p. 18–19 of the passport) imposed a fine for those found outside the administrative unit (as a rule, uezd) in which they were registered to live. As a clerical term, the noun вид (vid) is short for вид на жи́тельство (vid na žítel'stvo). Although translated into English as a "residential permit", in Russian, this combination of words also conveys a presence of the right of a resident to live somewhere. In the sense of a "[legal] right" the word vid also appears in the phrase иметь на неё виды (imet' na nejo vidy, "planning to gain husband's rights with her"). Among many explanations of вид, Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary indicates a "certificate of any kind for free passage, travel and living", mentioning "passport" as its synonym. Propiska stamps (handwritten texts as an exception) in the passports of the Russian Empire used one of two verbs to describe the civil act committed: яви́ть (yavít) "to present", or заяви́ть (zayavít) "to claim". Their non-reflexive form (no postfix ~ся) clearly rules out the binding of this act to the owner of the document, so it is not the person who appeared (presented himself) in a police department but the passport itself. Vladimir Dahl mentions both verbs in his description of "propiska" procedure as related to passport. Presenting a passport to the officer implied the claim of a person to stay at a designated location. History The origin of the propiska dates back to when Peter the Great wanted to ensure "that sers stayed in the fields where they belonged." In the pre-Soviet Russian Empire, a person arriving for a new residency was obliged (depending on the estate) to enroll in the registers of the local police authorities. The latter could deny undesirable persons the right to settle (in this case, no stamps were made in passports). In most cases, this would mean the person had to return to their permanent domicile. The verb "propisat" was used as a transitive verb with "vid" being the direct object. After the reintroduction of the passport system in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, the noun propiska was also associated with the result of residential registration. In common speech, the stamp in the passport into which the residential address was written was also called "propiska". Permanent propiska () confirmed the housing rights of its owner. Temporary propiska () could be provided alongside a permanent one when a resident