Ireland Assembly, local councils, and Members of the European Parliament, and in Scotland to elect local councils. the single transferrable vote is a form of proportional representation, the strength of a party in parliament is equal to the number of votes they received during a general election. Areas elect a team of representatives rather than the traditional one, they also represent a larger area. voters rank their choices, they can rank as many as they choose since parties will run more than one candidate in each area. To be elected candidates have to receive a specific number of votes, the quota, which is decided based on the number of vacancies and the number of people that can vote.[4] The alternative vote system is used for by-elections in Scottish local councils. the alternative vote system is designed to deal with vote splitting. under the first-past-the-post system, a candidate can win even when the majority voted against them if this majority is split over several other candidates. voters rank the candidates from their preferred to their least preferred, if a candidate is the first choice for more than half of the votes cast they win. but when there is no majority the loser is removed and the second choice becomes the first, this process is repeated until one candidate receives the majority. [5] The D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation was used for European Parliament elections in England, Scotland and Wales between 1999 and 2019 (the last such election before 'Brexit'). The supplementary vote is used to elect directly elected mayors in England, including the mayor of London. The use of the first-past-the-post to elect members of Parliament is unusual among European nations. The use of the system means that when three or more candidates receive a significant share of the vote, MPs are often elected from individual constituencies with a plurality (receiving more votes than any other candidate), but not an absolute majority (50 per cent plus one vote). Elections and political parties in the United Kingdom are affected by Duverger's law, the political science principle which states that plurality voting systems, such as first-past-the-post, tend to lead to the development of two-party systems. The UK, like several other states, has sometimes been called a "two-and-a-half" party system, because parliamentary politics is dominated by the Labour Party and Conservative Party, while the Liberal Democrats, used to, hold a significant number of