by farmers is Switzerland. UPOV secretariat never assessed if this implementation is in line with the convention as Switzerland was already member of UPOV 1978 and national laws are only analysed for new members and not for existing members who update from UPOV 78 to UPOV 91. Exception for private use: While free private use is implicitly allowed in UPOV 78, in UPOV 91 a mandatory explicit exception has been introduced. It allows the reproduction of protected varieties for private use, by amateur gardeners as well as by subsistence farmers. However, the exception only exclusively for the production of a food crop to be consumed by that farmer or gardener. In any case the exchange or gift of seeds or propagating material of protected varieties are prohibited. Exception for research: Acts done for experimental purpose are excluded from the scope of breeders rights UPOV 91, something that was implicit in UPOV 78. The 1991 Convention specifies that the breeder's right must be granted for at least 20 years from grant date for perennial crops and at least 25 years in the case of varieties of trees or vines. In the 1978 convention minimum duration of breeders rights are 15 years for perennials and 18 years for trees and vines. Finally, there are provisions for how to negate granted breeders' rights if the rights are determined to be unfounded. That is, if it is discovered after the application has been granted that the variety is not actually novel or distinct, or if it is discovered to not be uniform or stable, the breeder's rights are nullified. In addition, if it is discovered that the person who applied for protection of the variety is not the actual breeder, the rights are nullified unless they can be transferred to the proper person. If it is discovered after a period of protection that the variety is no longer uniform and stable, the breeder's rights are canceled. WIPO Lex provides support for related IP legal collections, including UPOV Lex. Conflicts between breeders' rights and peasants' rights Several international standards enacted by the United Nations oblige their member states to protect the rights of farmers to seeds: Article 19 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas (UNDROP) grants peasants "The right to save, use, exchange and sell their farm-saved seed or propagating material." The same right is