residual ink left in Epson cartridges was necessary for the printers to function properly. Epson designed ink to be left in the cartridges (and in fact they have done so ever since they developed the piezo-electric head) due to the way the capping mechanism worked. If the capping mechanism dries out, then the heads risk getting clogged, and thus an expensive repair will be necessary. The reason that the Dutch consumer association retracted their statement was that, as pointed out, Epson had made a statement regarding how many pages (at usually a 5% coverage of an A4 sheet of paper) each cartridge could sustain for printing. Nonetheless, Epson America, Inc. settled a class action lawsuit brought before the Los Angeles Superior Court. It did not admit guilt, but they agreed to refund $45 to anyone who purchased an Epson inkjet printer after April 8, 1999 (at least $20 of which must be used at Epson's E-Store). According to IDG News Service, Epson filed a complaint with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) in February, 2006, against 24 companies that manufactured, imported, or distributed Epson-compatible ink cartridges for resale in the U.S. On March 30, 2007, ITC judge Paul Luckern issued an initial determination that the ink cartridges in question did infringe upon Epson's patents. The judge also recommended those companies and others to be barred from manufacturing, importing, or reselling Epson cartridges in the U.S., said Epson. In 2015 it emerged that Epson printers reported that cartridges are empty when in fact 20% of their ink remains. See also Inkjet technology References External links Japanese companies established in 1942 2003 initial public offerings Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo Electronics companies established in 1942 Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Computer printer companies Display technology companies Electronics companies of Japan Japanese brands Point of sale companies Robotics companies of Japan Watch brands Watch manufacturing companies of Japan