The first was that of Isaac Reed in 1803. Variorum editions help editors and scholars understand the historical evolution of the Shakespeare texts, whether to decode dubious lines and elucidate claims of authorial intent or using a more contextualist hermeneutics to uncover other explanations for the textual variations. Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is typically presented in variorum format, with both the 1781 and 1787 editions printed side-by-side in nearly all modern editions. Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species went through six editions with extensive changes. The text became a third larger, with numerous parts rewritten five times. A variorum was published in 1959. There is also a variorum of Leaves of Grass. Walt Whitman produced either six or nine editions during his lifetime. The New York University Press produced a variorum in 1980 of these various editions. The James Strachey translation of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams in volumes four and five of The Standard Edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud collates eight editions. Rabindranath Tagore's works have been collated to produce a voluminous digital variorum. It can be viewed on the Bichitra website. References Bibliography Textual criticism Textual scholarship