they are partly determined by our culture, and partly chosen by ourselves. Morality and duty are often at war with natural instincts; ethics cannot be derived from the struggle for existence: "Of moral purpose I see not a trace in nature. That is an article of exclusively human manufacture." It is therefore our responsibility to make ethical choices (see Ethics and Evolutionary ethics). This seems to put Huxley as a compatibilist in the Free Will vs Determinism debate. In this argument Huxley is diametrically opposed to his old friend Herbert Spencer. Huxley's dissection of Rousseau's views on man and society is another example of his later work. The essay undermines Rousseau's ideas on man as a preliminary to undermining his ideas on the ownership of property. Characteristic is: "The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction." Huxley's method of argumentation (his strategy and tactics of persuasion in speech and print) is itself much studied. His career included controversial debates with scientists, clerics and politicians; persuasive discussions with Royal Commissions and other public bodies; lectures and articles for the general public, and a mass of detailed letter-writing to friends and other correspondents. A large number of textbooks have excerpted his prose for anthologies. Royal and other commissions Huxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions (titles somewhat shortened here). The Royal Commission is the senior investigative forum in the British constitution. A rough analysis shows that five commissions involved science and scientific education; three involved medicine and three involved fisheries. Several involve difficult ethical and legal issues. All deal with possible changes to law and/or administrative practice. Royal Commissions 1862: Trawling for herrings on the coast of Scotland. 1863–1865: Sea fisheries of the United Kingdom. 1870–1871: The Contagious Diseases Acts. 1870–1875: Scientific instruction and the advancement of science. 1876: The practice of subjugating live animals to scientific experiments (vivisection). 1876–1878: The universities of Scotland. 1881–1882: The Medical Acts. [i.e. the legal framework for medicine] 1884: Trawl, net and beam trawl fishing. Other commissions 1866: On the Royal College of Science for Ireland. 1868: On science and art instruction in Ireland. Family In 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825–1915), an English émigrée whom he had met in Sydney, Australia. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three