consonant is voiceless. The following details combinations of multiple letters which are exceptions to the general pronunciation rules of each letter. Diphthongs The diphthongs, as may be expected, are written using a combination of two letters. Length is not indicated, nor is the distinction between normal and rising diphthongs. This distinction can be inferred by the presence of and in the next syllable (which must always be shortened vowels when following a diphthong), and in reference works by the presence of vowels with an underdot in the next syllable. Ending in The combinations , and indicate , and respectively. The first letter is doubled to indicate longer versions, and a vertical line is then used for overlong . In the case of , there are two possible interpretations: as a single quantity 2 consonant , or as a quantity 3 consonant cluster (e.g. ), although the latter is rare. These two cases are distinguished by their behaviour in consonant gradation. In the first case, appears in the strong grade while appears in the weak grade, and these represent overlong and long respectively. In the second case, , alternatively written , appears in the strong grade while appears in the weak grade, representing the clusters and respectively. Beginning with Preaspiration is indicated with a preceding . Long preaspiration is indicated by doubling the second letter. This is exactly the opposite of how normal clusters are written. Voiceless sonorants are also indicated by a preceding , but they have three lengths. Overlong length is indicated by a vertical line in reference works, as with other sonorants. Stop-nasal combinations Pre-stopped nasal consonants (Q2) are indicated by a preceding letter for a voiceless stop. Voiced pre-stopped nasals (Q3) are written with a voiced stop in place of the voiceless one. Hyphenation With just a single consonant between syllables, the hyphen goes before that consonant. i-ja de-há-laš If a word contains a double consonant letter, the hyphen is always placed between those two letters. The combination ij, when preceded by a vowel, counts as a double consonant and thus gets a hyphen in between. guol-li áhk-ká beaiv-váš krist-ta-laš bi-o-lo-gii-ja With other combinations of two consonants, the hyphen goes between those. Again, if i counts as a consonant, it goes between that and the next one. Sáp-mi bái-di kon-sear-ta duos-tan There are a few exceptions where the hyphen goes before all consonants. pro-gram-ma in-du-strii-ja In compound