also needed hand tuning, but did not age as badly and enjoyed some success in early digital electronic computing despite their data rate, weight, cost, thermal and toxicity problems. The Manchester Mark 1, which used Williams tubes, was successfully commercialised as the Ferranti Mark 1. Some early computers in the United States also used Williams tubes, including the IAS machine (originally designed for Selectron tube memory), the UNIVAC 1103, IBM 701, IBM 702 and the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC). Williams tubes were also used in the Soviet Strela-1 and in the Japan TAC (Tokyo Automatic Computer). See also Atanasoff–Berry computer – Used a type of memory called regenerative capacitor memory Mellon optical memory References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links The Williams Tube Manchester Baby and the birth of Computer Memory RCA 6571 Computer storage tube data sheet Cathode ray tube History of computing hardware History of computing in the United Kingdom Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester Types of RAM Vacuum tubes Computer memory