syllable, and the preceding syllable has no coda. The corresponding strong grade additionally has a single consonant in the coda, which may the same as the following onset consonant or different. The coda consonant in the strong grade may undergo consonant lengthening to receive additional length. A double consonant in the strong grade always alternates with a single consonant in the weak grade. This occurs with all nasals, sonorants and fricatives (except and ). Orthographically, this is represented as a double versus a single consonant letter. hrr ~ hr mm ~ m nnj ~ nj ss ~ s đđ ~ đ A cluster of short and a voiceless consonant (preaspirated) in the strong grade alternates with a single voiced consonant in the weak grade. hp ~ b ( in Eastern Finnmark) ht ~ đ hc ~ z hč ~ ž hk ~ g ( or zero in Eastern Finnmark) A cluster of a voiceless pre-stopped nasal in the strong grade drops the stop in the weak grade. In Sea Sámi, the strong grade has a double nasal, without the stop. pm ~ m tn ~ n tnj ~ nj kŋ ~ ŋ Double alternates with . dj ~ j Changes to word-final consonants Only a limited number of consonants are allowed at the end of a word. Therefore, consonants will be modified when they come to stand word-finally: In the case of a consonant cluster, all consonants except the first are removed. The other rules are then applied to that consonant. Combinations of plus a consonant are allowed, however. All stops, including preaspirated, become t . Combinations of plus a stop become id . h also becomes t . All affricates become homorganic fricatives: c/z → s, č/ž → š. m becomes n. Some recent loanwords such as retain m. becomes spelled , but there is no phonemic change. Post-stressed vowel alternations Certain inflectional endings and derivational suffixes trigger changes in the first unstressed (post-stressed) vowel of the stem. These changes are generally the result of umlaut effects in Proto-Samic. The following changes may be noted. An empty table cell means there is no change, S indicates diphthong simplification. There are some vowel alternations that don't have a clear rule or cause. For example, the change of a to á in the present tense third-person singular of verbs is unexpected and must simply be taken as-is. Likewise, the appearance of