Australian radio audiences have had virtually no exposure to pirate radio. There were no broadcasts as part of the World War II propaganda campaigns and commercial as well as community stations alongside the taxpayer funded Australian Broadcasting Corporation were available during the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s - a period when the UK was experiencing a surge in illegal broadcasts during the early days of acid house and the Second Summer of Love. The absence of pirate radio in Australia is primarily attributed to the relatively large number of commercial licences that were issued, particularly after World War 2, as well as the existence of public (later renamed community) non-commercial broadcasting licenses supported mainly by listener subscription. Additionally, the lack of availability of imported broadcasting equipment and the likely application of severe, legislated penalties including jail for offenders, would also have been a factor. Amateur radio operators must obtain the appropriate licence of the 16 different types of radiocommunications transmitter (narrowcasting) licences available from the Australian Communications and Media Authority to legally operate on a specific frequency. These licences range in cost from less than $50 up to several thousand dollars. Occurrences A small number of the total pirate radio stations in Australia are documented. 2 May 1948: “D.I.G., the Diggers' Station” broadcasts an anti-Communist message for 24 minutes, and in the process jams Melbourne commercial station 3UZ for 10 minutes. Over the next 10 days other commercial stations were jammed. Ricardo Blackburn was prosecuted and fined £30. He said he was a member of an organisation of mostly returned soldiers known as Crusaders of Freedom, led by Alec Sutter. Its aim was to encourage trade unionists to attend union meetings and thus outvote the Communists at those meetings. Early to mid-1960s: Bruce Jackson and friends from Vaucluse High School were raided by the PMG for operating an AM pirate station that unbeknown to them covered all of Sydney. 1966: Radio Prosh transmits from a ship in international waters off Kangaroo Island. Ernie Sigley plays host. The PMG jams the signal from the mainland. A number of protests result but the station is short lived. Early 1970s: University students and draft resisters, protesting against conscription in Australia and the Vietnam War, set up pirate radio stations broadcasting on the AM band called Radio Draft Resistance at Sydney and Melbourne Universities for short periods of time. December 1986: A