Phnom Penh under the Khmer Rouge. A study called "The Aversion Project" found that gay conscripts in the South African Defence Forces (SADF) during the apartheid era had been forced to submit to "curing" their homosexuality, both by electroshock therapies and by botched sex changes. There have been numerous claims that electroconvulsive therapy and prefrontal lobotomies and similar psychiatric treatments have sometimes been performed not in the patient's best interests, but rather as punishment for misbehaviour or to otherwise make the patient easier to manage. A classic example of this is the Lake Alice, New Zealand atrocity which occurred in the early 1970s. Children admitted to the Lake Alice Hospital's open child and adolescent unit were routinely punished with unmodified ECT (that is, ECT without anesthesia). Some governments (e.g. Norway and New Zealand) have since begun paying reparations to patients who suffered such treatments. The World Health Organization has called for a ban on unmodified ECT, and states no form of it should be used on children. In 2016, a group consisting of 71 British medical doctors urged that Israel's membership in the World Medical Association should be revoked, alleging that Israeli doctors performed state-endorsed "medical torture" on Palestinians. However, no official motion for expulsion was ever filed, nor were these allegations upheld by the World Medical Association. Purported medical or professional complicity According to the Center for Constitutional Rights' When Healers Harm campaign, health professionals were complicit in the torture and abuse of detainees during U.S. President George W. Bush's "war on terror". Health professionals, including medical doctors, psychiatrists, medical examiners, psychologists, and nurses, have been implicated in the torture and abuse of prisoners in CIA secret prisons and military detention centers, such as those in Guantánamo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Health professionals are accused of: crafting abusive tactics and falsely legitimizing their use; advised interrogators on methods of abuse that would exploit prisoners’ vulnerabilities; using medical procedures to harm prisoners; gauging pain and monitoring interrogations that risked leaving prisoners in need of treatment; checking prisoners to certify that they were capable of surviving additional abuse; conditioning medical or mental health treatment on cooperation with interrogation; sharing confidential patient information that was used to harm patients; covering up evidence of torture and abuse; and turning a blind eye to cruel treatment. To date, no state licensing boards or professional associations have investigated – or recognized, in some cases – abusive