meditation and Tai chi centers, and translations of Daoist texts by western scholars as well as non-specialists. Daoist classics like the Daodejing have also became popular in the New Age movement and in "popular Western Taoism", a kind of popularized hybrid spirituality. According to Komjathy, this "popular Western Daoism" is associated with popular translations and interpretations of the Daodejing, and the work of popular figures like James Legge, Alan Watts, John Blofeld, Gia-fu Feng, and Bruce Lee. This popular spirituality also draws on Chinese martial arts (which are often unrelated to Daoism proper), American Transcendentalism, 1960s counterculture, New Age spirituality, the perennial philosophy and Alternative medicine. On the other hand, traditionally minded Daoists in the West are often either ethnically Chinese or generally assume some level of sinification, especially the adoption of Chinese language and culture. This is because, for most traditional Daoists, the religion is not seen as separate from Chinese ethnicity and culture. As such, most Western convert Daoist groups are led either by Chinese teachers or by teachers who studied with Chinese teachers. Some prominent Western Daoist associations include: Associacion de Taoism de España, Association Francaise Daoiste, British Daoist Association, Daoist Foundation (San Diego, California), American Taoist and Buddhist Association (New York), Ching Chung Taoist Association (San Francisco), Universal Society of the Integral Way (Ni Hua-Ching), and Sociedade Taoista do Brasil. Particularly popular in the West are groups which focus on internal martial arts like Taijiquan, as well as Qigong and meditation. A smaller set of groups also focus around internal alchemy, such as Mantak Chia's Healing Dao. While traditional Daoism initially arrived in the West through Chinese immigrants, more recently, Western run Daoist temples have also appeared, such as the Taoist Sanctuary in San Diego and the Dayuan Circle in San Francisco. Kohn notes that all of these centers "combine traditional ritual services with Daode jing and Yijing philosophy as well as with various health practices, such as breathing, diet, meditation, qigong, and soft martial arts." Teachings Dao Dao (, Wade-Giles: Tao) can mean way, road, channel, path, doctrine, or line. Livia Kohn describes the Dao as "the underlying cosmic power which creates the universe, supports culture and the state, saves the good and punishes the wicked. Literally “the way,” Dao refers to the way things develop naturally, the way nature moves along and living beings grow and decline in accordance with cosmic laws." The Dao