Military historian Rüdiger Overmans estimates that the Waffen-SS suffered 314,000 dead. Casualty rates were not significantly higher than in the Wehrmacht overall and were comparable to those among the armoured divisions of the army and the Luftwaffe paratroop formations. Criminality The Allgemeine SS was responsible for the administration of both the concentration and extermination camps. Many members of it and the SS-Totenkopfverbände subsequently became members of the Waffen-SS, forming the initial core of the 3rd SS Totenkopf Division. A number of SS medical personnel who were members of the Waffen-SS were convicted of crimes during the "Doctors' trials" in Nuremberg, held between 1946 and 1947 for the Nazi human experimentation they performed at the camps. According to the Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection, the Waffen-SS had played a "paramount role" in the ideological war of extermination (Vernichtungskrieg), and not just as frontline or rear area security formations: a third of the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) members which were responsible for mass murder, especially of Jews, Slavs and communists, had been recruited from Waffen-SS personnel prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Waffen-SS construction office built the gas chambers at Auschwitz, and, according to Rudolf Höss, about 7,000 served as guards at that camp. Many Waffen-SS members and units were responsible for war crimes against civilians and allied servicemen. After the war the SS organisation as a whole was held to be a criminal organisation by the post-war German government. Formations such as the Dirlewanger and Kaminski Brigades were singled out, and many others participated in large-scale massacres or smaller-scale killings such as murder of 34 captured allied servicemen ordered by Josef Kieffer during Operation Bulbasket in 1944, the Houtman affair, or murders perpetrated by Heinrich Boere. The listed Waffen-SS units were responsible for the following massacres: Wormhoudt massacre by the SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, 1940, France Le Paradis massacre by the SS Division Totenkopf, 1940, France Pripyat swamps (punitive operation) by the SS Cavalry Brigade, 1941, USSR Ascq massacre by the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, 1944, France Tulle massacre by 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, 1944, France Oradour-sur-Glane massacre by the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, 1944, France Ochota massacre by the SS Kaminski Brigade, 1944, Poland Wola massacre by SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger, 1944, Poland Huta Pieniacka massacre by the 14th Galician SS Volunteer Division, 1944, Poland Graignes Massacre by the 17th SS