not have phonemic contrast between o and -uo/wo (except in interjections when used alone) and a medial is usually inserted in front of -o to form . Note that Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write as ㄛ -o after ㄅ b, ㄆ p, ㄇ m and ㄈ f, and as ㄨㄛ -uo after all other initials. Tones Tones are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after the syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīn qiàn (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalent chien4. Punctuation Wade–Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate). If a syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized, even if it is part of a proper noun. The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Taiwanese people write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See also Chinese names.) Comparison with other systems Pinyin Wade–Giles chose the French-like (implying a sound like IPA's , as in s in English measure) to represent a Northern Mandarin pronunciation of what is represented as in pinyin (Northern Mandarin / Southern Mandarin ; generally considered allophones). Ü (representing ) always has an umlaut above, while pinyin only employs it in the cases of , , , and , while leaving it out after j, q, x and y as a simplification because / cannot otherwise appear after those letters. (The vowel / can occur in those cases in pinyin where the diaeresis are indicated / or ; in which cases it serves to distinguish the front vowel from the back vowel . By contrast it is always present to mark the front vowel in Wade–Giles.) Because (as in "jade") must have an umlaut in Wade–Giles, the umlaut-less in Wade–Giles is freed up for what corresponds to ( "have"/"there is") in Pinyin. The Pīnyīn cluster is in Wade–Giles, reflecting the pronunciation of as in English book . (Compare kung1-fu to as an example.) After a consonant, both Wade–Giles and Pīnyīn use and instead of the complete syllables: and /. Chart Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, the so-called neutral tone is written leaving