uses no commas (and so does not experience a pause when spoken). However, if the additional information does not help to identify more narrowly the identity of the noun antecedent but rather simply provides further information about it, the adjective clause is nonrestrictive and so requires commas (or a spoken pause) to separate it from the rest of the sentence: Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious. Depending on context, a particular noun could be modified by either a restrictive or nonrestrictive adjective clause. For example, while "broccoli" is modified nonrestrictively in the preceding sentence, it is modified restrictively in the following. The broccoli which (or that) people leave uneaten is often nutritious. Adverbial clause "He saw Mary when he was in New York" and "They studied hard because they had a test" both contain adverbial clauses (in italics). Adverbial clauses express when, why, where, opposition, and conditions, and, as with all dependent clauses, they cannot stand alone. For example, When he was in New York is not a complete sentence; it needs to be completed by an independent clause, as in: He went to the Guggenheim Museum when he was in New York. or equivalently When he was in New York, he went to the Guggenheim Museum. Sentence structure A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A sentence with two or more independent clauses plus (one or more) dependent clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence. (Every clause contains a subject and predicate.) Here are some English examples: My sister cried because she scraped her knee. (complex sentence) Subjects: My sister, she Predicates: cried, scraped her knee Subordinating conjunction: because When they told me (that) I won the contest, I cried, but I didn't faint. (compound-complex sentence) Subjects: they, I, I, I Predicates: told me, won the contest, cried, didn't faint Subordinating conjunctions: when, that (implied or understood) Coordinating conjunction: but This sentence contains two dependent clauses: "When they told me", and "(that) I won the contest", the latter which serves as the object of the verb "told". The connecting word "that", if not explicitly included, is understood to implicitly precede "I won" and in either case functions as a subordinating conjunction. This sentence also includes two independent clauses, "I cried" and "I didn't faint", connected by the coordinating conjunction "but". The first dependent clause, together with its object (the