verb "ili" (to be). It is always followed by a noun in free state. Examples: D taqcict 'it's a girl' D nekk 'it's me' Nekk d argaz 'I'm a man' Idir d anelmad 'Idir is a student' Idir yella d anelmad 'Idir was a student' The predicative particle "d" should not be confused with the particle of coordination "d"; indeed, the latter is followed by a noun at its annexed state while the first is always followed by a noun at its free state. Vocabulary Kabyle has absorbed some Arabic and Latin vocabulary. According to Salem Chaker, about a third of Kabyle vocabulary is of foreign origin; the number of French loanwords has not been studied yet. These loanwords are sometimes Berberized and sometimes kept in their original form. The Berberized words follow the regular grammar of Kabyle (free and annexed state). Examples of Berberized Arabic or French words: kitāb (Ar.) > taktabt "book" machine (Fr.) > tamacint "machine" Many loanwords from Arabic have often a different meaning in Kabyle: al-māl "property" (Ar.) > lmal "domestic animals" (cf. the etymologies of English cattle and fee) All verbs of Arabic origin follow a Berber conjugation and verbal derivation: fahim (Ar.) > fhem "to understand" > ssefhem "to explain". There are yiwen (f. yiwet) "one", sin (f. snat) "two". The noun being counted follows it in the genitive: sin n yirgazen "two men". Sample text In Moulieras (Auguste), Les fourberies de Si Djeh'a. Note: the predicative particle d was translated as "it.is", the particle of direction d was translated as "here". Notes References Bibliography Achab, R. : 1996 – La néologie lexicale berbère (1945–1995), Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters, 1996. Achab, R. : 1998 – Langue berbère. Introduction à la notation usuelle en caractères latins, Paris, Editions Hoggar. F. Amazit-Hamidchi & M. Lounaci : Kabyle de poche, Assimil, France, Dallet, Jean-Marie. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle–français, parler des At Mangellet, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 1, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. Paris: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. Hamid Hamouma. n.d. Manuel de grammaire berbère (kabyle). Paris: Edition Association de Culture Berbère. Kamal Nait-Zerrad. Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit. Editions KARTHALA, 2001. Mammeri, M. : 1976 – Tajerrumt n tmaziɣt (tantala taqbaylit), Maspero, Paris. Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1994 – Manuel de conjugaison kabyle (le verbe en berbère), L’Harmattan, Paris. Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1995 – Grammaire du berbère contemporain, I – Morphologie,