drawn from historical and archaeological evidence. Scandinavia During the Viking Age, Scandinavia moved from a loose coexistence of tribes and petty kingdoms to the three Nordic countries that still exist today. Settlements outside Scandinavia Atlantic Faroe Islands Iceland Greenland Baltic Seeburg (Latvia) Sarde (Lithuania) British Isles England Danelaw Jórvík (York) Cumbria Ireland Arklow Dyflin (Dublin) Hlymrekr (Limerick) Veðrafjǫrðr (Waterford) Víkingr-ló (Wicklow) Veisafjǫrðr (Wexford) Isle of Man Mann Scotland Caithness Galloway Kintyre Norðreyjar (Orkney and Shetland) Ross Suðreyjar (Hebrides) Sutherland Eastern Europe Garðaríki (Russia) Western Europe Normandy North America Norse colonization of the Americas L'Anse aux Meadows (and possibly a larger area called Vinland) Old Norse influence on the English language The long-term linguistic effect of the Viking settlements in England was threefold: over a thousand Old Norse words eventually became part of Standard English; numerous places in the East and North-east of England have Danish names, and many English personal names are of Scandinavian origin. Scandinavian words that entered the English language included landing, score, beck, fellow, take, busting, and steersman. The vast majority of loan words did not appear in documents until the early 12th century; these included many modern words which used sk- sounds, such as skirt, sky, and skin; other words appearing in written sources at this time included again, awkward, birth, cake, dregs, fog, freckles, gasp, law, moss, neck, ransack, root, scowl, sister, seat, sly, smile, want, weak and window from Old Norse meaning "wind-eye". Some of the words that came into use are among the most common in English, such as to go, to come, to sit, to listen, to eat, both, same, get and give. The system of personal pronouns was affected, with they, them and their replacing the earlier forms. Old Norse influenced the verb to be; the replacement of sindon by are is almost certainly Scandinavian in origin, as is the third-person-singular ending -s in the present tense of verbs. There are more than 1,500 Scandinavian place names in England, mainly in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire (within the former boundaries of the Danelaw): over 600 end in -by, the Scandinavian word for "village"—for example Grimsby, Naseby, and Whitby; many others end in -thorpe ("farm"), -thwaite ("clearing"), and -toft ("homestead"). The distribution of family names showing Scandinavian influence is still, as an analysis of names ending in -son reveals, concentrated in the north and east, corresponding to areas of former Viking settlement. Early medieval