. This figure includes spacecraft and payload, launch and mission expenses, and science operations. Science Herschel specialised in collecting light from objects in the Solar System as well as the Milky Way and even extragalactic objects billions of light-years away, such as newborn galaxies, and was charged with four primary areas of investigation: Galaxy formation in the early universe and the evolution of galaxies; Star formation and its interaction with the interstellar medium; Chemical composition of atmospheres and surfaces of Solar System bodies, including planets, comets and moons; Molecular chemistry across the universe. During the mission, Herschel "made over 35,000 scientific observations" and "amass[ed] more than 25,000 hours' worth of science data from about 600 different observing programs". Instrumentation The mission involved the first space observatory to cover the full far infrared and submillimetre waveband. At , Herschel carried the largest optical telescope ever deployed in space. It was made not from glass but from sintered silicon carbide. The mirror's blank was manufactured by Boostec in Tarbes, France; ground and polished by Opteon Ltd. in Tuorla Observatory, Finland; and coated by vacuum deposition at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. The light reflected by the mirror was focused onto three instruments, whose detectors were kept at temperatures below . The instruments were cooled with over of liquid helium, boiling away in a near vacuum at a temperature of approximately . The supply of helium on board the spacecraft was a fundamental limit to the operational lifetime of the space observatory; it was originally expected to be operational for at least three years. Herschel carried three detectors: PACS (Photodetecting Array Camera and Spectrometer) An imaging camera and low-resolution spectrometer covering wavelengths from 55 to 210 micrometres, which was designed and built by the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. The spectrometer had a spectral resolution between R=1000 and R=5000 and was able to detect signals as weak as −63 dB. It operated as an integral field spectrograph, combining spatial and spectral resolution. The imaging camera was able to image simultaneously in two bands (either 60–85/85–130 micrometres and 130–210 micrometres) with a detection limit of a few millijanskys. SPIRE (Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver) An imaging camera and low-resolution spectrometer covering 194 to 672 micrometre wavelength. The spectrometer had a resolution between R=40 and R=1000 at a wavelength of 250 micrometres and was able to image point sources with brightnesses around 100