Transport in Turkey is road-dominated and mostly fuelled by diesel. Transport consumes a quarter of energy in Turkey, and is a major source of air pollution in Turkey and greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey. The World Health Organization has called for more active transport such as cycling. Rail transport Rail network The TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways) possess 10,984 km of gauge, of which 2,336 km are electrified (2005). There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network. TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000 km high-speed lines until 2023. As of October 2019, three high speed train routes are running: Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul, Ankara-Konya and İstanbul-Eskişehir-Konya. The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges. Urban rail After almost 30 years without any trams, Turkey is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of Istanbul earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005. Another award-winning tram network belongs to Eskişehir (EsTram) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-flow trams. By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation. Cities with commuter rail systems: Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Gaziantep Cities with metro systems: Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Adana Cities with light rail transit systems: Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Adana, Bursa, Eskişehir, Konya, Antalya, Kayseri, Gaziantep, Samsun, Kocaeli. Railway links with adjacent countries Azerbaijan – via Georgia – under construction Armenia – closed (see Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line) Bulgaria – open – Greece – open – (Note: Passenger services as Express of Friendship/Filia suspended from 13 February 2012 ) Georgia – under reconstruction – break-of-gauge /. Iran – via Lake Van train ferry – same gauge Iraq – No direct link, traffic routed via Syria – same gauge Syria – closed – (Note: It was suspended after breakout of Syrian Civil War in 29 August 2011) Road transport Road transport is responsible for much air pollution in Turkey and almost a fifth of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions, mainly via diesel. It is one of 3 G20 countries without a fuel efficiency standard. there are many old, inefficient, polluting trucks. Retiring old polluting vehicles by forcing all cars and trucks to meet tailpipe emission standards would reduce disease, especially from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ,