Near collapse of the Sasanian Empire. 650s: Battle of Balanjar (650s): Khazar Turks defeat the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate. Beginning of the Arab–Khazar wars 651: Muslim conquest of Persia results in the Fall of the Sasanian Empire with the defeat, flight, and death of its last emperor Yazdegerd III after the Battle of the Oxus. 654: Abu'l-Awar defeats Constans II at the Battle of the Masts. First decisive naval victory of the Arab–Byzantine wars. 661: First Fitna ends with the Hasan–Muawiya treaty between Hasan ibn Ali and Muawiyah I, recognizing the latter as the first Umayyad Caliph. 663: Constans II removes the bronze tiles from the Pantheon, Rome. 674: First Arab Siege of Constantinople, lasting until 678. 680: Second Fitna begins after the death of Muawiyah I and lasts twelve years. Husayn ibn Ali is defeated by Yazid I at the Battle of Karbala. Third Council of Constantinople is convened by Constantine IV and Patriarch George I of Constantinople. 681: First Bulgarian Empire is established under khan Asparuh by treaty with Constantine IV. 688: Battle of Mamma: The Umayadd general Zuhayr ibn Qays defeats the berber king Kusaila. Collapse of the Kingdom of Altava 691: Construction of the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem begins under Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik. 698: Roman Carthage is razed by Hassan ibn al-Nu'man after the Battle of Carthage. End of the Exarchate of Africa. See also Byzantine Empire Peter Brown Henri Pirenne Fall of the Western Roman Empire Early Middle Ages Migration Period Roman–Persian Wars Notes References Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, NLB, London, 1974. Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (CE 150–750), Thames and Hudson, 1989, Peter Brown, Authority and the Sacred : Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World, Routledge, 1997, Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity 200–1000 CE, Blackwell, 2003, Henning Börm, Westrom. Von Honorius bis Justinian, 2nd ed., Kohlhammer Verlag, 2018, . (Review in English). Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire: CE 284–430, Harvard University Press, 1993, Averil Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity CE 395–700, Routledge, 2011, Averil Cameron et al. (editors), The Cambridge Ancient History, vols. 12–14, Cambridge University Press 1997ff. Gilian Clark, Late Antiquity: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2011, John Curran, Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century, Clarendon Press, 2000. Alexander