the Empress Marie-Louise on 18 December 1847, he succeeded as Duke of Guastalla. During the revolutions of 1848, Francis was forced to flee his Duchy by a popular uprising and was restored by Austrian troops in the following year. In 1855, Francis established his own new order: the Order of the Eagle of Este, of which he acted as Grand Master. In 1859 the Duchy of Modena was invaded by armies of France and Piedmont. On 14 June, Francis fled. On 18 March 1860, King Victor Emanuel II of Sardinia ordered Modena to be incorporated into the new kingdom of Italy. Francis protested against this four days later. After the loss of his duchy, Francis withdrew to Vienna, where he lived in the Palais Modena. He also had a summer residence at Schloss Wildenwart in Bavaria. Although he spent most of his time in Austria he occasionally traveled and in 1864 he visited the Middle East. On 7 March 1861, William Ewart Gladstone, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, made a verbal attack against Francis in the House of Commons, primarily accusing Francis of having violated criminal procedure by imposing excessive punishments. Constantine Phipps, Marquis of Normanby published a book later that year rebutting all of Gladstone's charges against Francis. Francis died at Vienna on 20 November 1875. He left most of his huge estate to his 1st cousin twice removed Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, who subsequently used the title Archduke of Austria-Este. His remains were kept at the Capuchin Church in Vienna. Ancestors References Bibliography Giornale della Reale Ducale Brigata Estense, Ristampa anastatica Aedes Muratoriana, Modena 1977 Gian Carlo Montanari, I Fedelissimi del Duca – La Brigata Estense, Edizioni il Fiorino, Modena 1995 Elena Bianchini Braglia, In esilio con il Duca, Il Cerchio Iniziative Editoriali, Rimini 2007. Nicola Guerra, "I filoestensi apuani durante il processo di unita' nazionale" in Rassegna storica Toscana, 2003 External links 1819 births 1875 deaths House of Habsburg Austria-Este Austrian princes Dukes of Italy Dukes of Modena Hereditary Princes of Modena Modenese princes Dukes of Reggio Dukes of Massa Dukes of Guastalla Francis 1 Roman Catholic monarchs Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary Burials at the Imperial Crypt