to review the book's research and conclusions, more significant criticisms began to appear. Nicholas Lemann, writing in Slate, said that later reviews showed the book was "full of mistakes ranging from sloppy reasoning to mis-citations of sources to outright mathematical errors." Lemann said that "Unsurprisingly, all the mistakes are in the direction of supporting the authors' thesis." Many criticisms were collected in the book The Bell Curve Debate. Lack of peer review Herrnstein and Murray did not submit their work to peer review before publication, an omission many have seen as incompatible with their presentation of it as a scholarly text. Nicholas Lemann noted that the book was not circulated in galley proofs, a common practice to allow potential reviewers and media professionals an opportunity to prepare for the book's arrival. "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" statement An opinion statement endorsing a number of the views presented in The Bell Curve called "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" was published in The Wall Street Journal in 1994 and subsequently reprinted in the journal Intelligence. The statement was drafted by Linda Gottfredson, a professor of educational psychology at the University of Delaware. It was sent to 131 researchers whom Gottfredsen described as "experts in intelligence and allied fields". Of these, 52 signed the statement, 48 returned the request with an explicit refusal to sign, and 31 ignored the request. According to a 1996 response by former American Psychological Association president Donald Campbell, only ten of those who signed were actual experts in intelligence measurement. The Southern Poverty Law Center reports that 20 of the signers were recipients of funding from the white-supremacist organization the Pioneer Fund, including Gottfredson herself. In subsequent years, both the substance and the interpretation of this letter have received widespread criticism from the scientific community. APA task force report In response to the controversy surrounding The Bell Curve, the American Psychological Association's Board of Scientific Affairs established a special task force chaired by Ulric Neisser to publish an investigative report focusing solely on the research presented in the book, not the policy recommendations that it made. The report, "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns", was first released in 1995 and published in American Psychologist in 1996. Regarding explanations for racial differences, the APA task force stated: American Psychologist subsequently published eleven critical responses in January 1997. Criticism of assumptions Criticism by Stephen Jay Gould Stephen Jay Gould wrote that the "entire argument"