– Austrian Decoration for Science and Art 2008 – Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 2009 – Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize (Paris, France/Berlin, Germany) 2010 – Chair of Artistic Creation at the Collège de France 2011 – Berliner Bär (B.Z.-Kulturpreis) 2011 – Leo Baeck Medal, Leo Baeck Institut of New York 2014 – Honorary doctorate in Philosophy, University of Turin 2015 – Honorary doctorate in letters, University of St Andrews 2015 – Honorary doctorate for general merit, University of Antwerp 2017 – J. Paul Getty Medal Award 2019 – Prize for Understanding and Tolerance, awarded by the Jewish Museum Berlin 2020 – Honorary Doctorate in the Communication and Teaching of Art, Brera Academy (Milan, Italy) 2023 – Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Materials Used Due to the spontaneous nature of his creative process, many of his works have issues regarding stability—a concern shared by collectors, dealers, and curators alike. He acknowledges the issue, but says change is part of the process and that their essence will ultimately stay the same. This idea of transformation has a kind of appeal for Kiefer and thus is featured in many of his works. This fascination for the process may have stemmed from the artist's keen interest in alchemy. He often chooses materials for their alchemical properties—lead in particular being chief among them. In the case of lead, he specifically likes how the metal looks during the heating and melting process when he would see many colors—especially that of gold—which he thought of in a symbolic sense as the gold sought by alchemists. He is also particularly fond of the oxidation of white on lead. He would often try to induce oxidation artificially with the use of acid to speed up the process. Lead was also associated with the alchemical concepts of magic numbers and represented the planet Saturn. Shellac, another material popular in his work, corresponded to lead in terms of how he felt about its color and energy possibilities. He also liked that while being polished it takes on energy and becomes warm to the touch. The use of straw in his work is also in part the result of this common theme of energy. Straw again features the color gold and gives off energy, heat, and warmth when burned. This would make way for new creation thus continuing the cycle of life