Instituto Superior Técnico MHSE • MHIP (IST, also known colloquially as Técnico, and stylized TÉCNICO LISBOA) is a public school of engineering and technology, part of University of Lisbon. It was founded as an autonomous school in 1911, and integrated in the Universidade Técnica de Lisboa in 1930. IST is the largest school of engineering in Portugal by number of enrolled students, faculty size, scientific production and patents. IST has three campi, all located in the Lisbon metropolitan area: Alameda in Lisbon, Taguspark in Oeiras and Tecnológico e Nuclear Campus in Loures, and consists of ten departments that are responsible for teaching the undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Each department is organized in sections, which group together specific subjects within its scientific area. In addition, the laboratories of the several departments support the teaching and research activities carried out at IST. It offers 18 undergraduate programmes attended by more than 6,000 students—covering a wide range of areas of knowledge—including not only all the traditional engineering specializations, but also emerging scientific areas such as Biomedical Engineering, Aerospace, and Physics Engineering. Over 4,500 students are enrolled in 32 masters, 33 doctoral and several specialized programs. IST has produced 1292 PhD holders. History Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) was created in 1911 from the division of the Instituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa, along with Instituto Superior do Comércio, currently Insituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. Alfredo Bensaúde, an engineer, was IST's first dean (1911–1922) and promoted a wide-range reform in the Portuguese higher technical education, including the first engineering courses at IST: mining, civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical-industrial. IST's second dean was Duarte Pacheco (1927–1932), also an engineer, who was responsible for the construction of the campus at Alameda, designed by architect Porfírio Pardal Monteiro. Meanwhile, IST became part of the recently created Technical University of Lisbon. Throughout the following decade, the image of engineers from IST was projected into major engineering works, promoted by Duarte Pacheco, who was by the time Minister of Public Works. Between 1952 and 1972, 12 study centres were established in Portugal, three of them at IST, in the fields of chemistry, geology and mineralogy, and electronics. These centres were responsible for promoting faculty training and scientific qualification through doctoral studies in universities and research centres abroad. In 1970, the minimum period for obtaining a bachelor's degree decreased from six to five years, and IST denoted a remarkable increase