Cause (1989–1990 US invasion of Panama) Gulf War (1990–1991) Operation Desert Shield (1990-1991) Operation Desert Storm (1991) Operation Southern Watch (1992–2003 Iraq no-fly zone) Operation Deliberate Force (1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina) Operation Northern Watch (1997–2003 Iraq no-fly zone) Operation Desert Fox (1998 bombing of Iraq) Operation Allied Force (1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia) Afghanistan War (2001-2021) Operation Enduring Freedom (2001–2014) Operation Freedom's Sentinel (2015–2021) Iraq War (2003–2011) Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003–2010) Operation New Dawn (2010-2011) Operation Odyssey Dawn (2011 Libyan no-fly zone) Operation Inherent Resolve (2014–present: intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) In addition since the USAF dwarfs all other U.S. and allied air components, it often provides support for allied forces in conflicts to which the United States is otherwise not involved, such as the 2013 French campaign in Mali. Humanitarian operations The USAF has also taken part in numerous humanitarian operations. Some of the more major ones include the following: Berlin Airlift (Operation Vittles), 1948–1949 Operation Safe Haven, 1956–1957 Operations Babylift, New Life, Frequent Wind, and New Arrivals, 1975 Operation Provide Comfort, 1991 Operation Sea Angel, 1991 Operation Provide Hope, 1992–1993 Operation Provide Promise, 1992–1996 Operation Unified Assistance, December 2004 – April 2005 Operation Unified Response, 14 January 2010 – 22 March 2010 Operation Tomodachi, 12 March 2011 – 1 May 2011 Culture The culture of the United States Air Force is primarily driven by pilots, at first those piloting bombers (driven originally by the Bomber Mafia), followed by fighters (Fighter Mafia). In response to a 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former airlift and special operations pilot was the first officer appointed to that position who did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot. The Washington Post reported in 2010 that General Schwartz began to dismantle the rigid class system of the USAF, particularly in the officer corps. In 2014, following morale and testing/cheating scandals in the Air Force's missile launch officer community, Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James admitted that there remained a "systemic problem" in the USAF's management of the nuclear mission. Daniel L. Magruder Jr. defines USAF culture as a combination