of nipple discharge does not exclude cancer, hence cytology of the nipple discharge is not usually performed. However, guidance on investigations varies and tests are more likely performed if the discharge is bloody, from one breast, and the woman is age over 50. If the test is performed and malignant cells are found, an underlying cancer is highly likely. Treatment Initially, an evaluation for cancer is indicated. Treatment will depend on the cause found, and may involve changing medication, having a lump removed, applying a cream to treat a skin condition or being given medication to treat the condition causing the discharge. Duct ectasia may be treated with surgical removal of the ducts involved. Infectious causes may require antibiotics and/or incision and drainage. Sometimes, no treatment is required. If no abnormality is found, a surgical duct excision may resolve the symptoms. Treatment also depends on whether single-duct or multiple-duct discharge is present, and whether the symptoms of nipple discharge are distressing to the person. In some cases, there may be no need for any further intervention; in others, microdochectomy or a total duct excision may be appropriate. If the person wishes to conserve the ability to breastfeed and only single-duct discharge is present, then ductoscopy or galactography should be considered in view of performing a localised duct excision. Epidemiology Nipple discharge is the third most common breast complaint by women, after breast pain and a breast lump. 10% of women can notice a nipple discharge when squeezing their breast and more than 50% of women can experience this using a breast pump. Most abnormal nipple discharge is not associated with breast cancer, but 1-5% of breast cancers present with nipple discharge. References External links Breast diseases Symptoms and signs Breast milk