have been trying to develop synthetic third-generation vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a virus; it was hoped that this will help prevent vaccine resistance. Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. Factors that affect the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses. Plants as bioreactors for vaccine production The idea of vaccine production via transgenic plants was identified as early as 2003. Plants such as tobacco, potato, tomato, and banana can have genes inserted that cause them to produce vaccines usable for humans. In 2005, bananas were developed that produce a human vaccine against hepatitis B. Vaccine hesitancy Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. The term covers outright refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others. There is an overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective. Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. The World Health Organization therefore characterized vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats in 2019. See also Biologics Control Act Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations Flying syringe Immunization registry Immunotherapy List of vaccine ingredients List of vaccine topics Non-specific effect of vaccines OPV AIDS hypothesis Preventive healthcare Reverse vaccinology TA-CD Timeline of vaccines Virosome Vaccinator Vaccine adverse event (safety issues) Vaccine cooler Vaccine failure Vaccine hesitancy Vaccinov Viral vector Virus-like particle Nasal vaccine References Further reading External links WHO Vaccine preventable diseases and immunization World Health Organization position papers on vaccines The History of Vaccines, from the College of Physicians of Philadelphia This website was highlighted by Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News in its "Best of the Web" section in January 2015. See: Virology 18th-century inventions