an even higher incidence of indebtedness kept the ciompi impoverished. In 1355, the miserabiles, defined as having no property, whose possessions were worth less than 100 lire and had no trade or profession, accounted for 22% of households in Florence. The most important aspect of this class is that they had no representation in the Florentine government, which would be one of the main changes implemented by the ciompi later on. These artisans and labourers were not part of guilds until the ciompi and the Arti Minori took over the government beginning in 1378. In becoming the ciompi, the word must have originated from the French, as the popolo minuto would hear them in the taverns say, "Compar, allois a boier" or "Comrade, let's get a drink," and the Florentine labourers would pronounce this as 'ciompo', and then finally, 'ciompi'. Thus, the term does not solely refer to wool makers. Records of condemned ciompi rebels show that tavern owners were also found to be part of the revolt. Rising taxes In Florence in 1371, unequal taxation was the norm; in particular, the highlanders paid three times more in taxes than plain dwellers. This increase in taxation was not due to Florence's wars with Pisa from 1362–1364, or to the revolt of San Miniato from 1369–1370, but from the need to pay for increased military forces to push back against the Ubaldini and their allies. The Ubaldini were a feudal family who had strong influences over the peasants living in the Alpi Fiorentine, and Florence wished to break these ties for control in the north. Adding to the need for more military forces was the increased crime and attacks directed at merchants and at pilgrims passing through Florence that developed after the Black Death. To pay these militias, however, Florence was getting deeper in debt, and the oligarchy burdened those living in the countryside with increasing taxation. As taxes kept on increasing, the highlanders chose to flee, worsening a labour shortage, already present after the Black Death. Furthermore, there were increasing differences in wealth between the popolo minuto and the patriciates. In fact, before the ciompi, there were already rebellions organized by labourers, such as the October 9, 1343 revolt by wool workers led by the Sienese Aldobrando di Ciecharino, who lived in Florence. Revolt The Revolt of the Ciompi was a popular revolt in Florence in 1378 spearheaded by wool