older by several centuries than the other Hebrew manuscripts which had been used for all previous editions of printed Hebrew bibles until Biblia Hebraica. The Westminster Leningrad Codex is a digital version of the Leningrad Codex maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center for Advanced Biblical Research at the Westminster Theological Seminary. This is a verified version of the Michigan-Claremont text, transcribed from BHS at the University of Michigan in 1981-1982 under the direction of H. Van Dyke Parunak (of the University of Michigan) and Richard E. Whitaker (of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, Claremont Graduate University) with funding from the Packard Foundation and the University of Michigan, with further proofreading and corrections. The version includes transcription notes and tools for analyzing syntax. Jewish editions The Leningrad Codex also served as the basis for two modern Jewish editions of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh): The Dotan edition (which was distributed to soldiers in mass quantities as the official Tanakh of the Israel Defense Forces throughout the 1990s). The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh (Philadelphia, 1999) and the various volumes of the JPS Torah Commentary and JPS Bible Commentary use the Westminster text described above. (Contrary to popular belief as previously stated on this page, the Koren editions of Tanakh are not based primarily on the Leningrad Codex, but on the second edition Mikraot Gedolot published by Daniel Bomberg in Venice in 1525, with changes made to the text based on a variety of older manuscripts which are not named by the publisher. It is possible, as some have claimed, that the Leningrad Codex was among those used, but it is not specifically named by the publisher.) For minute masoretic details, however, Israeli and Jewish scholars have shown a marked preference for modern Hebrew editions based upon the Aleppo Codex. These editions use the Leningrad Codex as the most important source (but not the only one) for the reconstruction of parts of the Aleppo Codex that have been missing since 1947. Sequence of the books As explained in the Contents section above, the order of the books in the Leningrad Codex follows the Tiberian textual tradition and is different from most modern Hebrew bibles: The Torah: 1. Genesis [בראשית / Bereishit] 2. Exodus [שמות / Shemot] 3. Leviticus [ויקרא / Vayikra] 4. Numbers [במדבר / Bamidbar] 5. Deuteronomy [דברים / Devarim] The Nevi'im: 6. Joshua [יהושע / Yehoshua] 7. Judges [שופטים / Shofetim]