(c. 1288–1344). Jewish philosopher. Jean Buridan (c. 1300–1358). Nominalist. John Wycliffe (c. 1320–1384). Nicole Oresme (c. 1320–5 – 1382). Made contributions to economics, science, mathematics, theology and philosophy. Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406). Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340 – c. 1411). Jewish philosopher. Gemistus Pletho (c. 1355 – 1452/1454). Late Byzantine scholar of neoplatonic philosophy. 1400–1500 CE Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464). Christian philosopher. Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457). Humanist, critic of scholastic logic. Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499). Christian Neoplatonist, head of Florentine Academy and major Renaissance Humanist figure. First translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494). Renaissance humanist. Early modern philosophers 1500–1550 CE Neagoe Basarab (c.1459–1521) Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536). Humanist, advocate of free will. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527). Political realism. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science. Sir Thomas More (1478–1535). Humanist, created term "utopia". Martin Luther (1483–1546). Major Western Christian theologian. Petrus Ramus (1515–1572). 1550–1600 CE John Calvin (1509–1564). Major Western Christian theologian. Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592). Humanist, skeptic. Pierre Charron (1541–1603). Giordano Bruno (1548–1600). Advocate of heliocentrism. Francisco Suarez (1548–1617). Politically proto–liberal. Johannes Kepler (1571–1630). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science. Molla-Sadra (1572–1640). Major Islamic philosopher. 1600–1650 CE Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648). Nativist. Francis Bacon (1561–1626). Empiricist. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Heliocentrist. Hugo Grotius (1583–1645). Natural law theorist. François de La Mothe Le Vayer (1588–1672) Marin Mersenne (1588–1648). Cartesian. Robert Filmer (1588–1653). Absolutist, monarchist, patrimonialist. Divine right of kings. Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655). Mechanicism. Empiricist. René Descartes (1596–1650). Heliocentrism, mind-body dualism, rationalism. Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658). Spanish catholic philosopher 1650–1700 CE Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). Advocate of extensive government power, social contract theorist, materialist. Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694). François de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680). Henry More (1614–1687). Jacques Rohault (1617–1672), Cartesian. Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688). Cambridge Platonist. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Physicist, scientist. Noted for Pascal's wager. Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673). Materialist, feminist. Arnold Geulincx (1624–1669). Important occasionalist theorist. Pierre Nicole (1625–1695). Geraud Cordemoy (1626–1684). Dualist. Robert Boyle (1627–1691). Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway (1631–1679). Richard Cumberland (1631–1718). Early proponent of utilitarianism. Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677). Rationalism. Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–1694). Social contract theorist. John Locke (1632–1704). Major Empiricist. Political philosopher. Joseph Glanvill (1636–1680). Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715). Cartesian. Isaac Newton (1643–1727). Simon Foucher (1644–1696). Skeptic. John Flamsteed (1646 – 1719). Astronomer. Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). Pyrrhonist. Damaris Masham (1659–1708). John Toland (1670–1722). Dimitrie Cantemir (1674-1723) 1700–1750 CE Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). Co-inventor of calculus. John Norris (1657–1711). Jean Meslier (1664–1729). Atheist Priest. Giambattista Vico (1668–1744). Bernard Mandeville