the students can get the intermediate tekniikan kandidaatti (B.Sc.(Tech.)) degree. The degree of insinööri (AMK) is a bachelor's degree from a Finnish University of Applied Sciences (ammattikorkeakoulu), similar to a German Fachhochschule, but it is not interchangeable with the academic tekniikan kandidaatti. Due to the Bologna process, a new master's degree called Insinööri (ylempi AMK) or Master of Engineering has been introduced. It carries a requirement of two years of work experience after the degree of insinööri (AMK) and further studies. France, Morocco, and Tunisia In France, Morocco, and Tunisia, there are two main ways to become an engineer: Have a Diplôme d'Ingénieur, delivered by the grandes écoles in engineering. Have a master's degree in science, delivered by the public universities. The Diplôme d'Ingénieur is a postgraduate degree in engineering usually awarded by the grandes écoles in engineering. It is generally obtained after five to seven years of studies after the baccalauréat. Each holder of the Diplôme d'Ingénieur is conferred the title of ingénieur diplômé (graduate engineer). This is distinguished from the term ingénieur (engineer) which is less-regulated. The diplôme d'ingénieur is recognized as Master of Science in Engineering in the United States and in the countries of the European Union (also in France). Most grandes écoles give the opportunity to their students to join a double degree with a University (in France or abroad). Furthermore, Diplôme d'Ingénieur graduates can pursue a selective Ph.D. after their engineering studies to later join academia or an industrial R&D department. In France, any institution issuing the Diplôme d'Ingénieur must be accredited by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur. The best institutions are usually part of the Conférence des Grandes écoles. France, Morocco, and Tunisia are particular in that it is mainly the grandes écoles in engineering that are accredited and are certified to issue the Diplôme d'Ingénieur, which is differentiated from bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering issued by public universities (universités). Universities in France, Morocco, and Tunisia are comprehensive institutions composed of several faculties covering various fields (natural sciences, engineering, law, economics, medicine, humanities, etc.) with a large student body. On the other hand, grandes écoles in engineering are much smaller in size and recruit their students with more selective processes (typically a few hundred students per year per institution, and a few thousand students per year country-wide). Germany and Austria In German, the traditional engineer's degree is called Diplom-Ingenieur (Dipl.-Ing., in Austria