as the federal government. Then, in 1966, the Supreme Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that the Fifth Amendment requires courts to suppress confessions that law enforcement obtains without first giving certain specific legal warnings. Stop-and-frisk quickly became a popular topic for law review articles. Several cases forced state supreme courts to address the practice more directly, such as the Supreme Court of California's 1963 decision in People v. Mickelson. Finally, in 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court addressed the issue in Terry. Case background On October 31, 1963, police officer Martin McFadden was on duty in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, when he noticed two men standing on a street corner. One of the men, John W. Terry, walked down the street, looked through a certain store window, then continued on before turning around and returning to where he started, stopping on his way back to look in the store window again. The other man, Richard Chilton, repeated Terry's movements. McFadden watched the pair repeat this routine about a dozen times. A third man then joined Terry and Chilton and the three walked up the street together toward the store. McFadden suspected that the men had been "casing" the store in preparation for robbing it, so he followed and confronted them. He asked the men's names, but they gave noncommittal mumbling answers. McFadden then grabbed Terry and Chilton, spun them around, patted down their exterior clothing, and discovered that they both had pistols in their jacket pockets. McFadden arrested Terry and Chilton, and they were charged with illegally carrying concealed weapons. Both men were tried in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas. At Terry's trial, his lawyer filed a motion to suppress the evidence of the discovered pistol. Terry's lawyer argued that the "frisk" had been a violation of the Fourth Amendment, and that the pistol McFadden discovered during the frisk should therefore be excluded from evidence under the exclusionary rule. The trial judge denied his motion on the basis that the "stop-and-frisk" was generally presumed legal, and Terry was convicted. He appealed to the Ohio District Court of Appeals, which affirmed his conviction, then appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio, which dismissed his appeal. He then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear his case and granted certiorari. Supreme Court decision On June 10, 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an 8–1 decision against Terry that