has been, ibinof she had been, obinos it will be, ubinon one will have been. These are seen as being more distant from the present tense the further the vowel is from in vowel space, and they can be used with temporal words to indicate distance in the past or future. For example, from del 'day', adelo today, odelo tomorrow, udelo the day after tomorrow, ädelo yesterday, edelo the day before yesterday, idelo three days ago. The passive voice is formed with p-, and here the a is required for the present tense: palöfob I am loved, pälogol you were seen, pologobs we will be seen. Infinitive mood The infinitive is formed with the suffix -ön. It can be combined with tense/aspect prefixes: Logön to see, elogön to have seen. Interrogative mood Yes–no questions are indicated with the particle li: Pälogom-li was he seen? The hyphen indicates that the syllable li does not take stress. It occurs before the verb to avoid a sequence of three consonants or a double el: li-pälogol? li-binoms? Participles and the habitual aspect Participles, both active and passive, are formed in -öl: Logöl seeing, elogöl having seen, ologöl being about to see, palogöl seen (being seen), pelogöl seen (having been seen), pologöl about to be seen. Binob penöl is literally 'I am writing', though penob is also used. For "I write" as habitual action, the habitual aspect is used. This is formed by adding -i- after the tense prefix, and here again the present-tense a- is required. The forms are thus active ai-, äi-, ei-, ii-, oi-, ui-, passive pai-, päi-, pei-, pii-, poi-, pui-. All are pronounced as two syllables. Aifidob bodi I eat bread (as a daily occurrence), äipenob penedis I used to write letters. With temporal words, aidelo daily (at the present time) The imperative moods The imperative -öd follows the person suffix: Gololöd! Go! (to one person), gololsöd! go! (to more than one person) Optative -ös is used for courteous requests, and jussive -öz an emphatic command. Conditional mood Conditionals are formed with -la for the protasis (if-clause) and -öv for the apodosis (then-clause): If äbinob-la liegik, äbinoböv givik – if I were rich I would be generous. Ibinomöv givik, if ibinom-la liegik – he would have been generous if he had been rich. Note that the tense changes as well, so that in the first example the past tense is