becoming apologists for crass nationalism, warmongering, and racism. Benda reserved his harshest criticisms for his fellow Frenchmen Charles Maurras and Maurice Barrès. Benda defended the measured and dispassionate outlook of classical civilization and the internationalism of traditional Christianity. Closing this work, Benda darkly predicts that the augmentation of the "realistic" impulse to domination of the material world, justified by intellectuals into an "integral realism," risked producing an all-encompassing species-wide civilization that would completely cease "to situate the good outside the real world." Human aspirations, specifically after power, would become the sole end of society. In closing, he concludes bitterly, "And History will smile to think that this is the species for which Socrates and Jesus Christ died." Benda's word "clercs" was borrowed by Anne Appelbaum in her 2020 book Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism. Other works Other works by Benda include Belphégor (1918), Uriel's Report (1926), and Exercises of a Man Buried Alive (1947), an attack on the contemporary French celebrities of his time. Most of the titles in the bibliography below were published during the last three decades of Benda's long life; he is emphatically a 20th-century author. In his 1933 publication Discours à la nation européenne, Benda responded to Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Addresses to the German Nation. Bibliography L'ordination – 1911 English translation, The yoke of pity, by Gilbert Cannan – 1913 Les sentiments de Critias – 1917 Belphégor : essai sur l'esthétique de la présente société française – 1919 Les amorandes – 1922 La croix de roses ; précédé d'un dialogue d'Eleuthère avec l'auteur – 1923 Lettres à Mélisande – 1926 La trahison des clercs – 1927 English translation,The Betrayal of the Intellectuals, by Richard Aldington: 1955 (1928). Beacon Press. Introduction by Herbert Read. The Treason of the Intellectuals 2006. Transaction Publishers. Introduction by Roger Kimball. Cléanthis ou du Beau et de l'actuel – 1928 Properce, ou, Les amants de Tibur – 1928 La Fin de l’Éternel – 1929 Appositions – 1930 Esquisse d'une histoire des Français dans leur volonté d'être une nation – 1932 Discours à la nation européenne – 1933 La jeunesse d'un clerc – 1936 Précision (1930–1937) – 1937 Un régulier dans le siècle – 1937 Un Régulier dans le siècle (Paris, Gallimard) 1938 La grande épreuve des démocraties : essai sur les principes démocratiques : leur nature, leur histoire, leur valeur philosophique. – 1942 Exercice d'un enterré vif, juin 1940-août