of them either have been moved to genera of their own or are considered dubious names, nomina dubiathat is, with no distinguishing features, and therefore of questionable validity. Accompanying his 1869 description of E. platyurus, Cope named another species of Elasmosaurus, E.orientalis, based on two dorsal vertebrae from New Jersey. He distinguished E.orientalis from E.platyurus by the more strongly developed processes known as parapophyses on the vertebrae, in which he considered it to approach closer to Cimoliasaurus; however, he still assigned it to Elasmosaurus on account of its large size and angled sides. The first of these vertebrae was used as a doorstop in a tailor's shop, whereas the other was found in a pit by Samuel Lockwood, a superintendent. Cope gave the name orientalis to the new species, on account of it possibly having a more easterly distribution than E.platyurus. Leidy subsequently moved E.orientalis to the now dubious genus Discosaurus in the following year. In 1952 Welles considered the species a nomen dubium, given how fragmentary it was. In 1869 Cope also published an article about the fossil reptiles of New Jersey, wherein he described E.orientalis as an animal with a "long neck". Yet, in an accompanying illustration Cope showed a short-necked Elasmosaurus confronting a Dryptosaurus (then Laelaps), with a plesiosaur-like Mosasaurus and other animals in the background. According to Davidson, it is uncertain which species of Elasmosaurus is depicted, but if it is E.orientalis, the short neck contradicts Cope's own text, and if E.platyurus, he showed the animal with a short neck after acknowledging this was incorrect. Davidson has suggested that even though Leidy had pointed out Cope's error in 1868, Cope may not have accepted this. In an 1870 reply to Leidy, Cope himself stated that the generic placement of E.orientalis was in doubt, and that he had illustrated it with a short neck due to believing this was the condition of Cimoliasaurus. If more remains showed E.orientalis to have had a long neck like Elasmosaurus, he stated the image may instead represent Cimoliasaurus better. In the same 1869 publication wherein he named E. platyurus and E.orientalis, Cope assigned an additional species, E.constrictus, based on a partial centrum from a neck vertebra found in the Turonian-aged clay deposits at Steyning, Sussex, in the United Kingdom. It was described by the British paleontologist Richard Owen as Plesiosaurus constrictus in 1850; Owen named the species after the extremely narrow