Italy, up until the Italian unification in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the 11th century), the Italian peninsula was divided into numerous states. Many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian peninsula: the Papal States, the Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Unlike all the other Italian states, the republics of Venice and Genoa, thanks to their maritime powers, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian peninsula, conquering various regions across the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Archaic Italy Italic peoples: Latino-Faliscans: Latins (Roman Kingdom) Romans Falisci Osco-Umbrians, also called Sabellians: Umbrians Marsi Umbri Volsci Oscans Marrucini Osci Aurunci Ausones Campanians Paeligni Sabines Samnitics Bruttii Frentani Lucani Samnites Pentri Caraceni Caudini Hirpini Others Aequi Fidenates Hernici Picentes Vestini Sicels Venetics Ligures Greek-speaking peoples of Southern Italy Etruscans Sardinians Classical Italy Roman Kingdom Roman Republic Roman Empire Early Middle Ages Kingdom of Italy Ostrogothic Kingdom Lombard Kingdom Duchy of Rome (under the Byzantine Empire) Exarchate of Ravenna (under the Byzantine Empire) Exarchate of Carthage (under the Byzantine Empire) Thema of Sicily (under the Byzantine Empire) Duchy of Benevento Duchy of Spoleto Papal States Republic of Venice Duchy of Naples Kingdom of Italy (under the Carolingian Empire) Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire) High Middle Ages States in Central and Northern Italy Papal States Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa Republic of Florence Republic of Lucca Republic of Siena Republic of Ancona Republic of Noli Republic of Senarica Republic of Ragusa Republic of San Marino States in Southern Italy Principality of Benevento Principality of Salerno Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire) Principality of Capua Duchy of Gaeta Duchy of Naples Duchy of Amalfi Duchy of Sorrento Emirate of Sicily (under the Fatimid Caliphate) County of Sicily County of Apulia Duchy of Apulia Duchy of Calabria Duchy of Apulia and Calabria Kingdom of Sicily States of the Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Italy (also called Kingdom of Lombardy) Commune of Milan March of Tuscany March of Verona March of Treviso March of Ivrea March of Turin March of Montferrat March of