with the powdered bark ash to create a dough resembling butter. Once the desired texture is achieved, the dough is flattened into a cookie and cooked over a fire. Traditionally, yopo is taken by deep inhalation through bifurcated tubes from a special apparatus resembling a slightly deep, concave wooden plate. Symptoms Though there are myriad somatic symptoms, ranging from violent sneezing to increased mucus production and bloodshot eyes, cohoba is appreciated for the altered, other-worldly state of consciousness it lends to the user. Even though cohoba is often snuffed with tobacco, it has pharmacologically intriguing properties distinct from tobacco. The active components in cohoba responsible for the hallucinogenic effects are DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and bufotenine (N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine). The effects of DMT include kaleidoscopic visions similar to LSD that may lead to scenery hallucinations, accompanied by auditory hallucinations. The psychotic effects derived from bufotenine have been suggested to have resulted from central nervous system activity. Though cohoba usage is not as widespread as before, it is still taken up today by various localities of South America for the aforementioned rich, hallucinogenic properties. References Psychedelic drugs Entheogens Taíno