led to increased Westerner presence in northern Siamese hinterlands. Anglo-Siamese Treaty of Chiangmai in 1883 agreed to put British subjects in Northern Siam under jurisdiction of binational court under possible intervention from newly-appointed British vice-consul in Chiangmai. Similar agreement in Luang Phrabang was concluded with the French in 1886. Siam responded to imperialist threats with centralization and internal restructuring that integrated tributary states into Siam proper, ending their autonomies. Lanna lords had benefitted from their traditional ownership of vast northern teak forests and their sometimes-conflicting forestry patents granted to British loggers might provoke British intervention. Lanna was the first target of reforms as it stood at frontline against prospective British incursion. Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 urged Bangkok to tighten its control over Lanna to deliver treaty terms to the British. King Chulalongkorn sent royal commissioner to Chiangmai in 1883 to initiate reforms. Central-Siamese-style governance and stringent taxation were imposed. Reforms were promising at first but gradually dwindled away due to persistence of Lanna rulers, whose traditional privileges and powers were compromised by the reforms. Siam also laid claims to Shan states east of Salween river including Kengtung but later conceded to British occupation of eastern Shan States. King Chulalongkorn sent another Siamese expedition to subjugate the Haws at Plain of Jars in 1884-85 but the campaign was disastrous. Siamese court then took more serious approach on the Chinese insurgents. Freshly-modernized Siamese regiments were sent to suppress the Haws and to take control of that frontiers in 1885. Chaomuen Waiworanat (later Chaophraya Surasak Montri) took commanding position at Muang Xon to pacify Houaphanh and proceed to Muang Thaeng in Sipsong Chuthai. However, Siamese forces faced resistance from Đèo Văn Trị, son of Đèo Văn Sinh the White Tai ruler of Muang Lay, who was closely allied with Black Flags. These events coincided with arrival of Auguste Pavie, a Parti Colonial advocate, in February 1887 to assume position of French consul in Luang Phrabang. Unable to go further, Waiworanat ended his campaign in April 1887, taking Haw and Tai captives, among them brothers of Đèo Văn Trị, to Bangkok. The enraged Đèo Văn Trị led the Black Flag Army to seize and plunder Luang Phrabang in June 1887. Auguste Pavie the French consul rescued King Ounkham of Luang Phrabang and took him on canoe to Bangkok. The French took this opportunity to enter and occupy Sipsong Chuthai, which Siam had attempted to