Software code Hypertext Other Written personal and group communication, using letters, signed texts such as open letters, e-mails, social media and chat software Unoriginal writing such as translation of texts and transcription of spoken language Screenplay writing for film and other audiovisual scenes Common practices Citations and authorship The author(s) of a piece of writing is often specified in the text. Academic authorship enables researchers to build or lose their reputation among their peers or the public, enables receiving credit for their contributions and can have an impact on the perception of the text's contents. Citations to written records are widely used in modern writing, especially in scholarly literature, and enable e.g. determining the history and original or first sources of ideas and cognitive conceptions as well as locating more detailed information on a given topic. This practice also enabled citation analysis of text corpuses, sometimes as part of metascience or computational linguistics. Writing systems The major writing systems broadly fall into four categories: logographic, syllabic, alphabetic, and featural. As pictograms do not represent a language's sounds, they have been argued not to constitute a writing system. Logographies A logography (also called a logosyllabary) is written using logograms — written characters which represent individual words, morphemes or certain syllables. For example, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced ka, was also used to represent the syllable ka whenever the pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated. Many logograms have an ideographic component (Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners"). In Chinese, about 90% of characters are compounds of a semantic (meaning) element called a radical with an existing character to indicate the pronunciation, called a phonetic. However, such phonetic elements complement the logographic elements, rather than vice versa. The main logographic system in use today is Chinese characters, used with some modification for the various languages or dialects of China, Japan, and sometimes in Korean despite the fact that in South and North Korea, the phonetic Hangul system is mainly used. Older logographic systems include cuneiform, and Mayan. Syllabaries A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent syllables, typically a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone. In some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may have dedicated glyphs. Phonetically similar syllables are not written similarly. For instance, the syllable "ka" may look nothing like the syllable "ki", nor will syllables with the same