soldier. Legacy International law In the late 19th century and in the early 20th century, the parties to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 used the Lieber Code (1863) as the basis for their legislation of the international law of war and the codification (definition and description) of what is a war crime and of what is a crime against humanity. In the mid 20th century, in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–1945), at the war-crime Nuremberg Trials (November 1945 – October 1946) and at the Tokyo Trials (May 1946 – November 1948) the jurists determined that, by the year 1939, most every country in the world knew of the existence the law of war agreed in Switzerland and thus governments knew the legal responsibilities of the belligerent parties, of neutral countries, and of the refugees from the war. Philippine–American War An abridged version of the Lieber Code was published in The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (1899). Lieber's son, Guido Norman Lieber, was the Judge Advocate General of the Army f (1895–1901), during the Spanish–American War (21 April – 13 August 1898) and Philippine–American War (4 February 1899 – 2 July 1902). The Lieber Code was the military law then applied for courts martial of American military personnel, and for litigation against the Filipino natives and against the Filipino revolutionaries fighting the U.S. occupation of the Philippine Islands; e.g. the unlawful concentration camps of Gen. J. Franklin Bell and war-crime trial of Littleton Waller. U.S. Law of War Manual In 2015, the United States Department of Defense published its Law of War Manual. It was updated and revised in May 2016. The Manual explicitly refers to the Lieber Code, and the Lieber Code's influence on the Law of War Manual is apparent throughout. See also Command responsibility International criminal law References External links The full text of the Lieber Code The full text of the Lieber Code at the Yale Avalon Project Text of the Law of War Manual alternate link American Civil War documents Law of war Philippine–American War General orders United States military law Legal history of the United States 1863 documents Codes of conduct Military emancipation in the American Civil War