machines and space colonization of organisms or synthetic phenomenology (such as artificial life) potentials. Progress in robotics and artificial intelligence are eroding the need for humans in space with human endeavours often being less cost-effective than robotic missions, with ethical implications for society. Furthermore, the "billionaire space race" or declaring that humanity's destiny lies in colonizing the solar system, leaving many earthbound problems behind has been criticized as "techno-utopian [...] hubris", suggesting "a multilateral agreement to strictly govern and limit expansion into space". Laws as well as adaption-requirements for humans may differ in space, which could be one rationale for crewed – rather than robotic – space-missions. Moreover, spreading humanity's influence far beyond the Earth raises question about potential other intelligences that have spread through reachable space. Astroethics can consider extraterrestrial having ethics, which may often reflect in laws and understand humanity and its multitude of ethics (which may often reflect in laws and policies) as a part of the universe in a more holistic, possibly even "cosmic", view. Contact regime There have been some proposals as with the Magna Carta of Space presented by William A. Hyman in 1966 or through the concept of metalaw to introduce legal basics in case of detection of or contact with indigenous extraterrestrial intelligence. As of 2018, there are basically no principles for dealing with a successful confirmed SETI detection. Dispute resolution Space Law also attempts to provide a framework for dispute resolution for matters which arise in space. The following mechanisms are available to the different type of affected parties. State Actors State actors can choose to bring a case before the International Court of Justice for breaches under the Liability Convention or the Outer Space Treaty. Strong arguments can also be made for breaches of customary international law. Alternatively, State actors can also attempt to resolve disputes between themselves and reach a negotiated settlement. This was the case in the Kosmos 954 incident between the States of Canada and USSR. Non-State Actors Non-State Actors are first directed to approach an appropriate state party where one is involved as per the Liability Convention. Where the dispute is private and commercial in nature however, many private companies opt for arbitration. So far, arbitration has primarily been conducted under the Permanent Court of Arbitration under the 1976 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules but the existence of the more specialised "Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating