-KAn || -mA || pronominal || bergenler (“they [apparently] gave”) |- !Conditional | -sA || -mA || possessive || alsam (“if I take”) |} A separate set of compound tenses are formed by adding the past tense copula edi- to the derived forms listed above. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Formed With !! Negation !! Example |- !Habitual Past |Future/Present || -mAz || alır edim (“I often used to take”) |- !Compound Past |General Present || -A/y || ala edik (“we were taking”) |- !Pluperfect |Evidential Past || -mA || alğan edim (“I had taken”) |- !Counterfactual Past |Categorical Future || -mA || yazacaq edim (“I would have written”) |- !Progressive Past |Progressive || -mA || Ketmekte edim. (“I kept going.”) |- !Past Conditional |Conditional || -mA || alsa edim (“if I had taken”) |} Mood The imperative is formed using a specific set of person markers, and negated using -mA. In second person imperatives, only the bare verb stem is used. A first person imperative expresses an “I/we should do X” sentiment, whereas third person expresses “let him/her do X,” as shown below with unut (“to forget”): {| class="wikitable" |- ! || Singular || Plural |- !1st Person | -(A)yIm || -(A)yIK |- !2nd Person | Ø || -IñIz |- !3rd Person | -sIn || -sInlAr |} Other moods are constructed similarly to tense/aspect forms. {| class="wikitable" |- ! || Marker || Negation || Person Marker || Example |- !Optative | -KAy(dI) || -mAy || pronominal || Aytqaydım (“I wish I had spoken.”) |- !Obligative | -mAlY || -mA || possessive || Aytmalım (“I have to speak.”) |} Voice Grammatical voice is expressed by the addition of suffixes which come in sequence before negation, tense, aspect, mood and person markers. There are several causative suffixes which vary depending on the ending of the verb stem. {| class="wikitable" |+ Voice ! || Marker || Example |- ! Passive | -(I)l||aşal (“be eaten”) |- ! Reflexive | -(I)n||boğul (“drown oneself”) |- ! Reciprocal | -(I)ş||tapış (“find each other”) |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Causative ! Marker || Added To || Example |- | -t||polysyllabic stems ending in vowel||işlet (“force to work”) |- | -It||stems ending in -rk, -lk, -k||qorqut (“to scare [someone]”) |- | -Ir||monosyllabic stems ending in -t, -ç, -ş||uçur (“allow to fly away”) |- | -Ar||monosyllabic stems||qopar (“break off [something]”) |- | -DIrm||most remaining stems||töktür (“force to spill”) |} Participles