responsible. In FIBA, this rule is not codified, but contact caused by the dribbler is still penalized. Fouls away from the ball The rules are symmetrical for contact between offensive and defensive players not involving the ball-carrier. Any player has the right to a position on the court legally acquired. A player acquiring a position that will impede an opponent must respect the elements of time and distance; that is, not take a position so close, or so quickly, that the opponent cannot avoid contact. This includes gradually slowing down after running with the opponent, and situations where the opponent is shielded from seeing the player's movement. Other personal fouls Pushing — Contact that displaces an opponent (for example, pushing a player away from the basket, or using body weight to affect a player's movement). Holding — Contact that interferes with a player's freedom of movement (for example, physically grabbing a player driving to the basket). Illegal use of hands — Extending the hands outside the cylinder and causing illegal contact (for example, going for a steal but hitting the player's hand or arm, or hitting the arm of a shooter). Hand-checking — Contact by the defense on a ball handler that impedes a player's speed, quickness, rhythm, and/or balance. Illegal use of elbow — Moving one's elbow outside the cylinder to disadvantage an opponent. This mostly occurs during a post-up play situation, where either offense or defense attempt to gain a better position. Illegal use of legs or knees (on the dunk): Jumping up with one knee forward as to intentionally hit the defender. Non-foul Referees who called every case of illegal player contact would dominate the game to the exclusion of the athletes, but reluctance to make calls would make the game excessively violent. The rules direct referees to seek a balance between these extremes, though they do not define it. When players are competing for a ball that goes out of bounds, and one player commits illegal but minor contact, referees often do not feel a foul is justified but resolve the situation by simply awarding possession of the ball to the other team. The "reach-in foul" is a misnomer. Reaching toward a player is not a foul, though physical contact may be a foul. Penalties The official scorer records the foul in two counts of fouls on the scoresheet: As a player foul against the offending