The Biu–Mandara or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon. A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014). Languages Gravina (2014) Gravina (2014) classifies Central Chadic as follows, as part of a reconstruction of the proto-language. Letters and numbers in parentheses correspond to branches in previous classifications. The greatest changes are breaking up and reassigning the languages of the old Mafa branch (A.5) and Mandage (Kotoko) branch (B.1). South South Bata (A.8) Bata Proper: Bacama, Bata, Fali, Gude, Gudu, Holma (†), Jimi, Ngwaba (from A.1 Tera), Nzanyi, Sharwa Tsuvan: Tsuvan, Zizilivakan Daba (A.7) Daba Proper: Daba, Mazagway Hidi Mina: Mina, Mbudum Buwal: Buwal, Gavar Mafa (= South A.5 Mafa (d)): Mafa, Mefele, Cuvok Tera (A.1): East Tera: Boga, Ga'anda, Hwana (West Tera): Jara, Tera Sukur (A.6) Hurza Hurza (from A.5 Mafa): Vame, Mbuko North Margi–Mandara–Mofu Margi (A.2) Bura: Bura, Cibak, Putai, Nggwahyi Margi Proper: Kilba, Margi South, Margi Mandara (A.4): Wandala: Mandara (Malgwa), Glavda Dghwede: Cineni, Dghwede, Guduf, Gava, Gvoko Podoko: Podoko, Matal (from A.5 Mafa) Mofu (part of South A.5 Mafa) Tokombere: Ouldeme, Mada, Muyang, Molokwo Meri: Zulgo, Gemzek, Merey, Dugwor Mofu Proper: Mofu North, Mofu-Gudur Maroua Maroua (part of South A.5 Mafa (c)): Giziga North, Giziga South, Mbazla Lamang Lamang (West A.4 Wandala): Lamang, Hdi, Mabas Higi Higi (A.3): Bana, Hya, Psikyɛ, Kamwe, Kirya-Konzel Musgum – North Kotoko Kotoko Island: Buduma Kotoko North: Mpade, Afaɗə, Malgbe, Maltam Musgum (B.2): Musgum, Mbara, Muskum (†) Kotoko Centre Kotoko Centre: Lagwan, Mser Kotoko South Kotoko South: Zina, Mazera Gidar Jilbe was not classified, as no sources were available. Blench (2006) The branches of Biu–Mandara traditionally go by either names or letters and numbers in an outline format. Blench (2006) organizes them as follows: Tera (A.1): Tera, Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga, Ngwaba, Hwana Bura–Higi Bura (A.2): Bura-Pabir (Bura), Cibak (Kyibaku), Nggwahyi, Huba (Kilba), Putai (Marghi West), Marghi Central (Margi, Margi Babal), Marghi South ? Kofa Higi (A.3): Kamwə (Psikyɛ, Higi), Bana, Hya, ? Kirya-Konzəl Wandala–Mafa Wandala (Mandara) (A.4) East: Wandala (Mura, Mandara, Malgwa), Glavda (Gəlvaxdaxa) Parəkwa (Podoko) West: Gəvoko, Guduf-Gava (Cineni), Dghweɗe, Hdi (Xədi, Hedi, Tur), Lamang, Woga, Vemgo, Mabas Sukur (Sakwun, A.6) Mafa (A.5) Northeast Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko, Gaduwa Matal (Muktele) South Mafa (a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang, Maɗa, Məlokwo (b) Zəlgwa-Minew, Gemzek, Ɗugwor, Mikere, Merey (c) North Giziga, South Giziga, North Mofu, Mofu-Gudur (South Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam) (d)