the corpse to Burkhan Khaldun, Mongolia, where the late Khagan was buried near the graves of Genghis and Tolui. Möngke's death in 1259 led to the four-year Toluid Civil War between his two younger brothers, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke. Though Kublai Khan eventually won, the succession war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war essentially resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. It was not until 1304, when all Mongol khans submitted to Kublai's successor, Temür Khan, that the Mongol world again acknowledged a single paramount sovereign, although the authority of the late Khagans rested on nothing like the same foundations as that of Genghis Khan and his first three successors. When Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in China in 1271, Möngke Khan was placed on the official record of the dynasty as Xianzong (). Foreign influence in Karakorum In 1252–53, Flemish missionary and explorer William of Rubruck saw Hungarians, Russians, Germans, and a Parisian goldsmith, Guillaume Boucher, in Karakorum. He even heard of Saxon miners in Dzungaria and other foreigners such as a woman from the Duchy of Lorraine mastered yurt-making. In 1253, Möngke deported households from China proper to repair and maintain the imperial ordas. He decorated the capital city of Karakorum with Chinese, European, and Persian architectures. One example of the construction was a large silver tree, with pipes that discharge various drinks and a triumphant angel at its top, made by Guillaume Boucher. Foreign merchants’ quarters, Buddhist monasteries, mosques, and churches were newly built. Markets were in the Muslim sector and outside the four gates. Ethnic Han farmers grew vegetables and grains outside the wall of Karakorum. Descendants of Möngke Möngke qa'an（蒙哥/ménggē,مونگکه/Mūngke） （班禿/bāntū,بالتو/Bāltū） Töre temür（توراتیمور/Tūlā tīmūr） （玉龍答失/yùlóng dāshī,اورنگتاش/Ūrung tāsh） （撒里蠻/sālǐmán,ساربان/Sārbān） Sirigi（昔里吉/xīlǐjí,شیرکیShīrkī） （兀魯思不花/wùlǔsī bùhuā,اولوس بوقا/Ūlūs būqā） （晃火帖木兒/huànghuǒ tièmùér,قونان تیمور/Qūnān tīmūr） Čerik temür（徹里帖木兒/chèlǐ tièmùér） Tegüs buqa（帖古思不花/tiègǔsī bùhuā） Töre temür（توراتیمور/Tūlā tīmūr） （禿満帖木児/tūmǎn tièmùér,تومان تیمور/Tūmān tīmūr） （阿速歹/āsùdǎi,آسوتای/Āsūtāī） （完澤/wánzé,اولجای/Ūljāī） （徹徹禿/chèchètū,چکتو/Chektū） Hulaču（忽剌出/hūlàchū,هولاچو/Hūlāchū） Hantom（هنتوم/Hantūm） Ölǰei buqa（اولجای بوقا/Ūljāī būqā） Notes References Citations Sources Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251–1259 by Thomas T. Allsen, University of California Press, 1987 The Empire of the Steppes by René Grousset, Rutgers University Press, 1970. . Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World by Jack Weatherford The mission of William of Rubruck: His journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253–1255 by William, Peter Jackson, David Morgan, Hakluyt Society, Hakluyt Society, Hakluyt