After Marcos Perez Jimenez left in 1958, the military role in government affairs ended with the framing of the 1961 Constitution and the replacement by civilian leaders of the military anti-Jimenez government that took power after the 1958 coup. However, the years that followed saw 2 coup attempts by military personnel with the help of groups disillusioned by government policies in the 1960s, and military repressions of student and civil rallies and actions from the late 60s onward, all these happening while fighting rebel groups present in the national territory and on the Venezuelan-Colombian border region. All these led up to the events of the 1989 Caracazo, in which National Guardsmen crushed anti-government actions and riots in the capital area with great severity, causing the deaths of hundreds, which in turn resulted in the coup attempts of 1992 and 1993. By the time Hugo Chávez assumed the presidency in 1999, retired armed forces personnel who served with him were appointed to several cabinet posts and were given seats in the National Assembly. Chávez only allowed retired military personnel to run for elective posts at all levels as well as to serve in appointive government positions except for the Ministries of Defense and the Interior, per tradition led by active generals of the armed forces (the latter since the early 21st century). One of the advances achieved in the new Bolivarian Constitution of 1999 was to allow the right to vote in the elections to all service personnel of the armed forces without any limitation whatsoever, thus bringing it in line with other countries that allow the practice. This is the right enshrined in article 64 of the said Constitution. Venezuelan military coup d'états The NAF were involved in many coup d'états in national history: June 1835 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt (Revolución de las Reformas) March 1858 Venezuelan coup d'état (Revolución de Marzo) May 1899 Venezuelan coup d'état (Liberal Restoration Revolution) December 1908 Venezuelan coup d'état October 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état November 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état January 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état May 1962 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt (El Carupanazo) June 1962 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt (El Porteñazo) February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt (Army's movement) November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt (Air Force's movement) November 1993 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts (Navy's movement) April 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt Role in Venezuelan society Humanitarian relief The tragedy of Vargas in December 1999,