decisions during the interelection period are governed by the preceding seven conditions, operating, however, under rather different institutional circumstances; or both. Dahl hypothesized that each of these conditions can be quantified, and suggested the term "polyarchy" to describe an organization that scores high on the scales for all the eight conditions. Dahl viewed polyarchy as a system that manages to supply a high level of inclusiveness and a high level of liberalization to its citizens. Democracy and its critics In his 1989 book Democracy and Its Critics, Dahl gives the following characteristics of a polyarchy (p. 233): Control over governmental decisions about policy is constitutionally vested in elected officials. Elected officials are chosen and peacefully removed in relatively frequent, fair and free elections in which coercion is quite limited. Practically all adults have the right to vote in these elections. Most adults also have the right to run for the public offices for which candidates run in these elections. Citizens have an effectively enforced right to freedom of expression, particularly political expression, including criticism of the officials, the conduct of the government, the prevailing political, economic, and social system, and the dominant ideology. They also have access to alternative sources of information that are not monopolized by the government or any other single group. Finally, they have an effectively enforced right to form and join autonomous associations, including political associations, such as political parties and interest groups, that attempt to influence the government by competing in elections and by other peaceful means. Characteristics Polyarchy and its procedures may be insufficient for achieving full democracy. For example, poor people may be unable to participate in the political process. Some authors see polyarchy as a form of government that is not intended for greater social justice or cultural realization or to allow the repressed to politically participate. According to William I. Robinson, it is a system where a small group actually rules on behalf of capital, and the majority’s decision-making is confined to choosing among a select number of elites within tightly controlled elective processes. It is a form of consensual domination made possible by the structural domination of the global capital, which allows concentration of political power. Robert A. Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom noted that political bargaining is an essential feature of polyarchy, particularly in the US. Moreover, a perceived polyarchy—such as the United States—may bar a substantial number of