province consequently remained under Roman (or Roman-Armenian) control. The emperor Jovian was forced to give up suzerainty over Arzanene to the Persians according to the peace treaty signed in 363 after Julian's failed Persian expedition. Faustus of Byzantium (Book 5, Chapter 16) names Arzanene among the provinces reconquered for Armenia by Mushegh Mamikonian c. 371, during the reign of King Pap. After the Peace of Acilisene of 387, Arzanene was divided between Rome and the Sasanian Empire (with most of it going to the Persians), and until 591 the Roman-Sasanian border passed through the western part of the province. During the Armenian rebellion of 450–451 against the Sasanian Empire, the Armenian rebels appealed to the bdeashkh of Arzanene as a foreign ruler; this is the last time that any bdeashkh of Arzanene is mentioned in the classical sources. By 591, all of Arzanene had been annexed by the Byzantine Empire. On the ruins of Tigranocerta, the Romans built a new city named Martyropolis or Npʻrkert. In c. 640, the Arab general Iyad ibn Ghanm invaded Arzanene from Syria. Following the Arab conquest of Armenia, many Arab tribes settled in Arzanene, especially in the lowlands. The Armenian population remained in the mountainous parts of the region until the Armenian genocide in 1915. Arzanene was later a small Arab emirate under the Zurarid dynasty in the 9th century. In the 10th century the area fell under Hamdanid control. Hamdum, an Arab chief, conquered Arzanene and Amid around 962. In 963 a sister of Hamdum, whose name is not given in the original sources, governed the region for ten years. After 1045 it fell successively under Byzantine, Seljuk, Mongol and Ottoman Turkish control. For many years the Armenians of Sasun maintained a semi-independent status and fought the Ottoman authorities; well known battles are the Sasun Resistance (1894) and Sasun resistance in 1915. Population The exact ethnic composition of Arzanene is not known. According to Nicholas Adontz, its population was mixed "Armeno-Syrian." Pliny the Elder refers to a people called the Azoni, which Robert Hewsen believes to be a misspelling of *Arzoni, apparently referring to the people of Arzanene as if forming a distinct ethnic group. In Hewsen's view, Armenians must have settled in Arzanene early on but "it is likely that the basic population had remained essentially semitic-speaking." Under Arab rule Arzanene became heavily settled by Arab and Kurdish tribes, but a significant