mathematical and statistical properties. Should a set of data appear to be too faithful to the hypothesis, i.e., the amount of error that would normally be in such measurements does not appear, a conclusion can be drawn that the data may have been forged. Error analysis alone is typically not sufficient to prove that data have been falsified or fabricated, but it may provide the supporting evidence necessary to confirm suspicions of misconduct. Data sharing Kirby Lee and Lisa Bero suggest, "Although reviewing raw data can be difficult, time-consuming and expensive, having such a policy would hold authors more accountable for the accuracy of their data and potentially reduce scientific fraud or misconduct." Notable cases Andrew Wakefield, who claimed links between the MMR vaccine, autism and inflammatory bowel disease, was found guilty of dishonesty in his research and banned from medicine by the UK General Medical Council following an investigation by Brian Deer of the London Sunday Times. Solutions Changing research assessment Since 2012, the Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA), from San Francisco, gathers many institutions, publishers and individuals committing to improve the metrics used to assess research and to stop focusing on the journal impact factor. See also Academic dishonesty Archaeological forgery Bioethics Bullying in academia Committee on Publication Ethics Conflicts of interest in academic publishing Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty Engineering ethics Fabrication (science) Fraud Hippocratic Oath for scientists International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Japanese scientific misconduct allegations List of cognitive biases List of experimental errors and frauds in physics List of fallacies List of memory biases List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Lysenkoism Mertonian norms Metascience Pathological science Politicization of science Reproducibility Research ethics Research integrity Research paper mill Retraction Scientific method Scientific plagiarism in India Scientific plagiarism in the United States Sham peer review Source criticism United States Office of Research Integrity (ORI) Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles Straight and Crooked Thinking The Great Betrayal: Fraud In Science References Further reading Patricia Keith-Spiegel, Joan Sieber, and Gerald P. Koocher (November, 2010). Responding to Research Wrongdoing: A User Friendly Guide. External links Publication ethics checklist (PDF) (for routine use during manuscript submission to a scientific journal) de:Wissenschaftliches Fehlverhalten