these strands of literature are: (1) the emphasis on organizational routines and the limits to organizational adaptability, (2) the population or system level of analysis and (3) the importance of environmental selection. Organizational ecology's perspective is more Darwinistic (see Hannan & Freeman, 1989, pp 20–22), while Nelson & Winter (1982, p. 11) provide a more Lamarckian perspective. Another important difference concerns the question: What is selected by the environment-- 'organizational forms', as in organizational ecology, or 'routines' as in the evolutionary economics literature? Authors like Joel Baum and Arjen van Witteloostuijn have argued for the potential of cross-fertilization between these two research strands. See also Adaptive management Adaptive performance Biocultural evolution Bounded rationality Open and closed systems in social science Organizational behavior Organizational behavior management Organizational studies References Further reading Baum, J.A.C., S.D. Dobrev and A. Van Witteloostuijn (eds, 2006), "Ecology and Strategy." Amsterdam: Elsevier Carroll, G.R. and M.T. Hannan (2000) The Demography of Corporations and Industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Carroll, G.R. (1985) “Concentration and specialization: dynamics of niche width in populations of organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 90 (6): 1262–83. Douma, Sytse and Hein Schreuder, 2013. Economic Approaches to Organizations. 5th edition. London: Pearson • Hannan, M.T. and J. Freeman (1977) “The population ecology of organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (5): 929–964. Hannan, M.T. and J. Freeman (1989) Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Hannan, M.T., L. Polos, and G R. Carroll (2007) Logics of Organization Theory: Audiences, Code, and Ecologies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. External links Evolutionary Theory in Social Science The Population Ecology of Organizations Behavioural sciences Organizational theory