a longer time scale to trace human migratory patterns. For example, they determined when the first humans came to North America and what path they followed. For several years, researchers and laboratories from around the world sampled indigenous populations from around the globe in an effort to map historical human migration patterns. The National Geographic Society's Genographic Project aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from over 100,000 people across five continents. The DNA Clans Genetic Ancestry Analysis measures a person's precise genetic connections to indigenous ethnic groups from around the world. Law enforcement Law enforcement may use genetic genealogy to track down perpetrators of violent crimes such as murder or sexual assault and they may also use it to identify deceased individuals. Initially genetic genealogy sites GEDmatch and Family Tree DNA allowed their databases to be used by law enforcement and DNA technology companies to do DNA testing for violent criminal cases and genetic genealogy research at the request of law enforcement. This investigative, or forensic, genetic genealogy technique became popular after the arrest of the alleged Golden State Killer in 2018, but has received significant backlash from privacy experts. However, in May 2019 GEDmatch made their privacy rules more restrictive, thereby reducing the incentive for law enforcement agencies to use their site. Other sites such as Ancestry.com, 23andMe and MyHeritage have data policies that say that they would not allow their customer data to be used for crime solving without a warrant from law enforcement as they believed it violated users' privacy. See also Allele Allele frequency Electropherogram Genetic recombination Haplotype Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Human mitochondrial genetics Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup Most recent common ancestor Non-paternity event List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world Y-STR (Y-chromosome short tandem repeat) References Further reading Books Early book on adoptions, paternity and other relationship testing. Carmichael is a founder of GeneTree. Survey of major populations. Out of date but still worth reading. Early guide for do-it-yourself genealogists. Guide to the subject of family medical history and genetic diseases. Names the founders of Europe’s major female haplogroups Helena, Jasmine, Katrine, Tara, Velda, Xenia, and Ursula. "Highly recommended book for beginners by various professional genetic genealogists and advanced amateur genealogists, and on genetic genealogy Facebook groups". Documentaries Journals External links Shared cM Project – how to determine ones relationship based on Centimorgan (cM) values