and organizational crisis. The most significant attempts at reviving Narodnaya Volya are associated with the names of German Lopatin (1884), Pyotr Yakubovich (1883–1884), , Vladimir Bogoraz, Lev Sternberg (1885), and (1889). Organizations similar to Narodnaya Volya in the 1890s (in St. Petersburg and abroad) largely abandoned the revolutionary ideas of Narodnaya Volya. Narodnaya Volya's activity became one of the most important elements of the revolutionary situation in late 1879–1880. However, ineffective tactics of political conspiracy and preference for terrorism over other means of struggle failed. At the turn of the century, however, as increasing numbers of former members of Narodnaya Volya were released from prison and exile, these veteran revolutionaries helped to form the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which revived many of the goals and methods of the former narodniki, including peasant revolution and terror. Vladimir Lenin's elder brother, Aleksandr Ulyanov, was a later member of a subsequent incarnation of Narodnaya Volya, and led a cell that plotted to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. See also Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia Russian nihilist movement Socialist Revolutionary Party Group of Narodnik Socialists Nakanune (newspaper) Nikolai Danielson Zemlya i Volya References Bibliography Further reading James H. Billington, Mikhailovsky and Russian Populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958. Leopold H. Haimson, The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955. J. L. H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963. Evgeny Lampert, Sons Against Fathers: Studies in Russian Radicalism and Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965. Philip Pomper, Peter Lavrov and the Russian Revolutionary Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Philip Pomper, The Russian Revolutionary Intelligentsia. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1970. Robert Service, "Russian Populism and Russian Marxism: Two Skeins Entangled", in Roger Bartlett (ed.), Russian Thought and Society, 1800–1917: Essays in Honour of Eugene Lampert. Keele, England: University of Keele, 1984; pp. 220–246. Hugh Seton-Watson, The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1952. Astrid Von Borcke, "Violence and Terror in Russian Revolutionary Populism: The Narodnaya Volya, 1879–83." in Gerhard Hirschfeld and Wolfgang J. Mommsen, (eds.) Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth-and Twentieth-century Europe (Palgrave Macmillan, 1982) pp. 48-62. Andrzej Walicki, The Controversy Over Capitalism: Studies in the Social Philosophy of the Russian Populists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969. Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.