Judges, District Clerks, and in Lithuania also Standard-bearers and District Marshals). Chamberlains, except for the name, had nothing in common with the Court officials of the same name. They administered a court of law (the Chamberlain's Court) which had jurisdiction over property disputes. The District Judge headed the District Court, which had jurisdiction over civil and some criminal matters involving local nobility. The Starosta generalny ("General Starosta") was the official in charge of a specific territory. The Starosta grodowy ("City Starosta") was in charge of cities, while the Starosta niegrodowy ("Non-City Starosta") was responsible for administration of the Crown lands. These were to be kept in good financial and military order. While in time these administrative responsibilities became smaller (as Kings gave away more and more land), the Starosta remained in charge of the City Courts (sądy grodzkie), which dealt with most criminal matters and had jurisdiction over all local and visiting nobility. They dealt with the most severe cases (killings, rapes, robberies) and were quite harsh (highway robbery was punishable with death), which generally made Poland a safer country than its neighbors. The Starostas also held the "power of the sword", which meant that they enforced the verdicts of all other courts. Non-City Starostas had no juridical powers. Standard-bearers carried the local banner during Royal ceremonies, and in war when local troops served in the Army. During war, Wojskis maintained order and security in their territories. In Lithuania, the responsibilities of Ciwuns were similar to those of non-city starostas (elders). District marshals presided over local parliaments (in the "Crown", District Marshals were chosen only for the duration of the parliament session, and so were much less powerful than those of Lithuania, who were chosen for life). Crown Podkomorzy – Chamberlain Starosta grodowy – Mayor Chorąży – Standard-bearer Sędzia ziemski – District Judge Stolnik – Pantler Podczaszy – Royal Cupbearer Podsędek – Deputy District Judge Podstoli – Steward Cześnik – Cupbearer Łowczy – Master of the Hunt Wojski większy – Major Wojski Pisarz ziemski – District Clerk Miecznik – Sword-bearer Wojski mniejszy – Minor Wojski Skarbnik – Treasurer Lithuania Marszałek ziemski – District Marshal Ciwun – Bailiff Podkomorzy – Chamberlain Starosta grodzki – Mayor Chorąży – Standard-bearer Sędzia ziemski – District judge Wojski większy – Major Wojski Stolnik – Pantler Podstoli – Steward Pisarz ziemski – District Clerk Podwojewódzki, Podstarosta – Deputy Voivod, Deputy Starosta Sędzia grodzki – City Judge