Catalan: , ). Estonian uses b, d, g for short consonants, and p, t, k and pp, tt, kk are used for long consonants. Hungarian digraphs and trigraphs are geminated by doubling the first letter only, thus the geminate form of is (rather than *szsz), and that of is . The only digraph in Ganda, is doubled in the same way: . In Italian, geminated instances of the sound cluster (represented by the digraph ) are always indicated by writing , except in the words and , where the letter is doubled. The gemination of sounds , and , (spelled , , and , respectively) is not indicated because these consonants are always geminated when occurring between vowels. Also the sounds , (both spelled ) are always geminated when occurring between vowels, yet their gemination is sometimes shown, redundantly, by doubling the as, e.g., in . In Japanese, non-nasal gemination () is denoted by placing the "small" variant of the syllable ( or ) between two syllables, where the end syllable must begin with a consonant. For nasal gemination, precede the syllable with the letter for mora N ( or ). The script of these symbols must match with the surrounding syllables. In Swedish and Norwegian, the general rule is that a geminated consonant is written double, unless succeeded by another consonant. Hence ('hall'), but ('Halt!'). In Swedish, this does not apply to morphological changes (so , 'cold' and , 'coldly' or compounds [so ('flatbread')]. The exception are some words ending in -m, thus ['home'] [but ('at home')] and ['stem'], but ['lamb', to distinguish the word from ('lame')], with a long /), as well as adjectives in -nn, so , 'thin' but , 'thinly' (while Norwegian has a rule always prohibiting two "m"s at the end of a word (with the exception being only a handful of proper names, and as a rule forms with suffixes reinsert the second "m", and the rule is that these word-final "m"s always cause the preceding vowel sound to be short (despite the spelling)). Double letters that are not long consonants Doubled orthographic consonants do not always indicate a long phonetic consonant. In English, for example, the sound of running is not lengthened. Consonant digraphs are used in English to indicate the preceding vowel is a short (lax) vowel, while a single letter often allows a long (tense) vowel to occur. For example, tapping