of the UK, son of Queen Victoria, while still Prince of Wales, had a near fatal case of typhoid fever. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, survived, illness was circa 1900–1901. William Henry Harrison, the 9th President of the United States of America, died 32 days into his term, in 1841. This is the shortest term served by a United States President. Wilbur Wright, co-inventor of the plane with his brother Orville died from typhoid 32 years before Orville. Stephen A. Douglas, political opponent of Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and 1860, died of typhoid on June 3, 1861. Ignacio Zaragoza, Mexican general and politician, died at the age of 33 of typhoid fever on September 8, 1862. William Wallace Lincoln, the son of US president Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln, died of typhoid in 1862. Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II, died of typhoid in 1871. Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mother of president Theodore Roosevelt and paternal grandmother of Eleanor Roosevelt, died of typhoid fever in 1884. Mary Mallon, "Typhoid Mary" - see history section, "carriers" for further details Leland Stanford Jr., son of American tycoon and politician A. Leland Stanford and eponym of Leland Stanford Junior University, died of typhoid fever in 1884 at the age of 15. Three of Louis Pasteur's five children died of typhoid fever. Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet, died of typhoid fever in 1889. Lizzie van Zyl, South African child inmate of the Bloemfontein concentration camp during the Second Boer War, died of typhoid fever in 1901. Dr HJH 'Tup' Scott, captain of the 1886 Australian cricket team that toured England, died of typhoid in 1910. Arnold Bennett, English novelist, died in 1932 of typhoid, two months after drinking a glass of water in a Paris hotel to prove it was safe. Hakaru Hashimoto, Japanese medical scientist, died of typhoid fever in 1934. Outbreaks Plague of Athens (suspected) "Burning Fever" outbreak among indigenous Americans. Between 1607 and 1624, 85% of the population at the James River died from a typhoid epidemic. The World Health Organization estimates the death toll was over 6,000 during this time. Maidstone, Kent outbreak in 1897–1898: 1,847 patients were recorded to have typhoid fever. This outbreak is notable because it was the first time a typhoid vaccine was deployed during a civilian outbreak. Almoth Edward Wright's vaccine was offered to 200 healthcare providers, and of the 84 individuals who