endeavors were attended with immediate success, Kalischer never lost hope. By exerting a strong influence upon his contemporaries, including such prominent men as Heinrich Grätz, Moses Hess (see Rome and Jerusalem, pp. 117 et seq.), and others, he is considered to have been one of the most important of those who prepared the way for the foundation of modern Zionism. Notable Opposition Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch was vocally opposed to Kalischer's proto-zionistic views, writing “We are obligated to follow the ‘well-trodden paths of our ancestors and early leaders,’ who never mentioned any obligation for us to encourage the geulah (redemption) by developing Eretz Yisroel. They mention as the path toward the Redemption only that we become better Jews, repent, and look forward to the geulah.” References Bibliography Allg. Zeit. des Jud. 1874, p. 757; Jüdischer Volkskalender, pp. 143 et seq., Leipsic, 1899; Sefer Anshe Shem, pp. 31a et seq., Warsaw, 1892.S. M. Sc. Article references Jewish Encyclopedia article on Tzebi Hirsch Kalischer External links The personal papers of Zvi Hirsch Kalischer are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A9\54-58. WZO jafi.org.il Proto-Zionism and Its Proto-Herzl: The Philosophy and Efforts of Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer Jewish History Soundbites episode on Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer 19th-century German rabbis German Orthodox rabbis German Zionists People from Leszno People from Toruń Philosophers of Judaism Polish Orthodox rabbis 1795 births 1874 deaths Forerunners of Zionism