offers a solution for this problem and proposes to make a distinction between the content of a presentation and the object of a presentation. In his book Twardowski offers an analogy to clarify this distinction. He uses the example of a painting. People say of a landscape that it is painted, but also of a painting that it is painted. In the first case the word ‘painting’ is used in a modifying way (a painted landscape is not a landscape at all), while in the latter case the word painting is used in a qualitative or attributive way. Twardowski argues that presentations are similar. The content is the painted painting and the object is the painted landscape. The content resembles the present ‘picture’ in one's mind, and the object the landscape. Bibliography Works in German and Polish Über den Unterschied zwischen der klaren und deutlichen Perception und der klaren und deutlichen Idee bei Descartes (On the difference between clear and distinct perception and between clear and distinct ideas in Descartes, doctoral dissertation, 1891) Idee und perzeption. Eine erkenntnis-theoretische Untersuchung aus Descartes (1892) Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen (On the Doctrine of the Content and Object of Presentations, habilitation thesis, 1894) Wyobrażenie i pojęcie (1898) O tzw. prawdach względnych (1900) Über sogenannte relative Wahrheiten (1902) Über begriffliche Vorstellungen (1903) Das Wesen der Begriffe allegato a Jahresbericht der Wiener philosophischen Gesellschaft (1903) O psychologii, jej przedmiocie, zadaniach, metodzie, stosunku do innych nauk i jej rozwoju (1913) Rozprawy i artykuły filozoficzne (1927) Wybrane pisma filozoficzne (1965) (Collection of the philosophical essays) Wybór pism psychologicznych i pedagogicznych (1992) (Collection of the psychological and pedagogical essays) Dzienniki (1997) Translations On the Content and Object of Presentations. A Psychological Investigation. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1977. Translated and with an introduction by Reinhardt Grossmann. On Actions, Products and Other Topics in Philosophy. Edited by Johannes Brandl and Jan Wolenski. Amsterdam: Rodopi 1999. Translated and annotated by Arthur Szylewicz. On Prejudices, Judgments and Other Topics in Philosophy. Edited by Anna Brożek e Jacek Jadacki. Amsterdam: Rodopi 2014. Sur les objets intentionnels (1893–1901). Paris: Vrin 1993. French translation of Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen and other texts by Edmund Husserl. See also Representationalism Logology (science of science) Polish logic History of philosophy in Poland List of Poles Notes References Jens Cavallin, Content and Object: Husserl, Twardowski and Psychologism, Springer, 1997. Sandra Lapointe, Jan