on humans to offer their best in worship – a way of expressing the value ("worth") that they place on God : worship is, etymologically, "worth-ship". Against Those who oppose ritualism in the Church of England have generally argued that it: encourages idolatry in that it encourages worshippers to focus on ritual objects and actions rather than the things they are meant to symbolize; constitutes an attempt to wrest the Church of England from its Protestant identity; constitutes a downgrading of the significance of preaching and biblical exposition in regular Christian worship; encourages an idolatrous attitude to the Eucharist because ritualism is predicated on a belief in the Real Presence; uses excessive elaborations in worship that cannot be justified on the basis of the descriptions of worship in the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, or the Epistles in the New Testament – the robes used in the worship of heaven described in the Book of Revelation are plain white; undermines a key Protestant belief that no human actions, even worship precisely and carefully offered, can be of any value when it comes to being justified in the eyes of God: worship should be an unfussy, obedient, penitent, grateful, and spontaneously joyful response to the experience of being saved by faith alone in Jesus – ritual and tradition are merely human inventions; has often impeded the understanding of the gospel by wrapping up Christian worship in indecipherable symbolic acts; is not beautiful as proponents claim but rather gaudy and distracting from contemplative worship. Ritualist controversies in the 19th century Origins The development of ritualism in the Church of England was mainly associated with what is commonly called "second generation" Anglo-Catholicism, i.e. the Oxford Movement as it developed after 1845 when John Henry Newman abandoned the Church of England to become a Roman Catholic. Some scholars argued that it was almost inevitable that some of the leaders of Anglo-Catholicism would turn their attentions to questions of liturgy and ritual and started to champion the use of practices and forms of worship more commonly associated with Roman Catholicism. However, there was only limited enthusiasm amongst ritualists to introduce the widespread use of Latin in the liturgy, which was the norm in the Roman Catholic Church before Vatican II. The leaders of the first generation of the Anglo-Catholic revival or Oxford Movement (e.g. Newman, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and John Keble) had been primarily