xamC2 and ɣamC2 'night'. The item raa normally means 'we inclusive' but in some places, e.g. Tai Lue and White Tai 'I'. However, Laurent Sagart criticizes Zhengzhang's interpretation as anachronistic, because however archaic that Thai script is, the Thai language was only written 2000 years after the song had been recorded; even if the Proto-Kam-Tai had emerged by the 6th century BCE, its pronunciation would have been substantially different from Thai. Internal classification Kra–Dai consists of at least five well established branches, namely Kra, Kam–Sui, Tai, Be and Hlai (Ostapirat 2005:109). Tai Southern China and Southeast Asia Kra Southern China, Northern Vietnam; called Kadai in Ethnologue Kam–Sui Guizhou and Guangxi, China Be Hainan; possibly also includes Jizhao of Guangdong Hlai Hainan Chinese linguists have also proposed a Kam–Tai group that includes Kam–Sui, Tai and Be. Kra–Dai languages that are not securely classified and may constitute independent Kra–Dai branches, include the following. Lakkia and Biao, which may or may not subgroup with each other, are difficult to classify due to aberrant vocabulary, but are sometimes classified as sisters of Kam–Sui (Solnit 1988). Jiamao of Southern Hainan, China is an aberrant Kra–Dai language traditionally classified as a Hlai language, although Jiamao contains many words of non-Hlai origin. Jizhao of Guangdong, China is currently unclassified within Kra–Dai, but appears to be most closely related to Be (Ostapirat 1998). Kra–Dai languages of mixed origins are: Hezhang Buyi: Northern Tai and Kra E: Northern Tai and Pinghua Chinese Caolan: Northern Tai and Central Tai Sanqiao: Kam–Sui, Hmongic and Chinese Jiamao: Hlai and other unknown elements (Austroasiatic?) Edmondson and Solnit (1988) An early but influential classification, with the traditional Kam–Tai clade, was Edmondson and Solnit's classification from 1988: Kra–Dai Kra (Geyang) Hlai Kam–Tai Lakkia–Biao Kam–Sui Be Tai This classification is also used by Liang and Zhang (1996), Chamberlain (2016: 38), and Ethnologue, though by 2009 Lakkia was made a third branch of Kam–Tai and Biao was moved into Kam–Sui. Ostapirat (2005); Norquest (2007) Weera Ostapirat (2005:128) suggests the possibility of Kra and Kam–Sui being grouped together as Northern Kra–Dai and Hlai with Tai as Southern Kra–Dai. Norquest (2007) has further updated this classification to include Lakkia and Be. Norquest notes that Lakkia shares some similarities with Kam–Sui, while Be shares some similarities with Tai. Norquest (2007:15) notes that Be shares various similarities with Northern Tai languages in particular. Following Ostapirat, Norquest adopts the name Kra–Dai for