Contextualism.) An alternative to contextualism called contrastivism has been proposed by Jonathan Schaffer. Contrastivism, like contextualism, uses semantic approaches to tackle the problem of skepticism. Recent work in experimental philosophy has taken an empirical approach to testing the claims of contextualism and related views. This research has proceeded by conducting experiments in which ordinary non-philosophers are presented with vignettes, then asked to report on the status of the knowledge ascription. The studies address contextualism by varying the context of the knowledge ascription, e.g. how important it is that the agent in the vignette has accurate knowledge. In the studies completed up to 2010, no support for contextualism has been found: stakes have no impact on evidence. More specifically, non-philosophical intuitions about knowledge attributions are not affected by the importance to the potential knower of the accuracy of that knowledge. See also Anekantavada Degrees of truth Exclusive disjunction False dilemma Fuzzy logic Logical disjunction Logical value Multi-valued logic Perspectivism Principle of bivalence Propositional attitude Propositional logic Relativism Rhizome (philosophy) Semiotic anthropology Truth Footnotes References and further reading Annis, David. 1978. "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification", in American Philosophical Quarterly, 15: 213–219. Cappelen, H. & Lepore, E. 2005. Insensitive Semantics: A Defense of Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism, Blackwell Publishing. Cohen, Stuart. 1998. "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Scepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery." Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76: 289–306. Cohen Stuart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999. DeRose, Keith. 1992. "Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 52: 913–929. DeRose, Keith. 1995. "Solving the Skeptical Problem," Philosophical Review 104: 1-52. DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense", in Greco and Sosa 1999. DeRose, Keith. 2002. "Assertion, Knowledge, and Context," Philosophical Review 111: 167–203. DeRose, Keith. 2009. The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism and Context, Vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999. Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing. Hawthorne, John. 2004. Knowledge and Lotteries, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mackie, J.L. 1977, "Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong", Viking Press, . May, Joshua, Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, Hull, Jay G. & Zimmerman, Aaron. 2010. "Practical Interests, Relevant Alternatives, and Knowledge Attributions: An Empirical Study", Review of Philosophy and Psychology (formerly European Review of Philosophy), special issue on Psychology and Experimental Philosophy ed. by Edouard Machery, Tania Lombrozo, & Joshua Knobe, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 265–273. Price,