is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix -ly in English adverbs), among other uses. Nang si Hudas ay nadulás.—When Judas slipped. Gumising siya nang maaga.—He woke up early. Gumalíng nang si Juan dahil nag-ensayo siya.—Juan greatly improved because he practiced. In the first example, nang is used in lieu of the word noong (when; Noong si Hudas ay madulas). In the second, nang describes that the person woke up (gumising) early (maaga); gumising nang maaga. In the third, nang described up to what extent that Juan improved (gumaling), which is "greatly" (nang ). In the latter two examples, the ligature na and its variants -ng and -g may also be used (Gumising na maaga/Maagang gumising; Gumaling na /Todong gumaling). The longer nang may also have other uses, such as a ligature that joins a repeated word: Naghintáy sila nang naghintáy.—They kept on waiting" (a closer calque: "They were waiting and waiting.") pô/hô and opò/ohò The words pô/hô originated from the word "Panginoon." and "Poon." ("Lord."). When combined with the basic affirmative Oo "yes" (from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *heqe), the resulting forms are opò and ohò. "Pô" and "opò" are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. "Hô" and "ohò" are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee's social rank and not their age. However, "pô" and "opò" can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect. Example: "Pakitapon naman pô/hô yung basura." ("Please throw away the trash.") Used in the affirmative: Ex: "Gutóm ka na ba?" "Opò/Ohò". ("Are you hungry yet?" "Yes.") Pô/Hô may also be used in negation. Ex: "Hindi ko pô/hô alam 'yan." ("I don't know that.") Vocabulary and borrowed words Tagalog vocabulary is mostly of native Austronesian or Tagalog origin, such as most of the words that end with the diphthong -iw, (e.g. giliw) and words that exhibit reduplication (e.g. halo-halo, patpat, etc.). Besides inherited cognates, this also accounts for innovations in Tagalog vocabulary, especially traditional ones within its dialects. Tagalog has also incorporated many Spanish and English loanwords; the necessity of which increases in more technical parlance. In precolonial times, Trade Malay was widely known and spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, contributing a significant