economic, political, and geographic contexts in which he operated. Comparable to Cochise, Sitting Bull and Geronimo, Black Hawk fostered an extraordinary pan-regional movement that enabled him to operate in an enormous section of country and establish a three-face war. Black Hawk worked to establish a barrier to white expansion and actually succeeded in collapsing the line of Mormon settlement, causing scores of villages in over a half dozen counties to be abandoned. For almost a decade the tide of white expansion in Utah came to a dead stop and in most of the territory actually receded. Like other defenders of Indian rights, though, Black Hawk found he could not hold his position, and his efforts eventually crumbled. Ute history notes that Black Hawk made peace with the "pale-faces" in 1867. He visited every white village from Cedar City to Payson to plead with the settlers to try to make peace. Without his leadership, the conflict was reduced, but raids continued until US forces intervened in 1872. Black Hawk died in 1870, before the end of the war, of tuberculosis. The Black Hawk War was not a single incident, but a series of raids and small-scale conflicts. More than 150 engagements took place over a seven-year period throughout Utah territory and the conflict spilled over into Colorado, Idaho, and Wyoming. Although migration had slowed during the war years, soon tens of thousands of Mormon pioneers entered the area again, at the rate of 3,000 a month.. By contrast, in 1909 an official government census showed that the Ute population had declined to just 2,400.. See also Utah War for more about Mormon and US government battles References Further reading Carlton Fordis Culmsee, Utah's Black Hawk War: Lore and Reminiscences of Participants, Utah State University Press, 1973 Peter Gottfredson, History of Indian Depredations in Utah, Salt Lake City: Skelton Publishers, 1919, online at Open Library External links John A. Peterson, "Black Hawk War", Utah History Encyclopedia, Utah state Official Website Virginia K. Nielson (Non-professional), "Black Hawk and His War", Saga of the Sanpitch, Vol. 12 (Winning Entries for the 1980 Sanpete Historical Writing Contest), Manti Region, Utah: Gunnison Valley News, 1980, online at University of Utah Library Timpanogos Tribe Official Website 1830 births 1870 deaths 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis 19th-century Native Americans Tuberculosis deaths in Utah Mormonism and Native Americans Native American people from Utah Native American leaders Native American people of