education to Catholic children attending secular schools. In some parishes, CCD is called PSR, meaning Parish School of Religion, or SRE, meaning Special Religious Education. Similar to children's Sunday schools in Protestant churches, CCD education is provided by both members of the clergy and lay staff. CCD attendance is considered by the Holy See to be vital to children's development as Catholics. These classes not only educate children about Jesus and the Catholic faith but prepare children to receive the sacraments of Penance (confession), the Eucharist (Holy Communion), and Confirmation. Organisations called Confraternity of Christian Doctrine have been established in many countries and organise modern CCD programs. The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc. is an affiliate of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops established in 1946 and based in Washington DC, which owns the copyright on the New American Bible Revised Edition, the translation most commonly used in US Catholic churches and incorporated in the lectionary for Mass used in the USA. The organisation operates an international grant-funding programme in conjunction with the Catholic Biblical Association, using royalties to support "Catholic biblical literacy and Catholic biblical interpretation". See also Catechism Catholic spirituality Confraternity Bible New American Bible Notes Catholic education 1562 establishments in the Papal States