Trajan's reigns, saying that Trajan's rule followed the same autocratic and sacred character as Domitian's, culminating in a failed Parthian adventure intended as the crown of his personal achievement. It is in modern French historiography that Trajan's reputation becomes most markedly deflated: Paul Petit writes about Trajan's portraits as a "lowbrow boor with a taste for booze and boys". For Paul Veyne, what is to be retained from Trajan's "stylish" qualities was that he was the last Roman emperor to think of the empire as a purely Italian and Rome-centred hegemony of conquest. In contrast, his successor Hadrian would stress the notion of the empire as ecumenical and of the Emperor as universal benefactor and not kosmocrator. In Jewish legend In the Jewish homiletical works, such as Esther Rabbah, Trajan is described with the epitaph "may his bones be crushed" (, sh'hik atzamot). The same epitaph is also used for Hadrian. See also Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano Justice of Trajan Trajanic art Notes References Sources and further reading Ancel, R. Manning. "Soldiers." Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 12, 14, 16, 20 (Trajan, Emperor of Rome). Bowersock, G.W. Roman Arabia, Harvard University Press, 1983 Cizek, Eugen. L'époque de Trajan: circonstances politiques et problèmes idéologiques. Bucharest, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1983, Fuller, J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. v. 1. From the late times to the Battle of Lepanto; . 255, 266, 269, 270, 273 (Trajan, Roman Emperor). Isaac, B. The Limits of Empire, The Roman Army in the East, Revised Edition, Oxford University Press, 1990 Jackson, N. Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror, 1st edition, GreenHill Books, 2022. ISBN 9781784387075 Kennedy, D. The Roman Army in Jordan, Revised Edition, Council for British Research in the Levant, 2004. Lepper, F.A. Trajan's Parthian War. London: Oxford University Press, 1948. Also available online. Minaud, Gérard, Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romainDevoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés , Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012, ch. 6, La vie de Plotine, femme de Trajan, p.147–168. . Wildfeuer, C.R.H. Trajan, Lion of Rome: the Untold Story of Rome's Greatest Emperor, Aquifer Publishing, 2009. Historical fiction. Primary sources Cassius Dio, Roman History Book 68, English translation Aurelius Victor (attrib.), Epitome de Caesaribus Chapter 13, English translation Pliny the Younger, Letters, Book 10, English translation Secondary material External links |- 53 births 117 deaths 1st-century Roman emperors 2nd-century Roman