in terms of their policy instruments, visions and perspectives for the future. Furthermore, in order to promote innovation the different innovative actors must have strong links with each other based on a strong level of trust and governments should promote and activate trust among the different innovation actors. The links can take the form of joint research, personnel exchanges, crosspatenting, and purchase of equipment. Finally, NSI are shaped by distinct socio-cultural qualities of national communities. Therefore, there are national trajectories of innovativeness, technology orientation and learning, which results in each nation, either highly developed or not, having some kind of NSI, no matter if working well or not. Furthermore, the success factors of NSI have been seen by many scholars in the creation of supportive institutions and organizations (with a key role of education) and collaboration links Bridging Scales in Innovation Policies throughout the various elements that constitute a NSI. Examples include public R&D and companies, as well as common objectives and innovative cultures of agents, altogether entailing self/reinforcing progress and synergies. Differences in the structures and strategies of NSI among various economically successful countries indicate, however, that there is no universal best practise recipe. See also American School Diffusion of innovations Friedrich List Innovation system Knowledge Assessment Methodology by the World Bank Institute Local innovation system Military–industrial complex Quadruple and quintuple innovation helix (Q2IH) framework Relational capital Regional innovation system Notes Further reading Edquist, C. (1997), Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions, and Organizations, Pinter, London. Freeman, C. (1987), Technology and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, Pinter, London. Miettinen, R. (2002), National Innovation System: Scientific Concept or Political Rhetoric, Edita, Helsinki. Nawar, Abdel-Hameed (2005), NIS in Egypt: The Need for A Strategic Shift, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, manuscript OECD, (1997), National Innovation Systems, OECD Publications, Paris. External links National Innovation Systems (OECD, 1997) Innovation