interactions with community members, actions taken, process and results of inquiries and disposition of cases. Such cases are often initiated by written complaints by those alleging injury, thereby opening a file on a case, which then aggregates all the related documents and reports to follow. These files serve as the basis for processing the case, as potential evidence in legal proceedings, and for monitoring and making accountable the working of these departments. Scientific and scholarly knowledge production Knowledge produced in research disciplines of the sciences, social sciences, and humanities arises primarily in the form of journal articles and book monographs. Experiments, observational data, archival documents, and other evidence collected as part of research inquiries are then represented within the written contribution and serve as the basis for arguments for new claims, intended to be published in specialized academic journals and university presses. Such data collection and drafting of manuscripts may be supported by grants, which usually require proposals, establishing the value of such work and the need for funding. The data and procedures are also typically collected in lab notebooks or other preliminary files. Early versions of the possible publications may also be presented at academic or disciplinary conferences or publicly accessible web-servers to gain peer feedback and build interest in the work. Prior to official publication these documents are typically read and evaluated by referees from the appropriate research specialties who in their written evaluations determine whether the work is of sufficient value and quality to be published. Referees may also recommend certain improvements be made or that the work not be published. Publication in such a disciplinary forum does not establish the claims or findings of such work as authoritatively true, only that they are worth the attention of other specialists. Only over time as others may cite the work (see intertextuality) and use it to advance further claims and the work appears in review articles, handbooks, textbooks or other aggregations does it become codified as contingently reliable knowledge. Scientific or scholarly work written for more popular audiences relies on the published work of the scientific literature for its authority but does not in itself directly contribute to the scientific literature. Journalism News and news reporting are central to citizen engagement and knowledge of many spheres of activity people may be interested in about the state of their community, including actions and integrity of their governments and government