Cupbearer; Krajczy koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Carver; Stolnik koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Pantler; Podstoli koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Steward; Cześnik korony – Crown Cupbearer; Łowczy koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Master of the Hunt; Łowczy nadworny – Court Master of the Hunt; Regent kancelarii koronny i litewski – Court and Lithuanian Regent of the Chancellery; Metrykant koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Record-keeper; Pisarz sądowy koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Judicial Notary; Pisarz wielki koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Great Notary; Pisarz skarbowy koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian Treasury Notary; Kusztosz koronny – Crown Keeper; Skarbny litewski – Lithuanian Treasurer; Instygator koronny i litewski – Crown and Lithuanian State Prosecutor; Geometra litewski – Lithuanian Surveyor General; Wojski litewski – Lithuanian Wojski; Piwniczy litewski – Lithuanian Cellar-Master. Military offices The highest military officials were the Hetmans. As with most offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, "hetman" was a job for life and its holder could not be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until the beginning of the 18th century, hetmans were not paid for their services. Hetmans were very independent; they could maintain their own foreign contacts with the Ottoman Empire, Russia and the Tatars. They allocated their military budgets as they saw fit. As the highest military commanders and administrators, hetmans made administrative and juridical law concerning the military; from 1590, such law had the same force as the Sejm's legislation. A Hetman's symbol of office was a mace (buława), which was added to his coat of arms. There were two kinds of hetman (in addition to the division into Crown and Lithuanian)—"Great" and "Field." Field Hetmans were subordinate to Great Hetmans, and were sometimes called "Border Hetmans" (hetmani kresowi), since they had evolved from commanders of permanent garrisons on Poland's southeastern borders (a great school of warfare, since it was an area almost constantly under attack by the Ottoman Turks and the Tatars). The Hetmans chose a commissioner for a two-year period who commanded the Commonwealth's Cossack troops. Below the Hetmans were Deputy Hetmans titled Regimentarz, who commanded voivodeship levées en masse. Hetman and Regimentarz were accompanied by a staff of officers titled Great Guard, Field Guard, Field Clerk, Great Quartermaster and Field Quartermaster. These officers were salaried (the Lithuanian Field Guard, Field Clerk and Quartermaster received 15,000 zlotys