childbirth, can necessitate reconstructive surgery. The urinary bladder, ureters (the tubes that lead from the kidneys to the urinary bladder) and genitalia are other examples of reconstructive urology. Female urology Female urology is a branch of urology dealing with overactive bladder, pelvic organ prolapse, Urinary tract infections, bladder cancer, and urinary incontinence. Many of these physicians also practice neurourology and reconstructive urology as mentioned above. Female urologists (many of whom are men) complete a 1–3-year fellowship after completion of a 5–6-year urology residency. Thorough knowledge of the female pelvic floor together with an intimate understanding of the physiology and pathology of voiding are necessary to diagnose and treat these disorders. Depending on the cause of the individual problem, medical or surgical treatment can be the solution. Their field of practice heavily overlaps with that of urogynecologists, physicians in a sub-discipline of gynecology, who have done a three-year fellowship after a four-year OBGYN residency. Journals and organizations There are a number of peer-reviewed journals and publications about urology, including The Journal of Urology, European Urology, the African Journal of Urology, British Journal of Urology International, BMC Urology, Indian Journal of Urology, Nature Reviews Urology, and Urology''. There are national organizations such as the American Urological Association, the American Association of Clinical Urologists, European Association of Urology, the Large Urology Group Practice Association (LUGPA), and The Society for Basic Urologic Research. Urology is also included under the auspices of the International Continence Society. Teaching organizations include the European Board of Urology, as well as the Vattikuti Urology Institute in Detroit, which also hosts an annual International Robotic Urology Symposium devoted to new technologies. The American non-profit IVUMed teaches urology in developing countries. List of urological topics Benign prostatic hyperplasia Bladder cancer Bladder stones Cystitis Development of the urinary and reproductive organs Epididymitis Erectile dysfunction Interstitial cystitis Kidney cancer Kidney stone Kidney transplant Peyronie's disease Postorgasmic illness syndrome Prostate cancer Prostatitis Replantation Retrograde pyelogram Retrograde ureteral Testicular cancer Vasectomy Vasectomy reversal See also :Category:Urology journals :Category:Urology organizations References External links Surgical specialties