non-defensive incursions into foreign territory." The case of Iraq War resisters became more than a legal issue when Canadian government lawyers entered the situation and presented arguments to the IRB adjudicator just before this precedent-setting hearing. "Government lawyers argued at Hinzman's immigration hearing that the entire question of the war's legality was 'irrelevant.'... The federal immigration officer adjudicating the case [Brian P. Goodman] agreed. He ruled [November 12, 2004] that Hinzman may not use the legal basis of the Iraq War to justify his...claim." The claim for refugee status was ultimately rejected. The government at the time was the Liberal Party of Canada led by Prime Minister Paul Martin; and the lawyer representing that government's Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Judy Sgro, was Janet Chisholm. Reporting on Goodman's decision, the BBC stated that the ruling "did not come as a surprise...[Canadian] officials are aware that accusing Washington of persecuting its citizens would cause an international diplomatic incident." Federal Court Appeal Justice Anne L. Mactavish presided over the Federal Court case of Hinzman v. Canada, 2006 FC 420, and released her ruling on 31 March 2006, upholding the decision of the Immigration and Refugee Board. In her decision, Mactavish addressed the issue of personal responsibility as follows:An individual must be involved at the policy-making level to be culpable for a crime against peace...the ordinary foot soldier is not expected to make his or her personal assessment as to the legality of a conflict. Similarly, such an individual cannot be held criminally responsible for fighting in support of an illegal war, assuming that his or her war-time conduct is otherwise proper.Alex Neve, who taught international human rights and refugee law at Osgoode Hall Law School, expressed concern that Mactavish's decision sets a precedent whereby "those at senior levels who have an objection to war may [seek refugee status], and those who deploy who have an objection may not. This runs contrary to other international law rulings." One of those rulings is Nuremberg Principle IV, which reads, "The fact that a person acted under order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was, in fact, possible to him." "The main arguments advanced by Hinzman's lawyer, Jeffry House, [were] that the war in Iraq is against international law and that Hinzman ... would have been forced to participate in unlawful acts