wedded. They have their individual abodes and are surrounded by their respective families. ... The heavens themselves were thought divine. Then a personal deity of the heavens, coupled with the name of his abode, was the next conception; finally this sky-god was chosen to represent the supreme Ruler. To the sky, the sky-god, and the supreme God, the term Jumala (thunder-home) was given. Later on, the sky itself was called taivas and the sky-god Ukko Ylijumala, literally Grandfather or Old Man Overgod. However, when Christianity came to dominate Finnish religious life in the Middle Ages and the old gods were ousted or consolidated away from the pantheon, Jumala became the Finnish name for the Christian God. Jómali Two Old Norse texts mention a god called Jómali, worshipped in Bjarmaland: Óláfs saga helga chapter 133 and Bósa saga chapters 8-10. The attestation in Bósa saga is probably borrowed from the earlier Óláfs saga. The name of this god is generally assumed to be a loanword from a Finnic language. See also Birch bark letter no. 292 (Jumala used twice in the text) Ukko Svarga, the thunder abode of Indra the thunder deity who rules the heavenly abodes. References Sources Nationalencyklopedin Finnish gods Sky and weather gods Estonian gods Finnish words and phrases