chloride is a common reducing agent for the conversion of nitro and oxime groups to amines. The Stille reaction couples organotin compounds with organic halides or pseudohalides. Li-ion batteries Tin forms several inter-metallic phases with lithium metal, making it a potentially attractive material for battery applications. Large volumetric expansion of tin upon alloying with lithium and instability of the tin-organic electrolyte interface at low electrochemical potentials are the greatest challenges to employment in commercial cells. Tin inter-metallic compound with cobalt and carbon was implemented by Sony in its Nexelion cells released in the late 2000s. The composition of the active material is approximately Sn0.3Co0.4C0.3. Research showed that only some crystalline facets of tetragonal (beta) Sn are responsible for undesirable electrochemical activity. Precautions Cases of poisoning from tin metal, its oxides, and its salts are almost unknown. On the other hand, certain organotin compounds are almost as toxic as cyanide. Exposure to tin in the workplace can occur by inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) set the permissible exposure limit for tin exposure in the workplace as 2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) determined a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 mg/m3, tin is immediately dangerous to life and health. See also Cassiterides (the mythical Tin Islands) Stannary Terne Tin pest Tin mining in Britain Tinning Whisker (metallurgy) (tin whiskers) Notes References Bibliography External links Tin at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Theodore Gray's Wooden Periodic Table Table: Tin samples and castings Base Metals: Tin CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Tin (USD cents per kg) Chemical elements Post-transition metals Native element minerals Chemical elements with body-centered tetragonal structure