voiced stops would have been easily disrupted by a spreading of voicing to previously unvoiced stops as well. Honkola, et al. (2013) A computational phylogenetic study by Honkola, et al. (2013) classifies the Uralic languages as follows. Estimated divergence dates from Honkola, et al. (2013) are also given. Uralic (5300 YBP) Samoyedic Finno-Ugric (3900 YBP) Ugric (3300 YBP) Hungarian Ob-Ugric (1900 YBP) Khanty Mansi Finno-Permic (3700 YBP) Permian Udmurt Komi Finno-Volgaic Mari (3200 YBP) (core branch) Erzya (2900 YBP) (Mordvinic) Finno-Saami Sami (800 YBP) Finnic (1200 YBP) Typology Structural characteristics generally said to be typical of Uralic languages include: Grammar extensive use of independent suffixes (agglutination) a large set of grammatical cases marked with agglutinative suffixes (13–14 cases on average; mainly later developments: Proto-Uralic is reconstructed with 6 cases), e.g.: Erzya: 12 cases Estonian: 14 cases (15 cases with instructive) Finnish: 15 cases Hungarian: 18 cases (together 34 grammatical cases and case-like suffixes) Inari Sami: 9 cases Komi: in certain dialects as many as 27 cases Moksha: 13 cases Nenets: 7 cases North Sami: 6 cases Udmurt: 16 cases Veps: 24 cases unique Uralic case system, from which all modern Uralic languages derive their case systems. nominative singular has no case suffix. accusative and genitive suffixes are nasal consonants (-n, -m, etc.) three-way distinction in the local case system, with each set of local cases being divided into forms corresponding roughly to "from", "to", and "in/at"; especially evident, e.g. in Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian, which have several sets of local cases, such as the "inner", "outer" and "on top" systems in Hungarian, while in Finnish the "on top" forms have merged to the "outer" forms. the Uralic locative suffix exists in all Uralic languages in various cases, e.g. Hungarian superessive, Finnish essive (-na), North Sami essive, Erzyan inessive, and Nenets locative. the Uralic lative suffix exists in various cases in many Uralic languages, e.g. Hungarian illative, Finnish lative (-s as in ulos 'out' and rannemmas 'more towards the shore'), Erzyan illative, Komi approximative, and Northern Sami locative. a lack of grammatical gender, including one pronoun for both he and she; for example, hän in Finnish, tämä in Votic, tämā or ta (short form for tämā) in Livonian, tema or ta (short form for tema) in Estonian, sijə in Komi, ő in Hungarian. negative verb, which exists in almost all Uralic languages (notably absent in Hungarian) use of postpositions as opposed