that she should be required to change it. Even to the present day it is considered unlucky in Russia for a father-in-law to have the same name as the bridegroom. In other parts of Russia it is considered bad luck to name a child after a living relative. When several children have died in a family the next that is born has no name given to it, but is referred to as "Alter" (, literally "old"), or Alterke, the view being that the Angel of Death, not knowing the name of the child, will not be able to seize it. When such a child attains the marriageable age, a new name, generally that of one of the Patriarchs, is given to it. For a somewhat similar reason it is considered unlucky in Lithuania to call an only child by its true name. Pen-names Religious authors named by their works It is customary for well-known authors, beginning with medieval times, to be known by the titles of their works rather than by their own names. Thus, Jacob ben Asher is referred to as the Ṭur or the Ba'al ha-Ṭurim; Joseph Caro is known as the Bet Yosef; and Ezekiel Landau as Noda' bi-Yehudah. Acronyms used for religious authors Even more frequently were authors known by contracted forms of their names, with the addition of some honorary prefix, as given above. Among contemporary Hebrew writers this practice is still more widely observed, though no honorary title is prefixed. A list is given by Moïse Schwab in his Repertoire. Modern non-religious authors Most Yiddish writers appear to prefer to write under some pen-name or pseudonym, and their example is at times followed by modern writers of Hebrew, though these, as a rule, prefer to give a name composed of their initials. See also Jewish surnames Hebrew name List of Jewish nobility Family name etymology German family name etymology Jewish Encyclopedia articles Polish surnames Zeved habat Hollekreisch Brit milah References Bibliography G. Buchanan Gray, Hebrew Proper Names, London, 1898; T. Nöldeke, in Cheyne and Black, Encyc. Bibl. (with extensive bibliography). Talmudic: Schorr, in He-Ḥaluẓ, vol. ix.; Hirsch Perez Chajes, Beiträge zur Nordsemitischen Onomatologie; Bacher, in R. E. J. xiv. 42–47. Modern: Andræe, Zur Volkskunde der Juden, pp. 120–128; Zunz, Namen der Juden, in Ges. Schriften, ii. 1-82; Löw, Lebensalter, pp. 92–109; Orient, Lit. vi. 129–241; vii. 42, 620; Steinschneider, in Hebr. Bibl. pp. 556,