proper names. In other contexts the vocative remains prevalent. It is used: To address an individual with the function, title, other attribute, family role Panie doktorze (Doctor!), Panie prezesie! (Chairman!) Przybywasz za późno, pływaku (You arrive too late, swimmer) synu (son), mamo (mum), tato (dad) After adjectives, demonstrative pronouns and possessive pronouns Nie rozumiesz mnie, moja droga Basiu! (You don't understand me, my dear Basia!) To address an individual in an offensive or condescending manner: Zamknij się, pajacu! ("Shut up, you buffoon!") Co się gapisz, idioto? ("What are you staring at, idiot!") Nie znasz się, baranie, to nie pisz! ("Stop writing, idiot, you don't know what you're talking about!") Spadaj, wieśniaku! ("Get lost, peasant!") After "Ty" (second person singular pronoun) Ty kłamczuchu! (You liar!) Set expressions: (O) Matko!, (O) Boże!, chłopie The vocative is also often employed in affectionate and endearing contexts such as Kocham Cię, Krzysiu! ("I love you, Chris!") or Tęsknię za Tobą, moja Żono ("I miss you, my wife."). In addition, the vocative form sometimes takes the place of the nominative in informal conversations: Józiu przyszedł instead of "Józio przyszedł" ("Joey's arrived"). When referring to someone by their first name, the nominative commonly takes the place of the vocative as well: Ania, chodź tu! instead of Aniu, chodź tu! ("Anne, come here!"). Russian Historic vocative The historic Slavic vocative has been lost in Russian and is now used only in archaic expressions. Several of them, mostly of Old Church Slavonic origin, are common in colloquial Russian: "Боже!" (Bože, vocative of "Бог" Bog, "God") and "Боже мой!" (Bože moj, "My God!"), and "Господи!" (Gospodi, vocative of "Господь" Gospodj, "Lord"), which can also be expressed as "Господи Иисусе!" (Gospodi Iisuse!, Iisuse vocative of "Иисус" Iisus, "Jesus"). The vocative is also used in prayers: "Отче наш!" (Otče naš, "Our Father!"). Such expressions are used to express strong emotions (much like English "O my God!"), and are often combined ("Господи, Боже мой"). More examples of the historic vocative can be found in other Biblical quotes that are sometimes used as proverbs: "Врачу, исцелися сам" (Vraču, iscelisia sam, "Physician, heal thyself", nom. "врач", vrač). Vocative forms are also used in modern Church Slavonic. The patriarch and bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church are addressed as "владыко" (vladyko, hegemon, nom. "владыка", vladyka). In the latter case, the vocative is often also incorrectly used for the nominative to refer to bishops and patriarchs. New