to the same individual as the holotype of T. gurneyi has determined that while the two species can be distinguished based on the morphology of the maxillary medial wall and interdental plates, the supposedly lower number of maxillary teeth in the Portuguese form may be an artifact of preservation since it is not possible to know at the moment the exact