forms of rape virtually guaranteed the confirmation of their hypothesis that rape is an evolved reproductive strategy and not a crime of violence. Hamilton has argued that evolutionary psychology fails to explain rape because, by evolutionary psychology's own criteria, an adaptation to rape children or men, or non-vaginal rape, would have been eliminated in the course of evolution because it did not confer reproductive advantage on our ancestors. Evolutionary psychologist David Buss states that clear-cut evidence for or against rape as an adaptation is lacking. He states that rape may instead be a non-adaptive by-product of other evolved mechanisms, such as desire for sexual variety and for sex without investment, sensitivity to sexual opportunities, and a general capacity for physical aggression. See also Violence against women Animal sexual behaviour: coercive sex Sexual selection Sexy son hypothesis References Further reading Forced sex in animals Theories regarding rape in humans Thornhill, R. and Palmer, C. (2000), A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion. Cambridge: MIT Press. Bermes, M. (2012). Sociobiological theories of sexual violence. In J. Postmus (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Sexual Violence and Abuse: An encyclopedia of prevention, impacts, and recovery (pp. 655–657). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. Responses to these theories Fausto-Sterling, A. "Putting Woman in Her (Evolutionary) Place," in Myths of Gender. Basic Books, (1992). Travis, C. B. (ed.) (2003) Evolution, Gender, and Rape. A Bradford Book, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 454 pp., . Other evidence Bandura, Albert. Social Learning Theory. http://icebreakerideas.com/learning-theories/#Social_Learning_Theory_A_Bandura CliffsNotes.com. Gender Stereotypes. 9 December 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20130316020621/http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.html. Malamuth, Neil M. & Check, Joseph. Repeated Exposure to Violent and Nonviolent Pornography: Likelihood of Raping Ratings and Laboratory Aggression Against Women. Siegel, Larry J. Criminonlogy. Thomson & Wadswoth.Tenth Edition. 2009. Thornhill, Randy & Palmer, Craig T. Why Men Rape. New York Academy of Sciences. JANUARY–FEBRUARY 2000. http://iranscope.ghandchi.com/Anthology/Women/rape.htm Webster, Murray & Rashotte, Lisa. Fixed Roles and Situated Actions. Sep2009, Vol. 61 Issue 5/6, p325-337, 13p, 1 Chart Wilson, Glenn. The Science of Sex: Glenn Wilson on Rape. The Great Sex Divide, pp. 128–131. http://www.heretical.com/wilson/rape.html External links The Evolutionary Psychology FAQ entry on rape Insult to injury 20 June 2001 New Scientist Print Edition by Matt Walker Link between rape and pregnancy 20 June 2001 BBC News. Criminology Sociobiology Rape Evolutionary psychology Reproductive coercion