are shown below. The design solutions depend on the fluid flow with indicate that the coupling between the fluid and the structure is resolved in the design problems. Thermoelectric energy conversion Thermoelectricity is a multi-physic problem which concerns the interaction and coupling between electric and thermal energy in semi conducting materials. Thermoelectric energy conversion can be described by two separately identified effects: The Seebeck effect and the Peltier effect. The Seebeck effect concerns the conversion of thermal energy into electric energy and the Peltier effect concerns the conversion of electric energy into thermal energy. By spatially distributing two thermoelectric materials in a two dimensional design space with a topology optimisation methodology, it is possible to exceed performance of the constitutive thermoelectric materials for thermoelectric coolers and thermoelectric generators. 3F3D Form Follows Force 3D Printing The current proliferation of 3D printer technology has allowed designers and engineers to use topology optimization techniques when designing new products. Topology optimization combined with 3D printing can result in less weight, improved structural performance and shortened design-to-manufacturing cycle. As the designs, while efficient, might not be realisable with more traditional manufacturing techniques. Design-dependent loads The direction, magnitude, and location of a design-dependent load alter with topology optimization iterations. Therefore, dealing with such loads in a TO setting is a challenging task. One can find novel methods to deal with such loads (e.g. pressure load, self-weight, etc) in Refs. References Further reading Recent Developments in the Commercial Implementation of Topology Optimization; Uwe Schramm, Ming Zhou; IUTAM Symposium on Topological Design Optimization of Structures, Machines and Materials: Status and Perspectives, 239–248; 2006 Springer. Industrial Implementation and Applications of Topology Optimization and Future Needs; Claus B.W. Pedersen; Peter Allinger; IUTAM Symposium on Topological Design Optimization of Structures, Machines and Materials, 229-238; 2006 Springer. Topology optimization of 2D continua for minimum compliance using parallel computing Arash Mahdavi; Balaji Raghavan; Mary Frecker; Int Journal of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Volume 32, 121-132, 2006 Springer Modern Structural Optimization Concepts Applied to Topology Optimization Juan Pablo Leiva; Brian C. Watson and Iku Kosaka ; 40th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Material Conference. St. Louis, MO, pp. 1589–1596, 1999 External links Topology optimization animations Mathematical optimization Topology Construction Structural engineering 3D printing