(1670–1733). Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713). Samuel Clarke (1675–1729). Catherine Cockburn (1679–1749). Christian Wolff (1679–1754). Determinist, rationalist. George Berkeley (1685–1753). Idealist, empiricist. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755). Skeptic, humanist. Joseph Butler (1692–1752). Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746). Proto–utilitarian. John Gay (1699–1745). Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). American philosophical theologian. David Hartley (1705–1757). Julien La Mettrie (1709–1751). Materialist, genetic determinist. 1750–1800 CE Voltaire (1694–1778). Advocate for freedoms of religion and expression. Thomas Reid (1710–1796). Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy. David Hume (1711–1776). Empiricist, skeptic. Jean–Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Social contract political philosopher. Denis Diderot (1713–1784). Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762). Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–1771). Utilitarian. Etienne de Condillac (1715–1780). Jean d'Alembert (1717–1783). Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789). Materialist, atheist. Adam Smith (1723–1790). Economic theorist, member of Scottish Enlightenment. Richard Price (1723–1791). Political liberal. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Major contributions in nearly every field of philosophy, especially metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786). Member of the Jewish Enlightenment. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781). Edmund Burke (1729–1797). Conservative political philosopher. Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788). Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794). Italian criminologist, jurist, and philosopher from the Age of Enlightenment. William Paley (1743–1805). Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). Liberal political philosopher. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819). Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744–1803). Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). Utilitarian, hedonist. Sylvain Maréchal (1750–1803) Anarcho-Communist, Deist Dugald Stewart (1753–1828). Salomon Maimon (1753–1800). William Godwin (1756–1836). Anarchist, utilitarian. Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823). Kantian. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797). Feminist. Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805). Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761–1833). Skeptic. Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814). Modern philosophers 1800–1850 CE Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829). Early evolutionary theorist. Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827). Determinist. Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) Conservative Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). Socialist. Madame de Staël (1766–1817). Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834). Hermeneutician. Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843). Poet and philosopher. G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831). German idealist. James Mill (1773–1836). Utilitarian. F. W. J. von Schelling (1775–1854). German idealist. Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848). Richard Whately (1787–1863). Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). Pessimism, Critic, Absurdist. John Austin (1790–1859). Legal positivist, utilitarian. William Whewell (1794–1866). Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Social philosopher, positivist. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882). Transcendentalist, abolitionist, egalitarian, humanist. Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872). Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859). Max Stirner (1806–1856). Anarchist. Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871). Logician. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). Utilitarian. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865). Anarchist. Charles Darwin (1809–1882). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science. Jaime Balmes (1810–1848) Margaret Fuller (1810–1850). Egalitarian. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). Existentialist. Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862). Transcendentalist, pacifist, abolitionist. 1850–1900 CE Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet (1788–1856). Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883). Egalitarian, abolitionist.