unions, especially in America. Criticisms from the left generally contrast (explicitly or not) the organizing model to a rank and file model, in which the confrontational style of organizing, and broad-based member involvement in campaigning is supplemented by broad-based member power. According to Bob Carter and Rae Cooper, the organizing model is not inherently "democratic". In the organizing model, the workers are not as active as they could be, and staff are still responsible for many aspects of union organizing. Carter and Cooper believe that the organizing model is rather limited in terms of its scale, and it cannot start a "...wider working class movement". Criticisms from the Right Critics argue that the organizing model is inappropriate to the task of unions in the modern global economy. They say that industrial disputes of the type that organising engenders are harmful to the national economies in which they occur: by increasing uncertainty and raising wages (labor costs), they will make economies less attractive to inward investment. Hence, working people will suffer in the long term, as the less investment, there is, the fewer jobs there will be. The conclusion of those who take this line is that unions should emphasize their service aspects, particularly those that contribute toward the well-being of the employer as well as the employee. In addition, there are the criticisms leveled by the anti-union Right, who often associate collective action with the tyranny of 'Big labor', contrasted to the free operation of the capitalist labor market. List of unions associated with the organizing model Note: the organizing model is claimed by a very broad group of bodies, this list will be indicative only: Service and Food Workers Union Nga Ringa Tota, New Zealand Service Employees International Union (SEIU), US SIPTU, Ireland United Voice, Australia Unite Union, New Zealand UNITE-HERE, US See also Trade union Labour movement Services model Community unionism Social movement unionism Union organizer Notes References The British TUC's New Unionism pages. The Resources section hosts a number of pamphlets which are useful contributions from both sides to the debate over Organising and Services. Article from Labor Notes summarizing five books which constructively criticize the SEIU from the Left. Article comparing Trade Union strategies in USA and New Zealand. Includes details of the origin of Organizing as a formally recognized concept in America. Sarah Oxenbridge, working paper, March 2000. Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Australian