powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire. At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains. Papal States Kingdom of Sardinia Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (under Austrian Empire) Kingdom of Illyria (under Austrian Empire) Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla Duchy of Modena and Reggio Duchy of Massa and Carrara Duchy of Lucca Principality of Monaco Republic of San Marino Republic of Cospaia Republic of San Marco Roman Republic United Provinces of Central Italy Post-unification Kingdom of Italy Italian Regency of Carnaro Free State of Fiume Italian Social Republic Free Territory of Trieste Micronation Kingdom of Tavolara Republic of Rose Island Italian Partisan Republics The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic. Republic of Alba (10 October - 2 November) Republic of Alto Monferrato (September - 2 December) Republic of Alto Tortonese (September - December) Republic of Bobbio (7 July - 27 August) Republic of the Cansiglio (July - September) (26 September - 10 October) (2 February - March 1944) Republic of Oriental Friuli (30 June - September) Republic of Pigna (IM) (18 September 1944 - 8 October 1944) Republic of the Langhe (September - November) (17 June - 1º August) Republic of Ossola (10 September - 23 October) (26 June - 27 November) Republic of the Ceno Valley (10 June - 11 July) Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley (June - July) Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley (June - 21 August) (15 June - 24 July) Republic of the Lanzo Valley (25 June - September) Republic of the