replacement for DBP and DiBP Trimellitates Trimellitates are used in automobile interiors and other applications where resistance to high temperature is required. They have extremely low volatility. Tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TEHTM) (TOTM, Trioctyl Trimellitate plasticizer) Tri-(isononyl)trimellitate (TINTM) Tri-(isodecyl)trimellitate (TIDTM) Tri-(isotridecyl)trimellitate (TITDTM) Adipates & Sebacates Adipate-based plasticizers are used for low-temperature or resistance to ultraviolet light. An example is: Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA, dioctyl adipate plasticizer) Sebacate- based plasticizers provide excellent compatibility with a range of plastic materials and synthetic rubbers (specifically nitrile rubber and neoprene), superior properties at low temperatures, and good oil resistivity. Some examples are: Dibutyl sebacate (DBS) Di-(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, Di-octyl Sebacate (or DOS plasticizer) Organophosphates Organophosphates include the following: Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate Tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate Other 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (BASF Trademark: Hexamoll DINCH) Bis(2-ethylhexyl) cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (Hanwha Trademark: Eco-DEHCH) Alkyl sulphonic acid phenyl ester (ASE). (Lanxess Chemical Trademark: Mesamoll) Triethylene glycol di-2ethylhexanoate (Eastman Chemical Trademark: Eastman TEG-EH) Bio-based plasticizers have been investigated, such as glycerol triacetate (Triacetin) and acetyltributylcitrate. They are used in niche applications. Epoxidized soybean oil is used broadly as a secondary plasticizer in many vinyl applications. Note: Bisphenol A, or BPA, is not a plasticizer, although it is often wrongly described as one. Plasticizers for inorganic materials Concrete In the concrete technology, plasticizers and superplasticizers are also called high range water reducers. When added to concrete mixtures, they confer a number of properties including improved workability and strength. The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water added, i.e., the water-cement (w/c) ratio. In order to produce stronger concrete, less water is added (without "starving" the mix), which makes the concrete mixture less workable and difficult to mix, necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, superplasticizers, fluidizer or dispersants. Plasticizers are also often used when pozzolanic ash is added to concrete to improve strength. This method of mix proportioning is especially popular when producing high-strength concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete. Adding 1-2% plasticizer per unit weight of cement is usually sufficient. Adding an excessive amount of plasticizer will result in excessive segregation of concrete and is not advisable. Depending on the particular chemical used, use of too much plasticizer may result in a retarding effect. Plasticizers are commonly manufactured from lignosulfonates, a by-product from the paper industry. Superplasticizers have generally been manufactured from sulfonated naphthalene condensate or sulfonated melamine formaldehyde, although newer products based on polycarboxylic ethers are now available. Traditional lignosulfonate-based plasticisers, naphthalene and