Urdu, āye/aaie or āyn 'come' is used. Hawaiian, and the Polynesian languages generally, have unusually large numbers of such words, such as (a small green fish), which is three syllables: . Most long words involve reduplication, which is quite productive in Polynesian: 'grooves', 'breath', 'tough' (all four syllables), 'crying' (five syllables, from 'to weep'), or 'false mullet' (sp. fish, three or five syllables). See also English phonology Great Vowel Shift Inherent vowel List of phonetics topics Mater lectionis Scale of vowels Table of vowels Vowel coalescence Words without vowels Zero consonant Notes References Bibliography Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, 1999. Cambridge University Johnson, Keith, Acoustic & Auditory Phonetics, second edition, 2003. Blackwell Korhonen, Mikko. Koltansaamen opas, 1973. Castreanum Ladefoged, Peter, A Course in Phonetics, fifth edition, 2006. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth Ladefoged, Peter, Elements of Acoustic Phonetics, 1995. University of Chicago Ladefoged, Peter, Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, 2000. Blackwell . Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT. . Watt, D. and Tillotson, J. (2001). A spectrographic analysis of vowel fronting in Bradford English. English World-Wide 22:2, 269–302. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20120412023624/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/langling/resources/Watt-Tillotson2001.pdf External links IPA chart with MP3 sound files IPA vowel chart with AIFF sound files Vowel charts for several different languages and dialects measuring F1 and F2 Materials for measuring and plotting vowel formants Vowels and Consonants Online examples from Ladefoged's Vowels and Consonants, referenced above. Manner of articulation Phonetics