Holy Roman Empire – in contrast to the trend in France and England, where centralized royal power grew. The Investiture Contest had an additional effect. The long struggle between emperor and pope hurt the Holy Roman Empire's intellectual life, in this period largely confined to monasteries, and the empire no longer led or even kept pace with developments occurring in France and Italy. For instance, no universities were founded in the Holy Roman Empire until the fourteenth century. The first Hohenstaufen king Conrad III was a grandson of the Salian Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. (Agnes, Henry IV's daughter and Henry V's sister, was the heiress to the Salian dynasty's lands: her first marriage produced the royal and imperial Hohenstaufen dynasty and her second marriage the ducal Babenberg potentates of the Duchy of Austria, which was elevated much due to these connections via the Privilegium Minus.) Salian Kings and Emperors Conrad II 1024–1039, crowned emperor on 26 March 1027 Henry III 1039–1056, crowned emperor on 25 December 1046 Henry IV 1056–1106, crowned emperor on 31 March 1084 Conrad (III) 1087–1098, nominal king under his father Henry IV Henry V 1106–1125, crowned emperor on 13 April 1111 Their regnal dates as emperor take into account elections and subsequent coronations. See also The Salian Law Footnotes General references Further reading Lenelotte Möller, Hans Ammerich: Die Salier. 1024–1125. Wiesbaden 2015 German noble families Noble families of the Holy Roman Empire