39% were killed by republicans, and 10% were killed by the British security forces. Most of the Catholic civilians were killed by loyalists, and most of the Protestant civilians were killed by republicans. It has been the subject of dispute whether some individuals were members of paramilitary organisations. Several casualties that were listed as civilians were later claimed by the IRA as their members. One Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and three Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) members killed during the conflict were also Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldiers at the time of their deaths. At least one civilian victim was an off-duty member of the Territorial Army. Location Most killings took place within Northern Ireland, especially in Belfast and County Armagh. Most of the killings in Belfast took place in the west and north of the city. Dublin, London and Birmingham were also affected, albeit to a lesser degree than Northern Ireland itself. Occasionally, the IRA attempted or carried out attacks on British targets in Gibraltar, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. Chronological listing Additional statistics See also 2021 Northern Ireland riots Irish Children's Fund List of bombings during the Troubles List of Gardaí killed in the line of duty List of Irish uprisings Outline of the Troubles Segregation in Northern Ireland Timeline of Continuity IRA actions Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions Timeline of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions Timeline of the Troubles Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions In popular culture :Category:Works about The Troubles (Northern Ireland) List of books about the Troubles Murals in Northern Ireland Similar conflicts Basque conflict – Basque Country, Spain Corsican conflict – Corsica, France Sri Lankan Civil War – Sri Lanka Explanatory notes References Further reading Bew, Paul and Gillespie, Gordon (1993). Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles 1968–1993. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. Bourke, Richard (2003). Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas. Random House. Coogan, Tim Pat (2006). Ireland in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. . English, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Oxford University Press. English, Richard (2009). "The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967–72", in Roberts, Adam and Ash, Timothy Garton (eds.). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press. . Harkin, Greg and Ingram, Martin (2004). Stakeknife: Britain's