had to live outside the permanent residence for a long period of time. As an example, students and workers leaving to study or work in other cities received temporary propiskas at their dorms, apartments, or hostels. When reintroduced in the 1930s, the passport system in the USSR was similar to that of the Russian Empire where passports were required mainly in the largest cities and in the territories adjacent to the country's external borders. Officers and soldiers always had special identity documents, while peasants could obtain internal passports only by a special application. In the USSR, the term residential permit () was used as a synonym for temporary propiska, particularly with regard to foreign nationals. By the end of the 1980s, when emigrants from the USSR could return, those who had lost Soviet citizenship could also apply for an identity document with this title. The "passportization" of the citizen of the USSR reached its all-encompassing scope only in the 1970s: the right (and obligation) of every adult (from 16) to have a passport promoted the propiska as the primary lever of the regulation of migration. On the other hand, the propiska underlined the mechanism of the constitutional obligation of the state to provide everyone a dwelling: no one could be stripped of the propiska at one location without substitution with another permanent propiska location, even amidst the then-rarely-granted right to emigrate. All employers were strictly forbidden to give jobs to anybody without a local "propiska". To hire additional employees, the largest enterprises had to build housing for their staff beforehand. While some built dormitories, others made conventional apartment blocks for individual resettlement. Registration in these apartments was called a "work-related" residency permit (). The lack of free movement resulted in poor housing allocation. Adding an additional layer of bureaucracy stopped efficient movement of labor, because people couldn't move in with family in areas where work was in demand and extra housing lay dormant in towns where people with work related residency permits were moving from. Implementation The limit system for migrant workers The system of a propiska limit existed in the last 30 or so years of the USSR. This was the only means by which outsiders could settle in big cities like Moscow and Leningrad, except marriage. This meant that enterprises in large cities built hostels with dormitories at their own expense, to provide accommodation (with "vedomstvennaya propiska") for