consists of 15 letters: a, e, i, j, k, `, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y. Phonology In the Kari'nja language, there are four syllable patterns: V, CV, VC, CVC; C standing for consonants while V means a vowel. Regarding phonemes, consonants are divided into two groups: obstruents (voiceless stops—p, t, k) and resonants (voiced stops—b, d, g, s). Kari'nja has a typical 6 vowel system after *ô merged with *o, being a e i o u ï. Compared to past Kari'nja, the modern day Kari'nja has replaced the e in many words to o. Allophones for /r w t/ include sounds as [ɽ β,v tʃ]. /s/ before /i/ may be pronounced as [ʃ]. /n/ before a consonant may be pronounced as [ŋ] and also [ɲ] elsewhere. Another sound, ranging [h~x], often occurs before a voiced or voiceless consonant, and succeeding a vowel, it can also be an allophone of /ʔ/. Grammar There are 17 particles within Kari'nja which include the ky- prefix and the -ng suffix. Vocabulary All four dialects of Kari'nja have loan words from the primary language of the area (Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana). For example, the Kari'nja spoken in Suriname borrows words from Dutch and Sranantongo. Examples Some of the words show instances in which the e has been replaced with o in present-day Kari'nja. The two statements beneath the singular words show examples of two suffixes. References External links Ka'lina (Carib) Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database) Surinamese Carib - English Online Dictionary Audio resources from the MPI-PL archive for linguistic resources, which origin from data collected by dr. Berend Hoff in the period 1955-1965 How to count in Kali’na A video of someone speaking Kari'nja is also available here. Endangered Languages Kari'nja profile Kari'nja main clauses vs nominalized phrases Formal Teaching of Kari'nja Carib Phonology The Carib Language ELAR archive of Kari'nja Dictionary and Video Documentation De'kwana (Intercontinental Dictionary Series) Articles in class projects/Rutgers + Indigenous languages of the South American Northeast Languages of French Guiana Languages of Guyana Languages of Suriname Languages of Venezuela Languages of Brazil Languages of Trinidad and Tobago Languages of Grenada Indigenous languages of the Caribbean