sometimes also referred to as "counterpower" to differentiate it from the term's Leninist origins. Strategies used by libertarian socialists to build dual power include: Mutualism – building alternative economies through co-operatives, credit unions and local purchasing. Municipalism – building popular assemblies to make decisions at the community level. Syndicalism – building revolutionary trade unions to confront management in the workplace. Historical Examples of moments of Dual Power The Italian popolo in opposition to the nobles who controlled city states in the late 13th century. "It gradually developed its own officials, who paralleled those of the commune" The Spanish Revolt of the Comuneros "had established a parallel or "dual" power in opposition to the prevailing royal administration." See also Anarcho-syndicalism Communalism Council communism Diarchy Marxism–Leninism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Mass line Mutual aid (organization theory) New world order (Bahá'í) Prefigurative politics Rojava conflict Tunisian Revolution Workers' self-management Workplace democracy References Footnotes Bibliography Activism Communist terminology Marxist theory Political movements Political theories Russian Revolution Social change