considerably less energy than other methods and having numerous other advantages. Research in the physical performance of centrifuges was carried out by the Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan in the 1970s–80s, using vacuum methods for advancing the role of centrifuges in the development of nuclear fuel for Pakistan's atomic bomb. Many of the theorists working with Khan were unsure that either gaseous and enriched uranium would be feasible on time. One scientist recalled: "No one in the world has used the [gas] centrifuge method to produce military-grade uranium.... This was not going to work. He was simply wasting time." In spite of skepticism, the program was quickly proven to be feasible. Enrichment via centrifuge has been used in experimental physics, and the method was smuggled to at least three different countries by the end of the 20th century. See also Nuclear technology Nuclear power Nuclear fuel Footnotes References "Basics of Centrifugation." Cole-Parmer Technical Lab. 14 Mar. 2008 "Gas Centrifuge Uranium Enrichment." Global Security.Org. 27 Apr. 2005. 13 Mar. 2008 "What is a Gas Centrifuge?" 2003. Institute for Science and International Security. 10 Oct. 2013 External links Annotated bibliography on the gas centrifuge from the Alsos Digital Library History of the Centrifuge What is a Gas Centrifuge? Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Four Governments of the French Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany Regarding the Establishment, Construction and Operation of Uranium Enriching Installations Using Gas Centrifuge Technology in the United States of America United States Department of State Centrifuges Isotope separation Nuclear chemistry Nuclear proliferation Uranium P R A