hymns in Karamanlidika, despite their neighborhoods also having Greek-speaking communities. The British historian Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975) also considered the Karamanlides to be of Turkish descent; however, he emphasized that there was no definite answer to the question of their origins. The German traveler Hans Dernschwam (1494-1568/69) encountered the Karamanlides living in Istanbul during his travel throughout Anatolia in 1553-1555; he described them as "a Christian folk of the Greek faith whom Selim I had transplanted from the emirate of Karamania." The Armenian historian Eremya Çelebi Kömürciyan (1637-1695), also stated that Karamanlides lived around and within the city walls of Istanbul, and despite being Greek, they did not know Greek and spoke only Turkish. A Karamanlis author named Mauromates (1656-1740) wrote that the Greek language was replaced by Turkish in Anatolia, and were thus unable to read the "masterpieces of Greek literature." Another Karamanlis author named Iosepos Moesiodax, wrote in his Paedagogy (1779) that "the need of our public demands good Turkish, because it is the dialect of our Rulers." The English writer William Martin Leake (1777-1860), who travelled in Konya in 1800, wrote: The German orientalist Franz Taeschner (1888-1967) observed that the Karamanlides were completely Turkified, with the exception of their religion. The British historian Edwin Pears (1835-1919), who lived in Turkey for approximately 40 years, wrote that the Karamanlides were originally Greeks, who had lost their native language and spoke Turkish. Robert Pinkerton (1780-1859) stated that the Turkish oppression had made them adopt the Turkish language: Similarly, the British scholar David George Hogarth (1862-1927) attributed the Turkification of the Karamanlides to oppression; in 1890 while visiting Lake Eğirdir, he wrote that "the Moslems were eating them up." Population exchange between Greece and Turkey Many Karamanlides were forced to leave their homes during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. Early estimates placed the number of Turkish-speaking Orthodox Christians expelled from central and southern Anatolia at around 100,000. Stevan K. Pavlowitch says that the Karamanlides were numbered at around 400,000 at the time of the exchange. The Turkish government considered cutting a deal for Turkish-speaking Christians to be exempt from the population exchange. At the end however, it was decided that religion would be the only criterion of the exchange. Greek political elites saw no harm in taking in more Greek Orthodox Christians, but Turkish political elites remained fearful that the Karamanlides' loyalty to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate