century. Later (in the 20th century), these practices were organized into what is now called Umbanda, Quimbanda, and Omoloko. Macumba became common in parts of Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. The word macumba is used in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay to refer to any ritual or religion of Afro-American origin, and although its use by outsiders is usually derogatory (referring to all kinds of religion, superstitions, and rituals related to luck) and it is considered offensive, among its practitioners it is not seen negatively. See also Candomblé Quimbanda Umbanda References Citations Sources Further reading Kelly E. Hayes, "Black Magic and the Academy: Macumba and Afro-Brazilian “Orthodoxies," History of Religions, 46,4 (2007), 283–315. “Macumba - Definition and Synonyms of Macumba in the English Dictionary.” English Dictionary, englishdictionary.education/en/macumba. Philpot, Roy (1936). "Makumba-The Baushi Tribal God". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 66: 189-208. Shapiro, Dolores J. “Blood, Oil, Honey, and Water: Symbolism in Spirit Possession Sects in Northeastern Brazil.” Wiley, November 1995. Spier, Troy E. (2020). A Descriptive Grammar of Ikyaushi. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA: Ph.D. dissertation. External links Afro-American religion Afro-Brazilian culture Religious syncretism in Brazil Sacrifice