have the power to tax state and municipal bonds. He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and "would make it impossible for the state to keep any property". Between 1909 and 1913, several conditions favored passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. Inflation was high and many blamed federal tariffs for the rising prices. The Republican Party was divided and weakened by the loss of Roosevelt and the Insurgents who joined the Progressive Party, a problem that blunted opposition even in the Northeast. In 1912, the Democrats won the presidency and control of both houses of Congress. The country was generally in a left-leaning mood, with a member of the Socialist Party winning a seat in the U.S. House in 1910 and the party's presidential candidate polling six percent of the popular vote in 1912. Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912. On February 25, 1913, Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three-fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution. The Revenue Act of 1913, which greatly lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax, was enacted shortly after the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified. Ratification According to the United States Government Publishing Office, the following states ratified the amendment: Alabama: August 10, 1909 Kentucky: February 8, 1910 South Carolina: February 19, 1910 Illinois: March 1, 1910 Mississippi: March 7, 1910 Oklahoma: March 10, 1910 Maryland: April 8, 1910 Georgia: August 3, 1910 Texas: August 16, 1910 Ohio: January 19, 1911 Idaho: January 20, 1911 Oregon: January 23, 1911 Washington: January 26, 1911 Montana: January 27, 1911 Indiana: January 30, 1911 California: January 31, 1911 Nevada: January 31, 1911 South Dakota: February 1, 1911 Nebraska: February 9, 1911 North Carolina: February 11, 1911 Colorado: February 15, 1911 North Dakota: February 17, 1911 Michigan: February 23, 1911 Iowa: February 24, 1911 Kansas: March 2, 1911 Missouri: March 16, 1911 Maine: March 31, 1911 Tennessee: April 7, 1911 Arkansas: April 22, 1911, after having previously rejected the amendment Wisconsin: May 16, 1911 New York: July 12, 1911 Arizona: April 3, 1912 Minnesota: June 11, 1912 Louisiana: June 28, 1912 West Virginia: January 31, 1913 Delaware: February 3, 1913 Ratification (by the requisite 36 states) was completed on February 3, 1913, with the ratification by Delaware. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states, bringing the