without elevated risk because of their small size and limited fishery exposure. Effective networks account for the movement patterns of target species at each life cycle stage. Given a strong, consistent current, siting marine reserves upstream increases downstream populations. Other protected marine categories Marine reserves are distinct from marine parks, but there is some overlap in usage. Open ocean reserves As of April 2008 no high seas marine reserves had been established. Greenpeace is campaigning for the "doughnut holes" of the western pacific to be declared as marine reserves and for 40 percent of the world's oceans to be so protected. By country or territory Australia Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is the largest marine park, at 350,000 km2 or 217,000 miles2 and is partially a marine reserve. Great Australian Bight Marine Park Shark Bay Marine Park British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Marine Reserve is the largest 'no take' marine reserve with more than 540,000 km2 It is said to be one of the world's richest marine ecosystems. Hosts the world's biggest living coral structure - the Great Chagos Bank. Home to more than 220 coral species, which is almost half the recorded species of the entire Indian Ocean. Contains more than 1,000 species of reef fish. Isle of Man Laxey Bay Ramsey Bay New Zealand New Zealand has 44 marine reserves spread around the North and South Islands and other outlying islands. These are 'no take' areas where all forms of extractive activities are prohibited. Marine reserves are administered by the Department of Conservation. New Zealand's marine environment is more than 15 times larger than its terrestrial area, however only 9.5% of New Zealand's territorial waters are in marine reserves, while 0.4% of New Zealand's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is currently protected. United States In 2000, waters around Desecheo Island in Puerto Rico received a marine reserve designation and fishing is allowed within around the island. See also Marine park Marine protected area References Further reading External links Greenpeace is calling for a global network of Marine reserves Waitt Foundation Marine Protected Areas MPAtlas.org Marine conservation Protected areas