Past, future and present participles are formed by the addition of suffixes and are negated in the same way as other verbs. {| class="wikitable" |- ! || Marker || Negation |- !Past | -KAn || -mA |- !Future | -cAK || -mAy |- !Present | -r || -mAz |} Copula The copula ol (“to be, become, exist”) is generally expressed as a predicate suffix in the present tense, closely resembling the pronominal person endings, as displayed below. The third person endings are frequently deleted in colloquial speech. The copula’s past tense form, edi, is suppletive. Future tense copular forms are constructed by the addition of the categorical future suffix -cAK. {| class="wikitable" |- ! || Singular || Plural |- !1st Person | -(I)m||-mIz |- !2nd Person | -sIñ||-sI(ñI)z |- !3rd Perso | (-dır)||(-dır) |} VB:Verbalizing Suffix Converbs Converbs, a characteristic of many Turkic languages, express sequential or dependent action. Present tense converbs are formed by the addition of the suffixes -A (used after consonants) and -y (used after vowels). In past tense, converbs take the suffix -Ip. Thus: Nouns Crimean Tatar noun stems take suffixes which express grammatical number, case and possession. As in all other Turkic languages, there is no grammatical gender in Crimean Tatar. Nouns are declined according to the following paradigm: {| class="wikitable" |[STEM] + [number] + [possession] + [case] |} Noun derivation Noun stems are derived in a number of ways. Most commonly, a bare noun stem can take a denominal suffix which alters its basic meaning. Similarly, a bare verb stem can take a deverbal suffix that converts it into a noun. There are many such denominal and deverbal suffixes in Crimean Tatar; some common suffixes are shown below: {| class="wikitable" |+ Deverbal !Marker||Meaning||Example||Gloss |- | -mA||result of action||aşıqma (“a hurry”)||hurry-SUF |- | -KI||instrument of action||bilgi (“knowledge”)||know-SUF |- | -KIç||utility of action||tutquç (“holder, handle”)||hold-SUF |- | -I||general noun formation||ölü (“dead man”)||die-SUF |- | -(I)k||general noun formation||kurek (“shovel”)||scoop-SUF |- | -(U)v||general noun formation||quruv (“building”)||build-SUF |} Noun stems can also be reduplicated, which lends a more generalized meaning. The last method of noun derivation is through the compounding of two noun stems. Thus: Number Nouns are pluralized by the addition of the suffix -lAr to the noun stem. The vowel in this plural suffix agrees phonetically with the final vowel in the stem. Use of the plural can also express respect, as in: Possession Possession is expressed