Hard spheres are widely used as model particles in the statistical mechanical theory of fluids and solids. They are defined simply as impenetrable spheres that cannot overlap in space. They mimic the extremely strong ("infinitely elastic bouncing") repulsion that atoms and spherical molecules experience at very close distances. Hard spheres systems are studied by analytical means, by molecular dynamics simulations, and by the experimental study of certain colloidal model systems. The hard-sphere system provides a generic model that explains the quasiuniversal structure and dynamics of simple liquids. Formal definition Hard spheres of diameter are particles with the following pairwise interaction potential: where and are the positions of the two particles. Hard-spheres gas The first three virial coefficients for hard spheres can be determined analytically {| |||=|| |- |||=|| |- |||=|| |} Higher-order ones can be determined numerically using Monte Carlo integration. We list {| |||=|| |- |||=|| |- |||=|| |} A table of virial coefficients for up to eight dimensions can be found on the page Hard sphere: virial coefficients. The hard sphere system exhibits a fluid-solid phase transition between the volume fractions of freezing and melting . The pressure diverges at random close packing for the metastable liquid branch and at close packing for the stable solid branch. Hard-spheres liquid The static structure factor of the hard-spheres liquid can be calculated using the Percus–Yevick approximation. See also Classical fluid Literature J. P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald Theory of Simple Liquids Academic Press, London (1986) Hard sphere model page on SklogWiki. References Statistical mechanics Conceptual models