Pisarz grodzki – City Clerk Podczaszy – Royal Cupbearer Cześnik – Cupbearer Horodniczy – Castellan Skarbnik – Treasurer Łowczy – Master of the Hunt Miecznik – Sword-bearer Koniuszy – Equerry Oboźny – Quartermaster Strażnik – Guard Krajczy – Carver Leśniczy – Forester Mostowniczy – Custodian of Bridges Budowniczy – Architect Prussia Podkomorzy – Chamberlain Chorąży – Standard-bearer Sędzia – Judge Ławnik – Alderman Pisarz – Clerk Podwojewoda – Deputy Voivod (Deputy Governor) Borough and judicial offices The most important official was the Starosta. He was supported by a Borough Substarosta (podstarości grodowy), Burgrave (Burgrabia), Notary (Notariusz) and Scriptor (Pisarz). The Borough Substarosta assisted the Starosta and in his absence acted in his name with all his powers. Lower city officials were the Borough Regent (rejent grodzki), Borough Notary (notariusz grodzki), Borough Scriptor (pisarz grodzki) and common clerks ("subclerks" — podpiskowie). In the eastern territories bordering on Russia, from 1667, a "Border Judge" cooperated with Russian judges in cases involving parties from the two countries; his rulings were final. Judges were chosen from among the local hereditary nobles and had little formal training; therefore the quality of the courts varied from judge to judge, and levels of corruption were high. Attorneys, on the other hand, were required to have professional training. Sometimes a court included an asesor, who assisted the judge and collected fines and fees. Prosecutors were extremely rare. Instygators maintained order and security on court grounds, and a court runner (woźny) delivered summons. List of borough and judicial offices Podstarosta grodowy – Borough Substarost Burgrabia – Burgrave Notariusz – Notary Rejent grodzki – Borough Regent Sędzia grodzki – Borough Judge Podsędek grodzki – Borough Subjudge Pisarz grodzki – Borough Clerk In 1717 the "Numb Diet" barred non-Roman Catholics from being elected Envoys (to the Parliament), and to any other land offices if there was another Roman Catholic contender. The rights of the "Dissidents", as they were called, were reinstated in 1768, and in 1772 their representation in the Diet was limited to a statutory of two members. These rules were finally abolished in 1792 by the 3rd May Constitution. Town and village offices These offices were very stable, having evolved about the 13th century and lasting almost unchanged to the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The administrative system had come from Germany together with Magdeburg law. Every city (without exception) had a Council and a Bench, the Council being