classes, 8 thematic and 4 athematic, with distinct sets of thematic and athematic endings. The following classes occur in Tocharian B (some are missing in Tocharian A): I: Athematic without suffix < PIE root athematic. II: Thematic without suffix < PIE root thematic. III: Thematic with PToch suffix *-ë-. Mediopassive only. Apparently reflecting consistent PIE o theme rather than the normal alternating o/e theme. IV: Thematic with PToch suffix *-ɔ-. Mediopassive only. Same PIE origin as previous class, but diverging within Proto-Tocharian. V: Athematic with PToch suffix *-ā-, likely from either PIE verbs ending in a syllabic laryngeal or PIE derived verbs in *-eh₂- (but extended to other verbs). VI: Athematic with PToch suffix *-nā-, from PIE verbs in *-nH-. VII: Athematic with infixed nasal, from PIE infixed nasal verbs. VIII: Thematic with suffix -s-, possibly from PIE -sḱ-? IX: Thematic with suffix -sk- < PIE -sḱ-. X: Thematic with PToch suffix *-näsk/nāsk- (evidently a combination of classes VI and IX). XI: Thematic in PToch suffix *-säsk- (evidently a combination of classes VIII and IX). XII: Thematic with PToch suffix *-(ä)ññ- < either PIE *-n-y- (denominative to n-stem nouns) or PIE *-nH-y- (deverbative from PIE *-nH- verbs). Palatalization of the final root consonant occurs in the 2nd singular, 3rd singular, 3rd dual and 2nd plural in thematic classes II and VIII-XII as a result of the original PIE thematic vowel e. Subjunctive The subjunctive likewise has 12 classes, denoted i through xii. Most are conjugated identically to the corresponding indicative classes; indicative and subjunctive are distinguished by the fact that a verb in a given indicative class will usually belong to a different subjunctive class. In addition, four subjunctive classes differ from the corresponding indicative classes, two "special subjunctive" classes with differing suffixes and two "varying subjunctive" classes with root ablaut reflecting the PIE perfect. Special subjunctives: iv: Thematic with suffix i < PIE -y-, with consistent palatalization of final root consonant. Tocharian B only, rare. vii: Thematic (not athematic, as in indicative class VII) with suffix ñ < PIE -n- (palatalized by thematic e, with palatalized variant generalized). Varying subjunctives: i: Athematic without suffix, with root ablaut reflecting PIE o-grade in active singular, zero-grade elsewhere. Derived from PIE perfect. v: Identical to class i but with PToch suffix *-ā-, originally reflecting laryngeal-final roots but generalized. Preterite The preterite has 6 classes: I: The most common class, with a suffix