to have fewer injuries. No current studies have been successful in fully ascertaining the chronic, long-term detriments to health that are caused by the overexertion (of which is necessary for athletes/soldiers performing with flat feet) and other compensating measures commonly enacted by the body during bipedal movement. Another divergent study of 295 Israel Defense Forces recruits found that those with high arches had almost four times as many stress fractures as those with the lowest arches. A later study of 449 U.S. Navy special warfare trainees found no significant difference in the incidence of stress fractures among sailors and Marines with different arch heights. See also Planovalgus deformity Marfan syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Comparison of orthotics Rocker-bottom feet References External links National Library of Medicine American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA) American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine (AAPSM) Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system Orthopedic problems