mechanical load on the engine, although turbochargers place exhaust back pressure on engines, increasing pumping losses. Supercharged engines are common in applications where throttle response is a key concern, and supercharged engines are less likely to heat soak the intake air. Twincharging A combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger can mitigate the weaknesses of both. This technique is called twincharging. Applications Turbochargers have been used in the following applications: Petrol-powered car engines Diesel-powered car and van engines Motorcycle engines (quite rarely) Diesel-powered truck engines, beginning with a Saurer truck in 1938 Bus and coach diesel engines Aircraft piston engines Marine engines Locomotive and diesel multiple unit engines for trains Stationary/industrial engines In 2017, 27% of vehicles sold in the US were turbocharged. In Europe 67% of all vehicles were turbocharged in 2014. Historically, more than 90% of turbochargers were diesel, however, adoption in petrol engines is increasing. The companies which manufacture the most turbochargers in Europe and the U.S. are Garrett Motion (formerly Honeywell), BorgWarner and Mitsubishi Turbocharger. Safety Turbocharger failures and resultant high exhaust temperatures are among the causes of car fires. Failure of the seals will cause oil to leak into the cylinders causing blue-gray smoke. In diesel engines, this can cause an overspeed, a condition known as diesel engine runaway. See also Boost gauge Engine downsizing Exhaust pulse pressure charging References Engine components