of local adaptation. See also Aeroplankton Competition (biology) Disturbance (ecology) Dormancy ('dispersal in time') Gene flow Habitat fragmentation Island hopping Landscape ecology Metapopulation Oceanic dispersal Phoresy Population modeling Population distribution Population ecology Species distribution References Further reading (Dispersal of animals) (Animals and plants) External links Fruit and seed dispersal images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Reproduction Population ecology Biological evolution