tests check how different units of code work together. Although individual units may function properly on their own, integration tests ensure that they operate together coherently. End-to-end tests: These test the system as a whole, simulating real-world usage scenarios. They are the slowest and most complex tests. Framework approach in automation A test automation framework is an integrated system that sets the rules of automation of a specific product. This system integrates the function libraries, test data sources, object details and various reusable modules. These components act as small building blocks which need to be assembled to represent a business process. The framework provides the basis of test automation and simplifies the automation effort. The main advantage of a framework of assumptions, concepts and tools that provide support for automated software testing is the low cost for maintenance. If there is change to any test case then only the test case file needs to be updated and the driver Script and startup script will remain the same. Ideally, there is no need to update the scripts in case of changes to the application. Choosing the right framework/scripting technique helps in maintaining lower costs. The costs associated with test scripting are due to development and maintenance efforts. The approach of scripting used during test automation has effect on costs. Various framework/scripting techniques are generally used: Linear (procedural code, possibly generated by tools like those that use record and playback) Structured (uses control structures - typically ‘if-else’, ‘switch’, ‘for’, ‘while’ conditions/ statements) Data-driven (data is persisted outside of tests in a database, spreadsheet, or other mechanism) Keyword-driven Hybrid (two or more of the patterns above are used) Agile automation framework The Testing framework is responsible for: defining the format in which to express expectations creating a mechanism to hook into or drive the application under test executing the tests reporting results Test automation interface Test automation interfaces are platforms that provide a single workspace for incorporating multiple testing tools and frameworks for System/Integration testing of application under test. The goal of Test Automation Interface is to simplify the process of mapping tests to business criteria without coding coming in the way of the process. Test automation interface are expected to improve the efficiency and flexibility of maintaining test scripts. Test Automation Interface consists of the following core modules: Interface Engine Interface Environment Object Repository Interface engine Interface engines are built on top