different kinds of strings. In cosmology, topology can be used to describe the overall shape of the universe. This area of research is commonly known as spacetime topology. In condensed matter a relevant application to topological physics comes from the possibility to obtain one-way current, which is a current protected from backscattering. It was first discovered in electronics with the famous quantum Hall effect, and then generalized in other areas of physics, for instance in photonics by F.D.M Haldane. Robotics The possible positions of a robot can be described by a manifold called configuration space. In the area of motion planning, one finds paths between two points in configuration space. These paths represent a motion of the robot's joints and other parts into the desired pose. Games and puzzles Tanglement puzzles are based on topological aspects of the puzzle's shapes and components. Fiber art In order to create a continuous join of pieces in a modular construction, it is necessary to create an unbroken path in an order which surrounds each piece and traverses each edge only once. This process is an application of the Eulerian path. See also Characterizations of the category of topological spaces Equivariant topology List of algebraic topology topics List of examples in general topology List of general topology topics List of geometric topology topics List of topology topics Publications in topology Topoisomer Topology glossary Topological Galois theory Topological geometry Topological order References Citations Bibliography Further reading Ryszard Engelking, General Topology, Heldermann Verlag, Sigma Series in Pure Mathematics, December 1989, . Bourbaki; Elements of Mathematics: General Topology, Addison–Wesley (1966). (Provides a well motivated, geometric account of general topology, and shows the use of groupoids in discussing van Kampen's theorem, covering spaces, and orbit spaces.) Wacław Sierpiński, General Topology, Dover Publications, 2000, (Provides a popular introduction to topology and geometry) External links Elementary Topology: A First Course Viro, Ivanov, Netsvetaev, Kharlamov. The Topological Zoo at The Geometry Center. Topology Atlas Topology Course Lecture Notes Aisling McCluskey and Brian McMaster, Topology Atlas. Topology Glossary Moscow 1935: Topology moving towards America, a historical essay by Hassler Whitney. Mathematical structures