could potentially fall under the same category of prepositional phrases, which further suggests that prepositions could be split into a transitive (location adverbs and demonstratives) and intransitive (true prepositions) sub-category. However, viewing things this way could have two issues: (1) the adverbial would have to be left as being noun phrase modifiers, but this could be due to the semantics; (2) the noun phrase shows the demonstrative occurring after the 'true' prepositiona' phrase with the noun phrase complement. But if both are deemed as coming from the syntactic group, why then would there be an ordering restriction? As a result of these problems, a demonstrative form class is recognised. Noun phrases In the examples given above, is used situationally as a determiner for either the chicken (Example 9), the woman (Example 10) or the tree (Example 11). refers to the specific entity (i.e. 'that'), and refers to the entity that has already been revealed in the sentence. In Example 10 however, the woman is not present situationally, but is referred to hypothetically. There are two functions of : (1) as a demonstrative, or (2) to convey reason-result sequences. They are homophones. The demonstrative denotes (1) entities that are accessible or nearby the speaker and (2) textually revealed participants. Motion verbs Similar to many other Oceanic languages, Mangap-Mbula makes a three-way distinction depending on relative space: near speaker, near hearer or near neither. This sense of deictic orientation can be conveyed in motion verbs through the use of suffixes. These verbs often compound the root (which states the spatial positioning of motion) and the deictic orientation of motion in regards to the speaker and listener. This is shown in Table 2. These are some examples: These are all examples of bound deictic morphemes. Aerial comparison Other Oceanic languages which share the same pronunciation for the term (meaning 'that, there') have a slightly different meaning, such as Suau and Motu, where means 'this', and Chuukese, where means 'there it is (by you)'. There are also other Oceanic languages with a closer meaning to Mangap-Mbula's , but have an additional sound at the beginning. They are Dobuan (where means 'that') and Nakanamanga (where means 'that (distant)'). Mangap-Mbula is a noun-demonstrative order language. This order is usual for neighbouring languages in the Morobe Province, such as Sio and Selepet, as well as in West New Britain, such as Maleu and Amara. Examples 9, 10