differences being in the style of jacket: The cross-over front jacket (usually seen in ITF style), in which the opening of the jacket is vertical. The cross-over Y-neck jacket (usually seen in the Kukkiwon/WT style, especially for poomsae competitions), in which the opening of the jacket crosses the torso diagonally. The pull-over V-neck jacket (usually seen in Kukkiwon/WT style, especially for sparring competitions). White uniforms in the Kukkiwon/WT tradition will typically be white throughout the jacket (black trim along the collars only for dan grades), while ITF-style uniforms are usually trimmed with a black border along the collar and bottom of the jacket (for dan grades). The belt color and any insignia thereon indicate the student's rank. Different clubs and schools use different color schemes for belts. In general, the darker the color, the higher the rank. Taekwondo is traditionally performed in bare feet, although martial arts training shoes may sometimes be worn. When sparring, padded equipment is usually worn. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. For this reason, ITF sparring often employs only light-contact sparring. In the Kukkiwon/WT tradition, full-contact sparring is facilitated by the employment of more extensive equipment: padded helmets called are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called ; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are also worn. The school or place where instruction is given is called a (도장, 道場). Specifically, refers to the area within the school in which martial arts instruction takes place; the word is sometimes translated as gymnasium. In common usage, the term is often used to refer to the school as a whole. Modern often incorporate padded flooring, often incorporating red-and-blue patterns in the flooring to reflect the colors of the symbol. Some have wooden flooring instead. The is usually decorated with items such as flags, banners, belts, instructional materials, and traditional Korean calligraphy. Styles and organizations There are a number of major Taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style. The major technical differences among Taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around: the patterns practiced by each style (called hyeong 형, pumsae 품새, or tul 틀, depending on the style); these are sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique differences in the sparring rules for competition. martial arts