archaeology, built an Athenian-style trireme, Olympias. Crewed by 170 volunteer oarsmen, Olympias in 1988 achieved 9 knots (17 km/h or 10.5 mph). These results, achieved with inexperienced crew, suggest that the ancient writers were not exaggerating about straight-line performance. In addition, Olympias was able to execute a 180 degree turn in one minute and in an arc no wider than two and one half (2.5) ship-lengths. Additional sea trials took place in 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1994. In 2004 Olympias was used ceremonially to transport the Olympic Flame from the port of Keratsini to the main port of Piraeus as the 2004 Olympic Torch Relay entered its final stages in the run-up to the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. The builders of the reconstruction project concluded that it effectively proved what had previously been in doubt, i.e., that Athenian triremes were arranged with the crew positioned in a staggered arrangement on three levels with one person per oar. This architecture would have made optimum use of the available internal dimensions. However, since modern humans are on average approximately 6 cm (2 inches) taller than Ancient Greeks (and the same relative dimensions can be presumed for oarsmen and other athletes), the construction of a craft which followed the precise dimensions of the ancient vessel led to cramped rowing conditions and consequent restrictions on the modern crew's ability to propel the vessel with full efficiency, which perhaps explains why the ancient speed records stand unbroken. See also Warship Penteconter Bireme Notes References Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War "Age of the Trireme", special issue of Ancient Warfare, 2/2 (2008) External links A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), entry on "Warships" E. J. de Meester's page Hellenic Navy web page for the reconstructed Olympias trireme History and archeology of the ship - lecture notes - 26. Triremes, from the Centre for Maritime Archaeology of the University of Southampton Merchant ships page The Trireme Trust Ancient ships Galleys Ships of ancient Greece Naval history of ancient Greece Navy of ancient Athens Navy of ancient Rome Naval warfare of antiquity Achaemenid navy Transport in Phoenicia