the Caparo test in favour of their own test in Spandeck v DSTA. Determining medical malpractice and standards of care have also differed from the English common law. Criminal law Unlike the common criminal law of England, the criminal law of Singapore is largely statutory in nature, owing largely from the importation of the Indian penal code into Singapore law. The general principles of criminal law, as well as the elements and penalties of common criminal offences such as homicide, theft and cheating, are set out in the Penal Code. Other important offences are created by statutes such as the Arms Offences Act, Kidnapping Act, Misuse of Drugs Act and Vandalism Act. In addition, Singapore society is highly regulated through the criminalisation of many activities which are considered as fairly harmless in other countries. These include failing to flush toilets after use, littering, jaywalking, the possession of pornography, the sale of chewing gum, and sexual activity such as oral and anal sex between men. Nonetheless, Singapore is one of the countries with the least crime in the world, with a low incidence of violent crimes. Singapore retains both corporal punishment (in the form of caning) and capital punishment (by hanging) as punishments for serious offences. For some offences, most notably trafficking in drugs above a certain specified quantity, the imposition of these penalties is mandatory. See also Caning in Singapore Capital punishment in Singapore Constitution of Singapore Judicial system of Singapore Law enforcement in Singapore Lawyers in Singapore Parliament of Singapore Notes Further reading General . . . . . . . . . Commercial law . . Constitutional law . . . Criminal law . . Other subjects . . . External links Singapore law Singapore Statutes Online – a service of the Attorney-General's Chambers, Singapore Government ministries and agencies Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC), Singapore Ministry of Law Departments Community Mediation Centre (CMC) Insolvency and Public Trustee's Office (IPTO) Legal Aid Bureau Statutory boards Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS) Singapore Land Authority (SLA) Boards Appeals Board (Land Acquisition) Copyright Tribunal Land Surveyors Board, Singapore Parliament Parliament of Singapore Courts Singapore Courts Small Claims Tribunals Syariah Court of Singapore Alternative dispute resolution Community Mediation Centre (CMC) Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) Singapore Mediation Centre (SMC) Legal education National University of Singapore (NUS) Centre for International Law (CIL) Department of Business Policy, NUS Business School Faculty of Law Asian Law Institute