that three-quarters of ex abolitionists favored Grant, although such antislavery Republicans as Charles Francis Adams, Carl Schurz and Charles Sumner were key supporters of Greeley. Focused on the welfare of the freedmen, abolitionists were appalled by Greeley's formula for cooperation with "better class" southern whites by granting amnesty to all Confederates and adopting a hands-off policy toward the South. They supported Grant in the belief that his Southern policy promised the best protection for the African Americans. Most abolitionists believed that, moral suasion having failed earlier, true equality could be achieved only through relentless law enforcement. Slap (2006) redeems the reputation of the Liberal Republicans from allegations of opportunism (as presented by Ari Hoogenboom), of elitism (as presented by John G. Sproat) and racism as presented by the neoabolitionists. He joins Heather Cox Richardson and David Quigley in concluding that Reconstruction ended not because of politicized violence in the South, but because of the Northern decision that the war goals had been achieved and it would thwart republican ideals to continue Army rule of the South. Prominent party members Charles Francis Adams Sr., former congressman and ambassador, son of President John Quincy Adams. Nathaniel P. Banks, chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs and former Speaker of the House. John Cochrane Union General, New York Attorney General. As leader of the New York delegation to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cincinnati in 1872, he was instrumental in securing the nomination of Horace Greeley for the presidency. John Baxter, federal judge. B. Gratz Brown, a governor of Missouri and vice presidential candidate in the election of 1872. Caspar Butz "Forty-Eighter", Leader of the Radical Democracy Party (1864) and author of German-american literature. Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States, former U.S. Senator from Ohio and treasury secretary. David Davis, U.S. Supreme Court justice, later senator from Illinois. Reuben Fenton, while U.S. Senator from New York Thomas W. Tipton, while U.S. Senator from Nebraska Jacob Dolson Cox, Secretary of the Interior under the Grant administration. John McAuley Palmer, Governor of Illinois from 1869 to 1873. Horace Greeley, newspaper editor, presidential candidate in the election of 1872. George Washington Julian, congressman from Indiana and women's suffrage advocate. Alexander McClure, Pennsylvania state senator T.A.R. Nelson, congressman from Tennessee. Carl Schurz, former ambassador, Civil War general, power-broker and senator from Missouri. Charles Sumner, senator from Massachusetts and anti-slavery advocate. Lyman Trumbull, Illinois