noted that, at least according to industry participants, “without Diamond v. Chakrabarty, commercial biotechnology based on recombinant DNA technologies would not exist today.” However, the Supreme Court's ruling has also attracted some criticism from scholars who believe the Court extended patent law in a way that Congress did not authorize. Writing in the Ohio State Law Journal, Frank Darr criticized the Court's decision as containing "serious interpretive problems" and "reflect[ing] a policy choice" by the majority rather than a neutral legal analysis. Further criticisms George Mason University's Center for Intellectual Property and Innovation Policy has pointed out that, in the wake of Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the courts have continued to affirm the right of biotech industry developers to continue to claim ownership of altered biological life, while clarifying some limits in Mayo v. Prometheus and AMP v. Myriad. The Center has expressed concern over what may be interpreted as judicial activism, with this ambitious legal thrust in advance of Congressional ability to thoughtfully consider appropriate legislation. While cases subsequent to Chakrabarty have provided some safeguards, such as forbidding the patenting of "limited DNA sequences," concerns have arisen that these safeguards do not go far enough, and that "biopiracy" of the human genome could take place, especially in an era of global health crisis demanding a rapid pharmaceutical response. A legal collaboration at the University of Pittsburgh suggests that it "is a stretch" to label such presumptuous genomic editing as outright slavery. However, in view of the fact that such editing in its most contemporary form may include the insertion of what has been termed by the industry as an entire "operating platform," concerns may continue. See also List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 447 Genetic engineering in the United States References Further reading . . External links United States biotechnology case law Genetically modified organisms United States patent case law United States Supreme Court cases 1980 in the environment 1980 in United States case law United States environmental case law Genetic engineering in the United States General Electric litigation United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court Biological patent law Oil spill remediation technologies Bacteria and humans