are many documents and letters that used Ajam to refer to the Persians. pages 22–44 In the Persian Gulf region today, people still refer to Persians as Ajami, referring to Persian carpets as sajjad al Ajami (Ajami carpet), Persian cat as Ajami cats, and Persian kings as Ajami kings. Notable examples The Persian community in Bahrain is called Ajami. 'Ajam was used by the Ottomans to refer to the Safavid dynasty. The Abbasid Iraq Al-Ajam province (centered around Arax and Shirvan). The Kurdish historian, Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, uses the term Ajam in his book Sharafnama (1597 CE) to refer to the Shia Persians. In the Eastern Anatolia Region, Azerbaijanis are sometimes referred to as acem (which is the Turkish translation of Ajam). Mahmood Reza Ghods claimed modern Sunni Kurds of Iran use this term to denote Persians, Azeris and Southern Kurds. According to Sharhzad Mojab, Ecem (derived from the Arabic ‘ajam) is used by Kurds to refer to Persians and, sometimes, Turks. Adjam, Hajjam, Ajaim, Ajami, Akham (as Axam in Spain for ajam), Ayam in Europe. In Turkish, the word acem refers to Iran and Iranian people. It is also used as a surname. See also Ajami (disambiguation) Barbarian – which came to refer to people who spoke neither Greek nor other "civilized" languages (such as Latin), and derived from a root meaning "speaking incomprehensibly" or "babbling" Nemets – the name given to Germany or the German people in many Slavic languages, with a similar derivation to Ajam Ajam of Kuwait Ajam of Bahrain Ajam of Iraq References External links Unearthing a Long Ignored African Writing System, One Researcher Finds African History, by Africans Arabic words and phrases Pejorative terms for in-group non-members Persian communities outside Iran Ethno-cultural designations Exonyms Religion and race Anti-Iranian sentiments Racism in the Arab world People of the medieval Islamic world by ethnicity