rarely exceeding 15% (seeing 2–3 women in a class of 80 is not uncommon). In 2009 more than 20% of first year students were females. There are no reliable statistics on the careers of MIPT graduates. Notable faculty and alumni Scientists Nobel Prize winners Lev Landau – physicist, Nobel Prize 1962 Pyotr Kapitsa – discovered superfluidity, Nobel Prize 1978 Nikolay Semyonov – best known for his work on chain reactions, Nobel Prize 1956 in chemistry Vitaly Ginzburg – physicist, Nobel Prize 2003, co-developer of the Soviet H-bomb Alexandr Prokhorov – an Australian-Soviet-Russian co-inventor of the laser, Nobel Prize 1964 Alexey Abrikosov – Soviet-Russian-American theoretical physicist whose main contributions were in the field of condensed matter physics. Igor Tamm – physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their discovery of Cherenkov radiation. Andrei Sakharov – a nuclear physicist, dissident, Nobel laureate, and activist for disarmament, peace, and human rights. Sir Andrey Geim – Russian-Dutch-British discoverer of graphene, gecko tape and levitating frogs; Fellow of the Royal Society, Nobel Prize in physics, 2010 Sir Konstantin Novoselov – Russian-British, Nobel Prize in physics for graphene research, 2010 Other notable scientists Alexander Andreev – a theoretical physicist best known for explaining the eponymous Andreev reflection Alexander Belavin - a physicist, known for his contributions to string theory Boris Babayan – a pioneer of Russian supercomputers, an Intel Fellow 2004 and software architect Oleg Belotserkovsky – rector of MIPT (1962–1987), mathematician and mechanician Spartak Belyaev - a theoretical physicist contributed to nuclear physics Andrei Bolibrukh – a mathematician who solved Hilbert's twenty-first problem in 1989 Gersh Budker - a Soviet physicist, specialized in nuclear physics and accelerator physics Boris Chertok - electrical engineer and the control systems designer in the Soviet Union's space program Nikolai Borisovich Delone – a physicist who discovered multiphoton ionization Gerasim Eliashberg - a physicist who contributed to the theory of superconductivity and statistical physics Igor Dzyaloshinskii - theoretical physicist, known for his research on magnetism, multiferroics, one-dimensional conductors, liquid crystals, van der Waals forces, and applications of methods of quantum field theory Vsevolod Gantmakher - experimental physicist Semyon Gershtein – a theoretical physicist who contributed to nuclear physics, particle physics and astrophysics Victor Glushkov - a Soviet mathematician, the founding father of information technology in the Soviet Union and one of the founding fathers of Soviet cybernetics Lev