Zuni adults are often known after the relationship between that adult and a child. For example, a person might be called "father of so-and-so", etc. The circumlocution is used to avoid using adult names, which have religious meanings and are very personal. Orthography There are twenty letters in the Zuni alphabet. A , B, CH, D, E , H, I , K, L, Ł, M, N, O , P, S, T, U , W, Y, ʼ Double consonants indicate geminate (long) sounds, for instance the <nn> in shiwayanne "car", is pronounced [nː]. Long vowels are indicated with a colon ꞉ following the vowel as the [aː] in wa'ma:we "animals". c is not part of the alphabet, although the digraph ch is. There are also other two letter combination sounds (like sh). c, r, g, v, z, x, q, f, and j are not used to write Zuni, except for the occasional borrowed word. it includes Ł, ł indicates IPA (a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, pronounced like h and l together) ʼ indicates IPA (a glottal stop) – it is written medially and finally but not word-initially This orthography was largely worked out by Curtis Cook. Old orthographies Linguists and anthropologists have created and used their own writing system for Zuni before the alphabet was standardized. One was developed for Zuni by linguist Stanley Newman (Newman 1954). This practical orthography essentially followed Americanist phonetic notation with the substitution of some uncommon letters with other letters or digraphs (two letter combinations). A further revised orthography is used in Dennis Tedlock's transcriptions of oral narratives. A comparison of the systems is in the table below. {| class="wikitable" ! Tedlock || Newman || Americanist || Current orthography || IPA |- | ʼ || / || ʔ || ʼ || |- | ʼʼ || // || ʔʔ || ʼʼ || |- | a || a || a || a || |- | aa || a꞉ || aˑ || a꞉ || |- | ch || ch || č || ch || |- | cch || chch || čč || chh || |- | e || e || e || e || |- | ee || e꞉ || eˑ || e꞉ || |- | i || i || i || i || |- | ii || i꞉ || iˑ || i꞉ || |- | h || j || h || h || |- | hh || jj