overnight, with a result that many of them were burned to death when the building caught fire. He argued in the journal Vol'noe Slovo that the Kiev pogrom was damaging to the proletariat. Axelrod emigrated to Switzerland again in June 1880, remaining in exile for 37 years. Family In 1875 in Geneva, Axelrod married his former private student Nadezhda Ivanovna Kaminer, daughter of Isaac Kaminer. A student himself, Axelrod was Kaminer's and her sister's tutor. Despite severe financial hardship during the first years, the marriage proved to be successful. They had three children: Vera (born 22 November 1875), Alexander (born 18 July 1879) and Sofia (born 14 November 1881). Nadezhda Ivanovna Axelrod-Kaminer died in 1906. To provide income for his family while in exile, Axelrod raised milk cows and produced his own kind of buttermilk which he then would sell and deliver himself to his customers. Axelrod would argue politics over his milk cans. His home was a place of refuge for fugitives from Russia, who were fed there; some were fitted out with new clothes. In the mid-1880s Axelrod established his own small company producing kefir. By the end of the 1890s, Axelrod's company had offices in Zurich, Geneva, and Basel, which provided steady income and allowed him to support revolutionaries. In 1908, Axelrod sold his company in exchange for the retirement payments to him from the new owner. Marxist revolutionary In Switzerland, in September 1883, Axelrod joined Plekhanov, Vera Zasulich and Leo Deutsch in Emancipation of Labor (Освобождение Труда), the first Russian Marxist group. He wrote several essays which laid out the differences between marxists and the traditional Russian populists, or Narodniks, who believed that a peasant revolution would overthrow the Russian monarchy and introduce socialism, bypassing capitalism - The Workers' Movement and Social Democracy (Рабочее движение и социальная демократия) (1885) and Letter to Russian workers on the movement for the liberation of the proletariat (Письма к русским рабочим об освободительном движении пролетариата) (1889). In 1900, Axelrod, Plekhanov, and Zasulich joined with the younger revolutionary Marxists Julius Martov, Vladimir Lenin, and Alexander Potresov to form the editorial board of Iskra, a Marxist newspaper, from 1900 to 1903. When Iskra supporters split at the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903, Axelrod sided with the Menshevik faction. Originally, he was seen as the leader of the Mensheviks, before he ceded that position to the younger