absorbed by the sea), and particulate pollution Light pollution with the loss of the night sky for research and cultural significance, affected human, flora and fauna health, nuisance, trespass and the loss of enjoyment or function of private property. Water Water pollution, water crisis of over-extraction of groundwater and wasting water due to overirrigation Forests Frontier logging of old growth forest and slash and burn Energy resources and climate Environmental residue of mining and drilling, burning of fossil fuels and consequential global warming Animals Habitat destruction and poaching leading to the Holocene mass extinction Oceans Overfishing Space debris in Earth's surrounding space leading to limited locations for new satellites and the obstruction of universal observations. Food Uneven distribution of food leading to world hunger. Overconsumption of plant based foods leading to shortages (e.g. coffea for coffee, cocoa for chocolate). Human health In many African and Southeast Asian countries, patriarchal culture creates a preference for sons that causes some people to abort foetal girls. This results in an imbalanced sex ratio in these countries to the extent that they have significantly more males than females, even though the natural male:female ratio is about 1.04:1. AntibioticsAntibiotic Resistance: Mis-use of antibiotics anywhere in the world will eventually result in antibiotic resistance developing at an accelerated rate. The resulting antibiotic resistance has spread (and will likely continue to do so in the future) to other bacteria and other regions, hurting or destroying the Antibiotic Commons that is shared on a worldwide basis VaccinesHerd immunity: Avoiding a vaccine shot and relying on the established herd immunity instead will avoid potential vaccine risks, but if everyone does this, it will diminish herd immunity and bring risk to people who cannot receive vaccines for medical reasons. Other Knowledge commons encompass immaterial and collectively owned goods in the information age, including, for example: Source code and software documentation in software projects that can get "polluted" with messy code or inaccurate information. Skills acquisition and training, when all parties involved pass the buck on implementing it. Application to evolutionary biology A parallel was drawn in 2006 between the tragedy of the commons and the competing behaviour of parasites that through acting selfishly eventually diminish or destroy their common host. The idea has also been applied to areas such as the evolution of virulence or sexual conflict, where males may fatally harm females when competing for matings. The idea of