An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. Other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms. Systemic allergic diseases Asthma Atopic dermatitis Atopic eczema Hay fever Urticaria Vernal conjunctivitis Skin and mucous membrane diseases Acne rosacea Albinism Atopic dermatitis Behçet's disease Cicatricial pemphigoid Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Epidermolysis bullosa Erythema multiforme Goltz–Gorlin syndrome Ichthyosis Incontinentia pigmenti Nevus of Ota Pemphigus Pseudoxanthoma elasticum Psoriasis Stevens–Johnson syndrome (Erythema multiforme major) Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome Xeroderma pigmentosum Phacomatoses Angiomatosis retinae (Von Hippel–Lindau disease) (retinocerebellar capillary hemangiomatosis) Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis–Bar syndrome) Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge–Weber syndrome) (encephalofacial cavernous hemangiomatosis) Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville's syndrome) Wyburn–Mason syndrome (racemose hemangiomatosis) Collagen diseases Ankylosing spondylitis Dermatomyositis Periarteritis nodosa Reactive arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Sarcoidosis Scleroderma Systemic lupus erythematosus Temporal arteritis Relapsing polychondritis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause inflammation of the optic nerve, ophthalmoplegia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, episcleritis, dacrocystitis, nasolacrimnal duct obstruction, dacroadenitis, uveitis, and retinal vasculitis. Systemic viral infections Varicella (chickenpox) Rubeola (measles) Rubella (German measles) Variola (smallpox) Vaccinia Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Mumps Infectious mononucleosis Influenza Cytomegalic inclusion disease Pharyngoconjunctival fever (adenovirus 3) Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (adenovirus 8) Human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Ebola Rift Valley Fever Dengue Hantavirus Systemic bacterial infections Gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum) Brucellosis Diphtheria Lyme disease Sepsis (bacterial metastatic endophthalmitis) Tularemia Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Tuberculosis Syphilis Systemic protozoal infections Lymphogranuloma venereum (chlamydial) Inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydial) Malaria Toxoplasmosis Systemic fungal infections Candida albicans Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcus Metastatic fungal endophthalmitis Actinomyces Streptothrix Systemic cestode and nematode infections Cysticercosis (tapeworm) Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst) Toxocariasis (toxocara) Trichinosis (trichinella) Onchocerciasis Loiasis (loa loa) Chromosomal disorders and genetic syndromes Cri-du chat syndrome Schmid–Fraccaro syndrome Turner's syndrome Ring-D chromosome Monosomy-G syndrome Trisomy 13