used even though the present tense is intended. Like the question particle, the -la is written with a hyphen to indicate that it is not stressed in speech. Potential mood A potential mood is formed with -öx: Pelomöx he might pay. Reflexive verbs Reflexive forms are made from the active voice and the pronoun ok: Vatükob I wash, vatükobok (or vatükob obi) I wash myself. In the third person, the periphrastic form of vatükomok (he washes himself) must use the reflexive pronoun, vatükom oki, as vatükom omi would mean "he washes him (someone else)". The plural -s may precede or follow the reflexive, as the speaker chooses: vatükomoks or vatükomsok they wash themselves. Here there is a meaningful distinction between joining the pronoun to the verb, and inflecting it independently: Löfobsok we love ourselves, löfobs obis we love each other. Gerundive The gerundive arguments are active ö-, passive pö-. Examples The Lord's Prayer Usage as common noun The word Volapük or a variation thereof means "nonsense, gibberish" in certain languages, such as Danish volapyk and Esperanto volapukaĵo. In Russian, the term Volapuk encoding refers to writing Cyrillic letters with the Latin alphabet based on what they look like, for example writing instead of волапюк. See also Kosmopolan Volapük Wikipedia Esperanto Ido Interlingua References External links The Volapük-language Wikipedia's page on Volapük A Volapük portal, with links to grammar, vocabulary, exercises etc Description and history of the Volapük Academy Links to sundry background materials Summaries Chapter on Volapük in Otto Jespersen's pro Novial An International Language (1928) Volapuk at the Conlang Atlas of Language Structures. Tutorials (First of) a ten-lesson course in modern Volapük (Follow the 'next' link at the foot of each page for each succeeding lesson...) Handbooks, grammars and dictionaries Ralph Midgley's web-page - grammar, lessons, vocabulary, examples Malgranda gramatiko de Volapuko per Esperanto by the ex-Cifal Brian Bishop (2015) - Volapük Nulik Volapük to English dictionary English to Volapük dictionary Charles Sprague's Grammar of Volapük, 1888 Fictional treatments . Reprinted 2019 (Amazon) 1879 introductions Constructed languages Endangered languages Agglutinative languages International auxiliary languages International auxiliary languages introduced in the 1880s