the State of California v. Jukichi Harada 1917: Buchanan v. Warley 1942: Skinner v. Oklahoma 1944: Korematsu v. United States 1948: Shelley v. Kraemer 1954: Hernandez v. Texas 1954: Brown v. Board of Education 1954: Bolling v. Sharpe 1962: Baker v. Carr 1967: Loving v. Virginia 1971: Reed v. Reed 1971: Palmer v. Thompson 1972: Eisenstadt v. Baird 1973: San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez 1976: Examining Board v. Flores de Otero 1978: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1982: Plyler v. Doe 1982: Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 1986: Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico 1996: United States v. Virginia 1996: Romer v. Evans 2000: Bush v. Gore 2003: Grutter v. Bollinger Felon disenfranchisement 1974: Richardson v. Ramirez 1985: Hunter v. Underwood Power of enforcement 1883: Civil Rights Cases 1966: Katzenbach v. Morgan 1976: Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer 1997: City of Boerne v. Flores 1999: Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank 2000: United States v. Morrison 2000: Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 2001: Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett 2003: Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 2004: Tennessee v. Lane 2013: Shelby County v. Holder Adoption Proposal by Congress In the final years of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed, Congress repeatedly debated the rights of black former slaves freed by the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation and the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment, the latter of which had formally abolished slavery. Following the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment by Congress, however, Republicans grew concerned over the increase it would create in the congressional representation of the Democratic-dominated Southern States. Because the full population of freed slaves would now be counted for determining congressional representation, rather than the three-fifths previously mandated by the Three-Fifths Compromise, the Southern States would dramatically increase their power in the population-based House of Representatives, regardless of whether the former slaves were allowed to vote. Republicans began looking for a way to offset this advantage, either by protecting and attracting votes of former slaves, or at least by discouraging their disenfranchisement. In 1865, Congress passed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. The bill also guaranteed equal benefits and access to the law, a direct assault on the Black Codes