not be removed by Parliament unless a successor is elected at the same time, known as a "constructive vote of no confidence". The basic rights such as freedom of speech, habeas corpus, freedom of religion, freedom of press, right to a fair trial, privacy of any kind, etc., precisely articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153 of the Weimar Constitution were merely listed as conditional state objectives, thus vulnerable to eventual suspension by Article 48, misused by the Nazi dictatorship. For this reason, the Basic Law lists them as fundamental rights, where they cannot legally be nullified, with the right to resist even added as a civilian duty in case of similar severe attempts at establishing a totalitarian regime. Role of individuals Brüning's economic policy from 1930 to 1932 has been the subject of much debate. It caused many Germans to identify the Republic with cuts in social spending and extremely liberal economics. Whether there were alternatives to this policy during the Great Depression is an open question. Paul von Hindenburg became Reichspräsident in 1925. As he was an old style monarchist conservative, he had little love lost for the Republic, but for the most part, he formally acted within the bounds of the constitution; however, he ultimately—on the advice of his son and others close to him—appointed Hitler chancellor, thereby effectively ending the Republic. Additionally, Hindenburg's death in 1934 ended the last obstacle for Hitler to assume full power in the Weimar Republic. The German National People's Party (DNVP) has also been blamed as responsible for the downfall of the Weimar Republic because of its ultranationalist positions and its unwillingness of accepting the Republic because of its monarchist ideology. In his book, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, journalist and historian William L. Shirer wrote that the DNVP's status as a far-right party rather than a mainstream conservative party was one of the main reasons for the Weimar Republic's downfall. In Shirer's view, the DNVP's refusal to "take a responsible position either in the government or in the opposition" during most of Weimar's existence denied Weimar "that stability provided in many other countries by a truly conservative party." Similarly, conservative British historian Sir John Wheeler-Bennett blamed the DNVP for failing to reconcile with the Republic, stating that "Under the cloak of loyalty to the Monarchy, they either held aloof or sabotaged the efforts of successive