PT Telkom Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, also simply known as Telkom, is an Indonesian multinational telecommunications conglomerate. Telkom is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The government of Indonesia owns over half of Telkom's shares outstanding. Telkom has major business lines in fixed line telephony, internet, and data communications. It is operated as the parent company of the Telkom Group, which is engaged in a broad range of businesses which consist of telecommunication, multimedia, property, and financial services. Since 2008, Telkom Indonesia began changing its business focus, infrastructure, systems, organization, and human resources, as well as the corporate culture, in their effort to face rising competition. After privatization in 1995, Telkom Indonesia's total consumer base grew by 7.8% in 2010 to 129.8 million customers at the end of December 2011, making the company the nation's largest telecommunication service provider in terms of subscriber count. History Telkom is one of the world's oldest telecommunication companies. The company can be traced back to an establishment of the first electromagnetic telegraph service in Indonesia on 23 October 1856, by the Dutch Colonial Government to connect Batavia (Jakarta) and Buitenzorg (Bogor). In 1884, the Dutch Colonial Government founded a private company with headquarter in Bandung to provide postal and domestic telegraph services and, later on, international telegraph and telephony services. Early years Telephony services had been introduced to Indonesia in 1882 by privately owned companies under a 25-year government license. In 1906, all postal and telegraph services in Indonesia were taken over by the government as single, unified government agency named Post, Telegraph, and Telephone Service (, PTT). In September 1945, roughly a month after the Indonesian proclamation of independence, the agency headquarters in Bandung was taken over by Indonesian nationalists. In December 1949, after years of national revolution war, the PTT was nationalized by Indonesian Government as part of Indonesian effort to oust the remaining Dutch and nationalize Dutch corporate assets. State-owned company In 1961, PTT was converted from an official government agency into a newly established state-owned company, the Postal and Telecommunications Services company. Four years later, on 6 July 1965, Indonesian Government separated this company into two state-owned companies; PN Pos Giro, responsible for providing mail services and PN Telekomunikasi as telecommunications services. The mail services PN Pos Giro developed over the year to become the Pos Indonesia in 1995, which