the Catholic Church. The expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the Catholic nations of Europe and their colonial empires is also seen as one of the early manifestations of the new secularist zeitgeist of the Enlightenment. It peaked with the anti-clericalism of the French Revolution. The suppression was also seen as an attempt by monarchs to gain control of revenues and trade that the Society of Jesus previously dominated. Catholic historians often point to a personal conflict between Pope Clement XIII (1758–1769) and his supporters within the church and the crown cardinals backed by France. See also Society of the Faith of Jesus Jesuit clause – clause banning Jesuits from Norway from 1814 to 1956 References Bibliography Further reading also online Cummins, J. S. "The Suppression of the Jesuits, 1773" History Today (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 839–848, online; popular account. Schroth, Raymond A. "Death and Resurrection: The Suppression of the Jesuits in North America." American Catholic Studies 128.1 (2017): 51–66. Van Kley, Dale. The Jansenists and the Expulsion of the Jesuits from France (Yale UP, 1975). Van Kley, Dale K. Reform Catholicism and the international suppression of the Jesuits in Enlightenment Europe (Yale UP, 2018); online review Wright, Jonathan, and Jeffrey D Burson. The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences. Cambridge University Press, 2015. External links Charles III of Spain's royal decree expelling the Jesuits Vogel, Christine: The Suppression of the Society of Jesus, 1758–1773, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011. The Death of a Weak and Regretful Pope: September 22, 1774 at Catholic Text Book Project 18th-century Catholicism Catholicism-related controversies Catholic studies Jesuit history in Europe Jesuit history in South America Jesuit history in North America 18th century in Portugal 18th century in Spain 18th century in France 18th century in Italy History of Catholicism in France History of Catholicism in Spain History of Catholicism in Portugal History of Catholicism in Italy History of Catholicism in Brazil Persecution of Catholics Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish missions in the Americas 1763 disestablishments in Spain 1763 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire Political repression Anti-clericalism