with combining 16 mm film, 8 mm film and video to make use of the potential discontinuity between moving image, musical score and narrator to undermine any sense of linear narrative. As an academic discipline Since 2000, video arts programs have begun to emerge among colleges and universities as a standalone discipline typically situated in relation to film and older broadcast curricula. Current models found in universities like Northeastern and Syracuse show video arts offering baseline competencies in lighting, editing and camera operation. While these fundamentals can feed into and support existing film or TV production areas, recent growth of entertainment media through CGI and other special effects situate skills like animation, motion graphics and computer aided design as upper level courses in this emerging area. Notable video art organizations Ars Electronica Center (AEC), Linz, Austria Edith-Russ-Haus for Media Art, Oldenburg, Germany Electronic Arts Intermix, New York, NY Experimental Television Center, New York Goetz Collection, Munich, Germany Imai – inter media art institute, Düsseldorf Impakt Festival, Utrecht Julia Stoschek Collection, Düsseldorf, Germany Kunstmuseum Bonn, large video art collection LA Freewaves is an experimental media art festival with video art, shorts and animation; exhibitions are in Los Angeles and online. Lumen Eclipse – Harvard Square, MA LUX, London, UK London Video Arts, London, UK Neuer Berliner Kunstverein with its "Video-Forum" established in 1971 – Berlin, Germany Perpetual art machine, New York Raindance Foundation, New York Souvenirs from Earth, Art TV Station on European Cable Networks (Paris, Cologne) Vtape, Toronto, Canada Videoart at Midnight, an artists' cinema project, Berlin, Germany Video Data Bank, Chicago, IL. VIVO Media Arts Centre, Vancouver, Canada ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe, Germany Videobrasil, Associação Cultural Videobrasil, São Paulo, Brazil See also Artmedia Experimental film INFERMENTAL Interactive film List of video artists Music video Music visualization New media art Optical feedback Real-time computer graphics Scratch video Single-channel video Sound art Video jockey Video poetry Video sculpture Video installation Video synthesizer Visual music VJ (video performance artist) References Further reading Making Video 'In' - The Contested Ground of Alternative Video On The West Coast Edited by Jennifer Abbott (Satellite Video Exchange Society, 2000). Videography: Video Media as Art and Culture by Sean Cubitt (MacMillan, 1993). A History of Experimental Film and Video by A. L. Rees (British Film Institute, 1999). New Media in Late 20th-Century Art by Michael Rush (Thames & Hudson, 1999). Mirror Machine: Video and