the American Dental Association and offers the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), PhD in Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, MS in Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, and MS in Dental Hygiene degrees. The School of Dentistry in 2016 ranked first among all dental schools in NIH research funding for the 25th consecutive year, with $19.5 million in awards. In Quacquarelli Symonds's Dentistry Subject Ranking in 2021, UCSF was ranked 7th in the world and 2nd in the United States. UCSF Health UCSF Medical Center In 2022–23, U.S. News & World Report recognized UCSF Medical Center as the 12th best hospital in the nation and the third best in California. UCSF received the following ranking in 17 adult medical specialities: The UCSF Medical Center at Mission Bay opened February 1, 2015 and hosts three hospitals (UCSF Benioff children's hospital, UCSF Betty Irene Moore Women's Hospital, and UCSF Bakar Cancer Hospital) and an outpatient facility. Research UCSF is among the world's leading institutions in biological and medical research. Its departments span all fields of biomedical science, from basic to translational sciences. In fiscal year 2018, it spent $1.596 billion in research and development, the third most among institutions of higher education in the U.S. In fiscal year 2020, UCSF received $680 million in funding from the National Institutes of Health, which is the 2nd highest of all US domestic higher education universities. Milestones include: The discovery of oncogenes and the conversion of normal cellular genes can be converted to cancer genes (Nobel Prize in Medicine, J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus, 1989) The techniques of recombinant DNA, the seminal step in the creation of the biotechnology industry, together with Stanford The precise recombinant DNA techniques that led to the creation of a hepatitis B vaccine The first successful in-utero fetal surgery (Michael R. Harrison) First to clone an insulin gene into bacteria, leading to the mass production of recombinant human insulin to treat diabetes First to synthesize human growth hormone and clone into bacteria, setting the stage for genetically engineered human growth hormone First to develop prenatal tests for sickle cell anemia and thalassemia Discovery of prions, a unique type of infectious agent responsible for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (Nobel Prize in Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner, 1997) Development of catheter ablation therapy for tachycardia Discovery of the molecular nature of telomeres Discovery that missing pulmonary surfactants are responsible for the death of newborns