reach settlement, but have no intention to do so, for example, one political party may pretend to negotiate, with no intention to compromise, for political effect. Inherent bad faith model in international relations and political psychology Bad faith in political science and political psychology refers to negotiating strategies in which there is no real intention to reach compromise, or a model of information processing. The "inherent bad faith model" of information processing is a theory in political psychology that was first put forth by Ole Holsti to explain the relationship between John Foster Dulles’ beliefs and his model of information processing. It is the most widely studied model of one's opponent. A state is presumed to be implacably hostile, and contra-indicators of this are ignored. They are dismissed as propaganda ploys or signs of weakness. Examples are John Foster Dulles’ position regarding the Soviet Union, or Israel's initial position on the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Phases of Negotiation There is no magic or mystery to negotiations or to what makes someone a master negotiator. There are five steps or phases in negotiation that effectively work. Prepare: There is no shortcut to preparation. It is the first phase to any negotiation, though people don't put too much time into it. They often go directly to information exchange stage or even to bargaining. Information Exchange: The information exchange happens when one starts engaging with the other side, sharing information, and identifying what the other party needs/wants. Bargain: Bargaining is that phase in which the "give and take" happens. In this stage, we need to continue creating value and finally capture value. Finely tuned communication skills are important in this stage. Conclude: This is the stage where one reaches an agreement. Here one has to consider strategies to lock the commitment. Execute: This is the stage where execution of an agreement happens. This stage can also be looked at as the preparation for the next negotiation opportunity. One must make sure that they follow through on promises made in order to build a stronger relationship and trust. One will learn more about the other party in this stage. This will make it easier for the next negotiation. It is important to remember that during execution, one is likely to apply the total negotiation process and best negotiating practices. Negotiation Skills Negotiation skills are qualities that allow two or more parties to reach a compromise.