Turing machines) Stephen Wolfram, 2002, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, Brunfiel, Geoff, Student snags maths prize, Nature, October 24. 2007. Jim Giles (2007), Simplest 'universal computer' wins student $25,000, New Scientist, October 24, 2007. Alex Smith, Universality of Wolfram’s 2, 3 Turing Machine, Submission for the Wolfram 2, 3 Turing Machine Research Prize. Vaughan Pratt, 2007, "Simple Turing machines, Universality, Encodings, etc.", FOM email list. October 29, 2007. Martin Davis, 2007, "Smallest universal machine", and Definition of universal Turing machine FOM email list. October 26–27, 2007. Alasdair Urquhart, 2007 "Smallest universal machine", FOM email list. October 26, 2007. Hector Zenil (Wolfram Research), 2007 "smallest universal machine", FOM email list. October 29, 2007. Todd Rowland, 2007, "Confusion on FOM", Wolfram Science message board, October 30, 2007. Olivier and Marc RAYNAUD, 2014, A programmable prototype to achieve Turing machines" LIMOS Laboratory of Blaise Pascal University (Clermont-Ferrand in France). Other Robin Gandy, "The Confluence of Ideas in 1936", pp. 51–102 in Rolf Herken, see below. Stephen Hawking (editor), 2005, God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs that Changed History, Running Press, Philadelphia, . Includes Turing's 1936–1937 paper, with brief commentary and biography of Turing as written by Hawking. Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma, Simon and Schuster, New York. Cf. Chapter "The Spirit of Truth" for a history leading to, and a discussion of, his proof. Roger Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1989 (1990 corrections), . Hao Wang, "A variant to Turing's theory of computing machines", Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (JACM) 4, 63–92 (1957). Charles Petzold, Petzold, Charles, The Annotated Turing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Arora, Sanjeev; Barak, Boaz, "Complexity Theory: A Modern Approach", Cambridge University Press, 2009, , section 1.4, "Machines as strings and the universal Turing machine" and 1.7, "Proof of theorem 1.9" Kirner, Raimund; Zimmermann, Wolf; Richter, Dirk: "On Undecidability Results of Real Programming Languages", In 15. Kolloquium Programmiersprachen und Grundlagen der Programmierung (KPS'09), Maria Taferl, Austria, Oct. 2009. External links Turing Machine – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Turing Machine Causal Networks by Enrique Zeleny as part of the Wolfram Demonstrations Project. 1936 in computing 1937 in computing Educational abstract machines Theoretical computer science Alan Turing Models of computation Formal methods Computability theory English inventions Automata (computation) Formal languages Abstract machines