Taoism (, , Wade-Giles) or Daoism (, Pinyin) refers to a set of Chinese traditions and religions which emphasize living in harmony with the Dao (, 'Path'). The Dao is generally defined as the source of everything and the ultimate principle underlying reality. The Daodejing and the Zhuangzi are widely considered key Daoist texts. Daoism includes various self-cultivation methods, including meditation, internal alchemy, and various rituals. Common aims include becoming one with the natural flow of the Dao, longevity, becoming a sage (zhenren) and even an immortal (xian). Daoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but they generally tend to emphasize virtues like: "non-action" (), "naturalness" or "spontaneity" (), "simplicity" (), and the three treasures: compassion (), frugality () and humility (). The roots of Daoism go back at least to the 4th century BCE. Early Daoism drew its cosmological notions from the School of Yinyang (also known as "the Naturalists"). Other influences include: Shang and Zhou dynasty religion, Mohism, Confucianism, Legalist theorists like Shen Buhai and Han Fei, and the Chinese classics, especially the I Ching and the Lüshi Chunqiu. Daoism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture in the course of the centuries and Dao masters (), a title traditionally attributed only to the clergy and not to their lay followers, usually take care to note the distinction between their ritual tradition and the practices of Chinese folk religion and non-Daoist vernacular ritual orders, which are often mistakenly identified as pertaining to Daoism. Chinese alchemy (especially "internal alchemy" - neidan), Chinese astrology, Chan (Zen) Buddhism, several Chinese martial arts including Tai chi, traditional Chinese medicine, feng shui and many styles of Qigong have been associated with Daoism throughout history. Today, the Daoist religion is one of the five religious doctrines officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (PRC), including in its special administrative regions (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau. It is also a major religion in Taiwan as well as throughout the Sinosphere and has a significant number of adherents in a number of other societies throughout East and Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam. Daoism also has adherents in the West, which includes Asian immgrants as well as Western convert Daoists. Definition Spelling and pronunciation Since the introduction of the Pinyin system for romanizing Mandarin Chinese, there have been those who have felt that "Taoism" would be more appropriately spelled as