classical choral and opera. It is also used in other French speaking countries as well as on French oversea territories such as French Polynesia due to the influence of other native languages which use the trill. Portuguese Standard versions of Portuguese have two rhotic phonemes, which contrast only between vowels. In older Portuguese, these were the alveolar flap (written ) and the alveolar trill (written ). In other positions, only is written in Modern Portuguese, but it can stand for either sound, depending on the exact position. The distribution of these sounds is mostly the same as in other Iberian languages, i.e.: represents a trill when written between vowels; at the beginning of a word; or following , , , or . Examples: carro, rua, honrar, Israel. represents a flap elsewhere, i.e. following a vowel or following any consonant other than , , , or . Examples: caro, quatro, quarto, mar. In the 19th century, the uvular trill penetrated the upper classes in the region of Lisbon in Portugal as the realization of the alveolar trill. By the 20th century, it had replaced the alveolar trill in most of the country's urban areas and started to give way to the voiced uvular fricative . Many northern dialects, like Transmontano, Portuese (which is heard in parts of Aveiro), Minhoto, and much of Beirão retain the alveolar trill. In the rural regions, the alveolar trill is still present, but because most of the country's population currently lives in or near the cities and owing to the mass media, the guttural is now dominant in Portugal. A common realization of the word-initial in the Lisbon accent is a voiced uvular fricative trill . The dialect of the fishermen of Setúbal used the voiced uvular fricative for all instances of "r" – word start, intervocalic, postconsonantal and syllable ending. This same pronunciation is attested in people with rhotacism, in a new developing variety of young people in São Tomean Portuguese (Bouchard, 2017), and in non-native speakers of French or German origin. In Africa, the classical alveolar trill is mostly still dominant, due to separate development from European Portuguese. In Brazil, the normal pronunciation of is voiceless, either as a voiceless velar fricative , voiceless uvular fricative or a voiceless glottal fricative . In many dialects, this voiceless sound not only replaces all occurrences of the traditional trill, but is also used for all that