New Hampshire: June 16, 1794 Massachusetts: June 26, 1794 Vermont: November 9, 1794 Virginia: November 18, 1794 Georgia: November 29, 1794 Kentucky: December 7, 1794 Maryland: December 26, 1794 Delaware: January 23, 1795 North Carolina: February 7, 1795 There were fifteen states at the time; ratification by twelve added the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution. (South Carolina ratified it on December 4, 1797.) On January 8, 1798, approximately three years after the Eleventh Amendment's actual adoption, President John Adams stated in a message to Congress that it had been ratified by the necessary number of States and was now a part of the Constitution. New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not take action on the amendment during that era; neither did Tennessee, which had become the 16th State on June 1, 1796. However, on June 25, 2018, the New Jersey Senate adopted Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 75 to symbolically post-ratify the Eleventh Amendment. Impact Retroactivity In Hollingsworth v. Virginia, , the Supreme Court held that every pending action brought under Chisholm had to be dismissed because of the amendment's adoption. Sovereign immunity The amendment's text does not mention suits brought against a state by its own citizens. However, in Hans v. Louisiana, , the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment reflects a broader principle of sovereign immunity. As Justice Anthony Kennedy later stated in Alden v. Maine, : However, Justice David Souter, writing for a four-Justice dissent in Alden, said the states surrendered their sovereign immunity when they ratified the Constitution. He read the amendment's text as reflecting a narrow form of sovereign immunity that limited only the diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts. He concluded that neither the Eleventh Amendment in particular nor the Constitution in general insulates the states from suits by individuals. In Principality of Monaco v. Mississippi, , the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment immunity also protects states from lawsuits by foreign states in federal courts. Application to federal law Although the Eleventh Amendment grants immunity to states from suit for money damages or equitable relief without their consent, in Ex parte Young, , the Supreme Court ruled that federal courts may enjoin state officials from violating federal law. In Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, , the Supreme Court ruled that Congress may abrogate state immunity from suit under Section5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Central Virginia Community College v. Katz, , the Court ruled Article I, Section