denounced the plan for being compulsory, inefficient, and monopolistic. In an oral history interview, Leon H. Keyserling said the New Deal's National Industrial Recovery Act "started as a trade association act. The original draft of the act grew out of the so-called Gerard Swope plan for Recovery." When asked in November 1933 about an updated Swope Plan, President Roosevelt said, "Mr. Swope's plan is a very interesting theoretical suggestion in regard to some ultimate development of N.R.A." Honors Hoover Medal, 1942 Legion of Honor (France) Order of the Rising Sun (Japan) Honorary doctorates from Rutgers, Union, Colgate, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Washington University in St. Louis References 1872 births 1957 deaths Businesspeople from St. Louis American people of German-Jewish descent Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni American manufacturing businesspeople