in the country permanently under the conditions of the 1892 Geary Act. Most of them settled in San Antonio, Texas. Soldiers who took part in the Villa campaign were awarded the Mexican Service Medal. Legacy The chase after Villa was a small military episode, but it had important long-term implications. It enabled Carranza to mobilize popular anger, strengthen his political position, and permanently escalate anti-American sentiment in Mexico. On the American side, it made Pershing a national figure and, when Funston died of a heart attack shortly after the expedition returned to the United States, an obvious choice to lead the American forces in France in 1917. It gave the inexperienced American army some needed experience in dealing with training, logistics, and command using national guardsmen in a foreign land. It gave the American public a way to work out its frustrations over the European stalemate and it showed that the United States was willing to defend its borders while keeping that demonstration on a small scale. Order of battle United States Army: 5th Cavalry Regiment 7th Cavalry Regiment 10th Cavalry Regiment (Buffalo Soldiers) 11th Cavalry Regiment 13th Cavalry Regiment 6th Infantry Regiment 16th Infantry Regiment 17th Infantry Regiment 24th Infantry Regiment (Buffalo Soldiers) 4th Field Artillery Regiment 6th Field Artillery Regiment 1st Aero Squadron Apache Scouts 2nd Massachusetts Infantry 1st Battalion, Field Artillery, Michigan National Guard See also References Footnotes Citations Further reading Clendenon, Clarence C. (1969). Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars. NY: Macmillan, de Quesada, Alejandro (2012). The Hunt for Pancho Villa: The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition 1916–17, Osprey Publishing, Dubach Jr, Thomas Reese. "Reinforcements on the Border: The Utah National Guard's Role in the Punitive Expedition, 1916-1917." (MA Thesis, Utah State University, 2012). online; Bibliography pages 44–48. W.W. Norton, Finley, James P., director and editor (1993). "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: Military Events in the American Southwest from 1910–1916", Huachuca Illustrated: A Magazine of the Fort Huachuca Museum Volume 1. Garrigues, George. Liberty Bonds and Bayonets, (City Desk Publishing, 2020), Chapter 5, "On the Border." Hall, Linda B. and Don M. Coerver. Revolution on the Border: The United States and Mexico 1910–1920 (University of New Mexico Press, 1988). Harris, Charles H. and Sadler, Louis R. (2015). The Great Call-Up: The Guard, the Border, and the Mexican Revolution. University of Oklahoma Press. Hurst, James W. (2007). Pancho Villa and Black