of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary into the language, c. 7th to 9th century AD. At this state, the language had three tones. Archaic Vietnamese, the state of the language upon adoption of the Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and the beginning of creation of the Vietnamese characters (chữ Nôm) during the Ngô Dynasty, c. 10th century AD. Ancient Vietnamese, the language represented by Chữ Nôm (c. 15th century), widely used during the Lê dynasty. The Ming glossary "Annanguo Yiyu" 安南國譯語 (c. 15th century) by the Bureau of Interpreters 会同馆 (from the series Huáyí Yìyǔ () recorded the language at this point of history. By this point, a tone split had happened in the language, leading to six tones but a loss of contrastive voicing among consonants. Middle Vietnamese, the language found in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes (c. 17th century); the dictionary was published in Rome in 1651. Another famous dictionary of this period was written by P. J. Pigneau de Behaine in 1773 and published by Jean-Louis Taberd in 1838. Modern Vietnamese, from the 19th century. Proto–Viet–Muong The following diagram shows the phonology of Proto–Viet–Muong (the nearest ancestor of Vietnamese and the closely related Mường language), along with the outcomes in the modern language: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |* > m |* > n | |* > nh |* > ng/ngh | |- ! rowspan="4" | Stop | style="background: #efefef;" | tenuis | * > b | * > đ | | * > ch | * > k/c/q | * > # |- | style="background: #efefef;" | voiced | * > b | * > đ | | * > ch | * > k/c/q | |- | style="background: #efefef;" | aspirated | * > ph | * > th | | | * > kh | |- | style="background: #efefef;" | implosive | * > m | * > n | | * > nh | | |- ! colspan="2" | Affricate | | | | * > x | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Fricative | style="background: #efefef;" | voiceless | | | * > t | | | * > h |- | style="background: #efefef;" | voiced | * > v | * > d | * > r | * > gi | *