work of de Certeau in his essay on design and everyday life: De Certeau's investigations into the realm of routine practices, or the "arts of doing" such as walking, talking, reading, dwelling, and cooking, were guided by his belief that despite repressive aspects of modern society, there exists an element of creative resistance to these structures enacted by ordinary people. In The Practice of Everyday Life, de Certeau outlines an important critical distinction between strategies and tactics in this battle of repression and expression. According to him, strategies are used by those within organizational power structures, whether small or large, such as the state or municipality, the corporation or the proprietor, a scientific enterprise or the scientist. Strategies are deployed against some external entity to institute a set of relations for official or proper ends, whether adversaries, competitors, clients, customers, or simply subjects. Tactics, on the other hand, are employed by those who are subjugated. By their very nature tactics are defensive and opportunistic, used in more limited ways and seized momentarily within spaces, both physical and psychological, produced and governed by more powerful strategic relations. The Writing of History His work The Writing of History, translated into English after his death, deals with the relationship between history and religion. De Certeau makes a point in linking the history of writing history to the legitimization of political power and that "Western" traditions of history involve using the act of writing as a tool of colonialism; writing their own histories while un-writing the embodied traditions of native peoples. Major works In French: La Culture au Pluriel. Union Générale d'Editions,1974. L'Ecriture de l'Histoire. Editions Gallimard. 1975. La Fable Mystique. vol. 1, XVIe-XVIIe Siècle. Editions Gallimard. 1982. Histoire et psychanalyse entre science et fiction. Editions Gallimard. 1987. (Rev.ed. 2002) La Faiblesse de Croire. Edited by Luce Giard. Seuil. 1987. L'Invention du Quotidien. Vol. 1, Arts de Faire. Union générale d'éditions 10-18. 1980. With Dominique Julia and Jacques Revel. Une Politique de la Langue : La Révolution Française et les Patois, l'enquête de Grégoire. Gallimard. 1975. La Possession de Loudun. Gallimard. 1970. In English: The Capture of Speech and Other Political Writings. Translated by Tom Conley. University of Minnesota Press. 1998. The Certeau Reader. Edited by Graham Ward. Blackwell Publishers. 1999. Culture in the Plural. Translated by Tom Conley. University of Minnesota Press. 1998. Heterologies: Discourse on the Other. Translated by Brain Massumi. University