necessities, and always based on axial links between walls and columns, but the introduction of stone architecture broke that connection. Nevertheless, it did survive throughout Ionic architecture. In Doric temples, however, the wooden roof construction, originally placed behind the frieze, now started at a higher level, behind the . This ended the structural link between frieze and roof; the structural elements of the latter could now be placed independent of axial relationships. As a result, the walls lost their fixed connection with the columns for a long time and could be freely placed within the . Only after a long phase of developments did the architects choose the alignment of the outer wall face with the adjacent column axis as the obligatory principle for Doric temples. Doric temples in Greater Greece rarely follow this system. Column number formula The basic proportions of the building were determined by the numeric relationship of columns on the front and back to those on the sides. The classic solution chosen by Greek architects is the formula "frontal columns : side columns = n : (2n+1)", which can also be used for the number of intercolumniations. As a result, numerous temples of the Classical period in Greece ( to 336 BCE) had 6 × 13 columns or 5 × 11 intercolumniations. The same proportions, in a more abstract form, determine most of the Parthenon, not only in its 8 × 17 column , but also, reduced to 4:9, in all other basic measurements, including the intercolumniations, the stylobate, the width-height proportion of the entire building, and the (here reversed to 9:4). Column spacing Since the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, the proportion of column width to the space between columns, the intercolumnium, played an increasingly important role in architectural theory, reflected, for example, in the works of Vitruvius. According to this proportion, Vitruvius (3, 3, 1 ff) distinguished between five different design concepts and temple types: Pyknostyle, tight-columned: intercolumnium = 1 lower column diameters Systyle, close-columned: intercolumnium = 2 lower column diameters Eustyle, well-columned: intercolumnium = 2 lower column diameters Diastyle, board-columned: interkolumnium = 3 lower column diameters Araeostyle, light-columned: intercolumnium = 3 lower column diameters The determination and discussion of these basic principles went back to Hermogenes, whom Vitruvius credits with the invention of the . The Temple of Dionysos at Teos, normally ascribed to Hermogenes, does indeed have intercolumnia measuring