forms of relationships between reality and divinity. Pantheistic concepts date back thousands of years, and pantheistic elements have been identified in various religious traditions. The term pantheism was coined by mathematician Joseph Raphson in 1697 and since then, it has been used to describe the beliefs of a variety of people and organizations. Pantheism was popularized in Western culture as a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, in particular, his book Ethics. A pantheistic stance was also taken in the 16th century by philosopher and cosmologist Giordano Bruno. Deism Classical Deism Classical deism is the belief that one God exists and created the world, but that the Creator does not alter the original plan for the universe, but presides over it in the form of Providence; however, some classical Deists did believe in divine intervention. Deism typically rejects supernatural events (such as prophecies, miracles, and divine revelations) prominent in organized religion. Instead, Deism holds that religious beliefs must be founded on human reason and observed features of the natural world, and that these sources reveal the existence of a supreme being as creator. Pandeism Pandeism is the belief that God preceded the universe and created it, but is now equivalent with it. PolydeismPolydeism is the belief that multiple gods exist, but do not intervene in the universe. Autotheism Autotheism Autotheism is the viewpoint that divinity, whether also external or not, is inherently within 'oneself' and that one has the ability to become godlike. Indian religions like Buddhism and Jainism are Autotheistic. This can be in a selfless way, a way following the implications of statements attributed to ethical, philosophical, and religious leaders (such as Mahavira). Autotheism can also refer to the belief that one's self is a deity, within the context of subjectivism. Hindus use the term, "aham Brahmāsmi" which means, "I am Brahman". Mormons teach a type of Autotheism called Exaltation, where humans can attain godhood. Value-judgment theisms Eutheism Eutheism is the belief that a deity is wholly benevolent. Dystheism Dystheism is the belief that a deity is not wholly good, and is possibly evil. Maltheism Maltheism is the belief that a deity exists, but is wholly malicious. Misotheism Misotheism is active hatred for God or gods. Non-theism and atheism Atheism Atheism is the lack of belief in supernatural powers such as deities, gods / goddesses, or messiahs. Some atheists express an