mandibular movement with or without clicking. Limitation of mandibular movements. Pain present for a minimum of 3 months. The International Headache Society's diagnostic criteria for "headache or facial pain attributed to temporomandibular joint disorder" is similar to the above: A. Recurrent pain in one or more regions of the head or face fulfilling criteria C and D B. X-ray, MRI or bone scintigraphy demonstrate TMJ disorder C. Evidence that pain can be attributed to the TMJ disorder, based on at least one of the following: pain is precipitated by jaw movements or chewing of hard or tough food reduced range of or irregular jaw opening noise from one or both TMJs during jaw movements tenderness of the joint capsule(s) of one or both TMJs D. Headache resolves within 3 months, and does not recur, after successful treatment of the TMJ disorder Medical imaging The advantages brought about by diagnostic imaging mainly lie within diagnosing TMD of articular origin. Additional benefits of imaging the TMJ are as follows: Assess the integrity of anatomical structures in suspicion of disorders Staging the extent of any pathology Monitoring and staging the progress of disease Determining the effects of treatment When clinical examination alone is unable to bring sufficient detail to ascertain the state of the TMJ, imaging methods can act as an adjuvant to clinical examination in the diagnosis of TMD. Plain radiography This method of imaging allows the visualisation of the joint's mineralised areas, therefore excluding the cartilage and soft tissues. A disadvantage of plain radiography is that images are prone to superimposition from surrounding anatomical structures, thereby complicating radiographic interpretation. It was concluded that there is no evidence to support the use of plain radiography in the diagnosis of joint erosions and osteophytes. It is reasonable to conclude that plain film can only be used to diagnose extensive lesions. Panoramic tomography The distortion brought about by panoramic imaging decreases its overall reliability. Data concluded from a systematic review showed that only extensive erosions and large osteophytes can be detected by panoramic imaging. Computerised tomography (CT) Studies have shown that tomography of the TMJ provided supplementary information that supersedes what is obtainable from clinical examination alone. However, the issues lies in the fact that it is impossible to determine whether certain patient groups would benefit more or less from a radiographic examination. The main indications of CT and CBCT examinations are to assess