verbs discussed below Prepositional verbs These forms are a set of optionally inflected verbs which occur in serialisations functioning as case markers. As they may potentially contain inflection for third person singular in these serialisations, they depart from the typical uninflected preposition. However, they retain the prepositional function of relating a dependent noun phrase to a verbal head. Demonstratives Historical demonstratives and deictic expressions Regarding the deictic term for 'that, there', there does not seem to be a major change in the pronunciation of the term in Mangap-Mbula () from Proto-Malayo Polynesian (PMP; ). However, the context in which is used has narrowed, as it is used anaphorically to mean 'that'. Morpho-syntactic features Demonstrative pronouns and spatial deictic expressions Mangap-Mbula has three different free demonstrative pronouns which do not differentiate between singular and plural: In Example 1, is a free demonstrative used situationally and functions as a modifier of a singular noun phrase, as it is introducing the 'younger brother'. Additionally, also has two other functions. The first is as the modal adverb meaning 'this is true now', and the second as a morphological part of the demonstratives and . functions similarly to the third person pronouns and . It is frequently being used to refer to non-humans, and its main function is to reestablish a participant, who has already been introduced, as a topic or to single them out. In Example 2, is referring to two non-human, singular entities: the wallaby and the tree kangaroo. As the direct translation for each of these entities were not mentioned here, it can be inferred that they are both used anaphorically. In Example 3, is a free demonstrative used situationally and conveys two pieces of information: (1) the entity to which it is referring to, and (2) its location in reference to the speaker (i.e. a place adverb). Locative adverbial forms In Mangap-Mbula, there are no differences between deictic expressions that denote noun phrases and ones that denote location in sentences. Thus, they are considered as being a single form class. In Examples 4 and 5, is used situationally as a place adverb for where a group of people work and where in relation to the speaker, is the house located, respectively. Problems with prepositions Examples 6, 7, and 8 demonstrate that the demonstrative and the adverbial are semantically and positionally similar to the preposition phrase . This resemblance suggests that both