the proximity participation model. Most notably, this model has been embraced in the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Portugal, Latvia, and Estonia. Participatory budgeting has also taken root in North America, particularly Canada and the United States. Africa The development of participatory budgeting is relatively recent in Africa. Development took on impetus when the Federation of African Cities and Regional Governments (UCLGAA) took an active role promoting training and visibility regarding participatory budgeting at its triennial International Meeting, Africities, held in Dakar in 2012. The path followed in Africa is the same as the one followed by Latin American radical movements. It differs from European cases, where local governments played a major role. During the 2000s, alternative globalization networks exerted a strong impact. However, in a continent heavily burdened by social and economic problems, the innovation that participatory budgeting represents could be an important resource of hope. Asia Participatory budgets in Asia began to appear in larger numbers around 2005. Here, participatory budgeting programs were rarely built on pre-existing forms of citizen participation. The fast development of participatory budgets around the world led to the creation of continental networks supporting the dissemination of participatory budgeting. The experience of Porto Alegre, Brazil, has played a particularly important role as a point of reference. For example, local authorities and NGOs from South Korea and China have often visited Porto Alegre, especially since 2009; and in India, the Kerala participatory strategic planning experiment encountered Porto Alegre during the Mumbai World Social Forum. In 2012, there were 58–109 active experiments in participatory budgeting in Asia. See also Citizens' assembly Deliberative poll Financial referendum Multiwinner voting, which can be considered a special case of participatory budgeting (in which "the cost" of each candidate is 1, and "the budget" is the parliament size). Participatory economics Participatory democracy Participatory planning Participatory justice Program budgeting Public participation Tax choice Participatory budgeting in Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) References Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . External links . – a non-profit organization that supports participatory budgeting in North America and hosts an international resource site. PBnetwork UK - information on participatory budgeting in the UK PB Scotland- Support to implement participatory budgeting in Scotland Participatory budgeting publications and resources from What Works Scotland Digital tools and participatory budgeting in Scotland from The Democratic Society Budget Participatif Paris - participatory budgeting website for the