though generally not phonemic, do occur as allophones. Below are some examples of geminates to arise from sandhi. → "Lucas" (acc.) → "[s/he] is here" → "from the root" In contrast, singleton stops and affricates do not undergo gemination, but become fully voiced when preceded by a nasal, with the nasal becoming homorganic. This process is not restricted to terminal nasals; singleton stops and affricates always become voiced following a nasal. → "[we] smoke cigars" → "even though" → "on Sunday" Word-final is altogether elided before geminate stops and consonant clusters: → "[we] bought flowers" → "on the head" Like with , word-final assimilates to following and producing geminates: → "let it snow" Lastly, word-final becomes voiced when followed by a voiced consonant belonging to the same phrase, like in Standard Greek: → "of Malta" → "race" Vowels Cypriot Greek has a five-vowel system that is nearly identical to that of Standard Modern Greek. Close vowels following at the end of an utterance are regularly reduced (50% of all cases presented in study) to "fricated vowels" (40% of all cases, cf. Slavic yers), and are sometimes elided altogether (5% of all cases). In glide-less analyses, may alternate with or , e.g. "cage" → "cages", or "koulouri" → "koulouria"; and, like in Standard Modern Greek, it is pronounced when found between and another vowel that belongs to the same syllable, e.g. "one" (f.). Stress Cypriot Greek has "dynamic" stress. Both consonants and vowels are longer in stressed than in unstressed syllables, and the effect is stronger word-initially. There is only one stress per word, and it can fall on any of the last four syllables. Stress on the fourth syllable from the end of a word is rare and normally limited to certain verb forms. Because of this possibility, however, when words with antepenultimate stress are followed by an enclitic in Cypriot Greek, no extra stress is added (unlike Standard Modern Greek, where the stress can only fall on one of the last three syllables), e.g. Cypriot Greek , Standard Modern Greek "my bicycle". Grammar An overview of syntactic and morphological differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek can be found in . Vocabulary More loanwords are in everyday use than in Standard Modern Greek. These come from Old French, Italian, Occitan, Turkish and, increasingly, from English. There are also Arabic expressions (via Turkish) like "mashallah" and "inshallah". Much of