bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia, and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino-French War (1884-85). But the defeat of the fleet, and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan, forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms." The Qing dynasty forced Russia to hand over disputed territory in the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881), in what was widely seen by the west as a diplomatic victory for the Qing. Russia acknowledged that Qing China potentially posed a serious military threat. Mass media in the west during this era portrayed China as a rising military power due to its modernization programs and as a major threat to the western world, invoking fears that China would successfully conquer western colonies like Australia. List of arsenals in Qing China Hanyang Arsenal Jiangnan Shipyard Taiyuan Arsenal Lanchow Arsenal (Lanzhou Arsenal) built by the Chu Army Foochow Arsenal Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal List of modernized armies in Qing China Jiangnan Daying Yong Ying Xiang Army Chu Army Huai Army Kansu Braves Tenacious Army Hushenying Peking Field Force Shenjiying Wuwei Corps Beiyang Army New Army Beiyang Fleet Fujian Fleet Nanyang Fleet Shuishiying Military philosophy Chinese military thought's most famous tome is Sun Tzu's Art of war, written in the Warring States Era. In the book, Sun Tzu laid out several important cornerstones of military thought, such as: The importance of intelligence. The importance of manoeuvring so your enemy is hit in his weakened spots. The importance of morale. How to conduct diplomacy so that you gain more allies and the enemy lose allies. Having the moral advantage. The importance of national unity. All warfare is based on deception. The importance of logistics. The proper relationship between the ruler and the general. Sun Tzu holds the ruler should not interfere in military affairs. Difference between Strategic and Tactical strategy. No country has benefited from a prolonged war. Subduing an enemy without using force is best. Sun Tzu's work became the cornerstone of military thought, which grew rapidly. By the Han dynasty, no less than 11 schools of military thought were recognized. During the Song dynasty, a military academy was established. Military exams and degrees Equipment and technology In their various campaigns, the Chinese armies through the ages, employed a variety of equipment in the different arms of the army. The most notable weaponry used by the Chinese consisted