of light. This simple model is also an unrealistic one, but it does illustrate the physical process of beaming quite well. Synchrotron spectrum and the spectral index Relativistic jets emit most of their energy via synchrotron emission. In our simple model the sphere contains highly relativistic electrons and a steady magnetic field. Electrons inside the blob travel at speeds just a tiny fraction below the speed of light and are whipped around by the magnetic field. Each change in direction by an electron is accompanied by the release of energy in the form of a photon. With enough electrons and a powerful enough magnetic field the relativistic sphere can emit a huge number of photons, ranging from those at relatively weak radio frequencies to powerful X-ray photons. The figure of the sample spectrum shows basic features of a simple synchrotron spectrum. At low frequencies the jet sphere is opaque and its luminosity increases with frequency until it peaks and begins to decline. In the sample image this peak frequency occurs at . At frequencies higher than this the jet sphere is transparent. The luminosity decreases with frequency until a break frequency is reached, after which it declines more rapidly. In the same image the break frequency occurs when . The sharp break frequency occurs because at very high frequencies the electrons which emit the photons lose most of their energy very rapidly. A sharp decrease in the number of high energy electrons means a sharp decrease in the spectrum. The changes in slope in the synchrotron spectrum are parameterized with a spectral index. The spectral index, α, over a given frequency range is simply the slope on a diagram of vs. . (Of course for α to have real meaning the spectrum must be very nearly a straight line across the range in question.) Beaming equation In the simple jet model of a single homogeneous sphere the observed luminosity is related to the intrinsic luminosity as where The observed luminosity therefore depends on the speed of the jet and the angle to the line of sight through the Doppler factor, , and also on the properties inside the jet, as shown by the exponent with the spectral index. The beaming equation can be broken down into a series of three effects: Relativistic aberration Time dilation Blue- or redshifting Aberration Aberration is the change in an object's apparent direction caused by