the past 40 years by the widespread availability of first mimeograph technology, then low-cost copy centers and digital printing, and by the cultural revolutions spurred by both zines and poetry slams, the latter generating hundreds upon hundreds of self-published chapbooks that are used to fund tours. In New York, a joint effort of the Center for the Humanities at the Graduate Center, CUNY and their sponsors has come up with the NYC/CUNY Chapbook festival where, as it states in their about page, “The NYC/CUNY Chapbook Festival celebrates the chapbook as a work of art, and as a medium for alternative and emerging writers and publishers… the festival features a day-long bookfair with chapbook publishers from around the country, workshops, panels, a chapbook exhibition, and a reading of prize-winning Chapbook Fellows.” With the recent popularity of blogs, online literary journals, and other online publishers, short collections of poetry published online are frequently referred to as "online chapbooks", "electronic chapbooks", "e-chapbooks", or "e-chaps". Stephen King wrote a few parts of an early draft of The Plant and sent them out as chapbooks to his friends instead of Christmas cards in 1982, 1983, and 1985. "Philtrum Press produced just three installments before the story was shelved, and the original editions have been hotly sought-after collector's items." In 2019, three different publishers (New York Review Books, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, and Celadon Books) used chapbooks as a marketing tool. They took excerpts of longer works, turned them into chapbooks, and sent them to booksellers and other literary tastemakers to generate interest in the upcoming publications. Chapbook collections The National Library of Scotland holds a large collection of Scottish chapbooks; approximately 4,000 of an estimated total of 15,000 published – including several in Lowland Scots and Gaelic. Records for most Scottish chapbooks have been catalogued online. Approximately 3,000 of these have been digitised and can be accessed from the Library's Digital Gallery. A project is underway to add every Chapbook in the collection to Wikisource at https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:WikiProject_NLS. The Glasgow University Library has over 1,000 examples throughout the collections, searchable online via the Scottish Chapbooks Catalogue of c. 4,000 works, which covers the Lauriston Castle collection, Edinburgh City libraries and Stirling University. The University of South Carolina's G. Ross Roy Collection is collaborating in research for the Scottish Chapbook Project. The Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford has over 30,000 ballads in several major collections.