prophylactically to protect the rights guaranteed by the amendment. However, in City of Boerne v. Flores (1997), the Court narrowed Congress's enforcement power, holding that Congress may not enact legislation under Section5 that substantively defines or interprets Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Court ruled that legislation is valid under Section5 only if there is a "congruence and proportionality" between the injury to a person's Fourteenth Amendment right and the means Congress adopted to prevent or remedy that injury. Selected Supreme Court cases Citizenship 1884: Elk v. Wilkins 1898: United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1967: Afroyim v. Rusk 1980: Vance v. Terrazas Privileges or immunities 1873: Slaughter-House Cases 1875: Minor v. Happersett 1908: Twining v. New Jersey 1920: United States v. Wheeler 1948: Oyama v. California 1999: Saenz v. Roe Incorporation 1833: Barron v. Baltimore 1873: Slaughter-House Cases 1883: Civil Rights Cases 1884: Hurtado v. California 1897: Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad v. Chicago 1900: Maxwell v. Dow 1908: Twining v. New Jersey 1925: Gitlow v. New York 1932: Powell v. Alabama 1937: Palko v. Connecticut 1947: Adamson v. California 1947: Everson v. Board of Education 1952: Rochin v. California 1961: Mapp v. Ohio 1962: Robinson v. California 1963: Gideon v. Wainwright 1964: Malloy v. Hogan 1967: Reitman v. Mulkey 1968: Duncan v. Louisiana 1969: Benton v. Maryland 1970: Goldberg v. Kelly 1972: Furman v. Georgia 1974: Goss v. Lopez 1975: O'Connor v. Donaldson 1976: Gregg v. Georgia 2010: McDonald v. Chicago 2019: Timbs v. Indiana 2022: New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen Substantive due process 1876: Munn v. Illinois 1887: Mugler v. Kansas 1897: Allgeyer v. Louisiana 1905: Lochner v. New York 1908: Muller v. Oregon 1923: Adkins v. Children's Hospital 1923: Meyer v. Nebraska 1925: Pierce v. Society of Sisters 1934: Nebbia v. New York 1937: West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 1965: Griswold v. Connecticut 1973: Roe v. Wade 1977: Moore v. City of East Cleveland 1990: Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health 1992: Planned Parenthood v. Casey 1996: BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore 1997: Washington v. Glucksberg 2003: State Farm v. Campbell 2003: Lawrence v. Texas 2015: Obergefell v. Hodges 2022: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Equal protection 1880: Strauder v. West Virginia 1886: Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1886: Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson 1908: Berea College v. Kentucky 1916: The People of