the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyòng Pinyin, a ring is written over the vowel. Adaptations There are several adaptations of Wade–Giles. Mathews The Romanization system used in the 1943 edition of Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary differs from Wade–Giles in the following ways: It uses the right apostrophe: p, t, k, ch, ts, tzŭ; while Wade–Giles uses the left apostrophe, similar to the aspiration diacritic used in the International Phonetic Alphabet before the revisions of the 1970s: p, t, k, ch, ts, tzŭ. It consistently uses i for the syllable , while Wade–Giles uses i or yi depending on the character. It uses o for the syllable , while Wade–Giles uses ê or o depending on the character. It offers the choice between ssŭ and szŭ, while Wade–Giles requires ssŭ. It does not use the spellings chio, chio, hsio, yo, replacing them with chüeh, chüeh, hsüeh, yüeh in accordance with their modern pronunciations. It uses an underscored 3 to denote a second tone which comes from an original third tone, but only if the following syllable has the neutral tone and the tone sandhi is therefore not predictable: hsiao3•chieh. It denotes the neutral tone by placing a dot (if the neutral tone is compulsory) or a circle (if the neutral tone is optional) before the syllable. The dot or circle replaces the hyphen. Table Gallery Examples of Wade–Giles derived English language terminology: See also Comparison of Chinese transcription systems Simplified Wade Daoism–Taoism romanization issue Legge romanization Romanization of Chinese Cyrillization of Chinese References Bibliography Giles, Herbert A. A Chinese–English Dictionary. 2-vol. & 3-vol. versions both. London: Shanghai: Bernard Quaritch; Kelly and Walsh, 1892. Rev. & enlarged 2nd ed. in 3 vols. (Vol. I: front-matter & a-hsü, Vol. II: hsü-shao, and Vol. III: shao-yün), Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited; Bernard Quaritch, 1912. Rpt. of the 2nd ed. but in 2 vols. and bound as 1, New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1964. Further reading "Library of Congress Pinyin Conversion Project Frequently Asked Questions What's the difference between Wade–Giles and Pinyin?" – Library of Congress External links Chinese Romanization Converter – Convert between Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems. A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade–Giles to Pīnyīn Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade–Giles – Support Simplified and Traditional Chinese; Support most popular Romanization systems,