for abstract and instrumental nouns, -ӑш, less commonly, for abstract nouns from certain adjectives, -у (after consonants) or -v (after vowels) for action nouns, -ла, -ал, -ар, and -н for denominal verbs. The valency changing suffixes and the gerunds were mentioned in the verbal morphology section above. Diminutives may be formed with multiple suffixes such as -ашка, -(к)ка, -лчӑ, -ак/ӑк, -ача. Sample text 1. Хĕвелĕн икĕ арăм: Ирхи Шуçăмпа Каçхи Шуçăм. 1. The Sun has two wives: Dawn and Afterglow (lit. "the Morning Glow" and "the Evening Glow"). 2. Ир пулсан Хĕвел Ирхи Шуçăмран уйрăлса каять 2. When it is morning, the Sun leaves Dawn 3. те яра кун тăршшĕпе Каçхи Шуçăм патнелле сулăнать. 3. and during the whole day (he) moves towards Afterglow. 4. Çак икĕ мăшăрĕнчен унăн ачасем: 4. From these two spouses of his, he has children: 5. Этем ятлă ывăл тата Сывлăм ятлă хĕр пур. 5. a son named Etem (Human) and a daughter named Syvlăm (Dew). 6. Этемпе Сывлăм пĕррехинче Çĕр чăмăрĕ çинче тĕл пулнă та, 6. Etem and Syvlăm once met on the globe of the Earth, 7. пĕр-пĕрне юратса çемье чăмăртанă. 7. fell in love with each other and started a family. 8. Халь пурăнакан этемсем çав мăшăрăн тăхăмĕсем. 8. The humans who live today are the descendants of this couple. See also Chuvash literature Bulgar language Cyrillic script Oghur languages Turkic Avar language Turkic languages Ivan Yakovlev Notes References Specific General Agyagási, Klára. Chuvash Historical Phonetics: An Areal Linguistic Study. With an Appendix on the Role of Proto-Mari in the History of Chuvash Vocalism. 1st ed. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh4zh9k. Dobrovolsky, Michael (1999). "The phonetics of Chuvash stress: implications for phonology". Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 539–542. Berkeley: University of California. Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató, ed. (1998). The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. Johanson, Lars (2007). Chuvash. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier. Павлов, И. П. (2017). Современный чувашский язык. Чебоксары. Róna-Tas, András (2007). "Nutshell Chuvash" (PDF). Erasmus Mundus Intensive Program Turkic languages and cultures in Europe (TLCE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011.* External links Resources Chuvash–Russian On-Line Dictionary Chuvash English On-Line Dictionary Chuvash People's Website , also available in Chuvash, Esperanto and Russian (contains Chuvash literature) Nutshell Chuvash, by András Róna-Tas Chuvash people and language by Éva Kincses Nagy, Istanbul Erasmus IP 1- 13. 2. 2007 Chuvash manual online The Chuvash-Russian