Vīrya (Sanskrit; Pāli: viriya) is a Buddhist term commonly translated as "energy", "diligence", "enthusiasm", or "effort". It can be defined as an attitude of gladly engaging in wholesome activities, and it functions to cause one to accomplish wholesome or virtuous actions. Etymology Vīrya literally means "state of a strong human" or "manliness." In Vedic literature, the term is often associated with heroism and virility. In Buddhism, the term more generally refers to a practitioner's "energy" or "exertion", and is repeatedly identified as a necessary prerequisite for achieving liberation. In Buddhist contexts, virya has been translated as "energy", "persistence", "persevering," "vigour", "effort", "exertion", or "diligence." Mental factor Within the Buddhist Abhidharma teachings, virya is identified as: One of the six occasional mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma One of the eleven virtuous mental factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma In this context, virya is defined as the attitude of gladly engaging in what is wholesome; its function is to cause one to accomplish wholesome actions. The Abhidharma-samuccaya states: What is virya? It is the mind intent on being ever active, devoted, unshaken, not turning back and being indefatigable. It perfects and realizes what is conducive to the positive. In the context of the Mahayana Abhidharma, virya is commonly translated as diligence. Pali literature In Buddhism's Pali literature, viriya is identified as critical component in each of the following sets of qualities conducive to Enlightenment (bodhi-pakkhiyā-dhammā): the five spiritual faculties (indriya) the five powers (bala) the ten or six "perfections" (pāramitās) the seven factors of enlightenment (bojjhaṅga). It is also associated with "Right Effort" (sammā-vāyāma) of the Noble Eightfold Path (Pāli: ; Skt.: ) and with the "Four Right Exertions" (samma-ppadhāna). In the Kīṭāgiri Sutta (MN 70), the Buddha instructs his followers: ... For a faithful disciple who is intent on fathoming the Teacher's Dispensation, it is natural that he conduct himself thus: 'Willingly, let only my skin, sinews, and bones remain, and let the flesh and blood dry up on my body, but my energy [Pali: viriya] shall not be relaxed so long as I have not attained what can be attained by manly strength [purisa-tthāmena], manly energy [purisa-viriyena], and manly persistence [purisa-parakkamena]...." Other characterizations It stands for strenuous and sustained effort to overcome unskillful ways (akusala dhamma), such as indulging in sensuality, ill will and harmfulness (see, e.g., ahiṃsa and nekkhamma). Viriya can also be aroused by strong feelings of Saṃvega