ever desired. The name "Federalist" came increasingly to be used in political rhetoric as a term of abuse and was denied by the Whigs, who pointed out that their leader Henry Clay was the Republican Party leader in Congress during the 1810s. The Federalists had a weak base in the South, with their main base in the Northeast and especially New England, although there were some prominent southern Federalists like Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, who had been supported by Hamilton in the presidential election of 1800. Electoral history Presidential elections Congressional representation The affiliation of many Congressmen in the earliest years is an assignment by later historians. The parties were slowly coalescing groups; at first there were many independents. Cunningham noted that only about a quarter of the House of Representatives up until 1794 voted with Madison as much as two-thirds of the time and another quarter against him two-thirds of the time, leaving almost half as fairly independent. See also Blue light federalists Democratic-Republican Party Essex Junto Federalist Era First Party System List of political parties in the United States References Bibliography Ben-Atar, Doron S.; Liz B. MacMillan (eds.) (1999). Federalists Reconsidered. Chambers, William Nisbet (1963). Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809. Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. Dougherty, Keith L. (2020) "TRENDS: Creating Parties in Congress: The Emergence of a Social Network." Political Research Quarterly 73.4 (2020): 759-773. online Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1990). The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. A major scholarly survey. Online free. Ferling, John. John Adams: A Life (1992). Formisano, Ronald P. (2001). "State Development in the Early Republic" in Shafer, Boyd; Badger, Anthony (eds.). Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000. pp. 7–35. Hartog, Jonathan J. Den (2015). Patriotism and Piety: Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation'. University of Virginia Press. 280 pp. Hickey, Donald R (1978). "Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812". Journal of American Studies. 12#1 pp. 23–39. Hildreth, Richard (1851). History of the United States. 4th volume. Covering the 1790s. Jensen, Richard (2000). "Federalist Party" in Encyclopedia of Third Parties. M. E. Sharpe. Knudson, Jerry W. (2006). Jefferson and the Press: Crucible of Liberty. How four Republican and four Federalist newspapers covered the election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo. Lafferty, Ben Paul. American Intelligence: Small-Town News