the previous prefixes: enɣ "to kill" → mmenɣ "to kill each other" → smenɣ "to make to kill each other" Two prefixes can cancel each other: enz "to be sold" → zzenz "to sell" → ttuzenz "to be sold" (ttuzenz = enz !!). Every verb has a corresponding agent noun. In English it could be translated into verb+er. It is obtained by prefixing the verb with « am- » or with « an- » if the first letter is b / f / m / w (there are exceptions, however). Examples: ṭṭef "to hold" → anaṭṭaf "holder" inig "to travel" → iminig "traveller" eks "to graze" → ameksa "shepherd" Verbal nouns are derived differently from different classes of verbal stems (including 'quality verbs'). Often a- or t(u)- is prefixed: ffer "to hide" → tuffra "hiding" (stem VI), « Tuffra n tidett ur telhi » – "Hiding the truth is bad". ɣeẓẓ "to bite" → aɣẓaẓ zdi "to be united" → azday ini "to say" → timenna Pronouns Pronouns may either occur as standalone words or bound to nouns or verbs. Example: « Ula d nekk. » – "Me too." Possessive pronouns are bound to the modified noun. Example : « Axxam-nneɣ. » – "Our house." (House-our) There are three demonstratives, near-deictic ('this, these'), far-deictic ('that, those') and absence. They may either be suffixed to nouns, or appear in isolation. Examples: « Axxam-a / Axxam-agi» – "This house.", (House-this), «Wagi yelha» – "This is nice." (This is-nice). Prepositions Prepositions precede their objects: « i medden » "to the people", « si taddart » "from the village". All words preceded by a preposition (except « s » and « ar », "towards", "until" ) take the annexed state. Some prepositions have two forms: one is used with pronominal suffixes and the other form is used in all other contexts, e.g. ger 'between' → gar. Some prepositions have a corresponding relative pronoun (or interrogative), for example: « i » "for/to" → « iwumi » "to whom" « Tefka aksum i wemcic » "she gave meat to the cat" → « Amcic iwumi tefka aksum » "The cat to whom she gave meat." Syntax Negation Predicative particle 'd' The predicative particle 'd' is an indispensable tool in speaking Kabyle (or any other Amazigh language). "d" is equivalent to both "it is + adjective" and "to be + adjective", but cannot be replaced by the