4D MRI systems produces high-resolution images of blood flow in just a single scan session. Classification Bicuspid aortic valves may assume three different types of configuration: "Real" bicuspid valves with two symmetric leaflets A tricuspid architecture with a fusion of two leaflets A tricuspid architecture with a fusion of three leaflets Treatment Complications stemming from structural heart issues are most often treated through surgical intervention, which could include aortic valve replacement, or balloon valvuloplasty. Prognosis BAV frequently leads to significant complications in over one-third of affected individuals which often lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Notable complications of BAV include narrowing of the aortic valve opening, backward blood flow at the aortic valve, dilation of the ascending aorta, and infection of the heart valve. If aortic regurgitation and dilation of the ascending aorta are noted in someone, they should undergo yearly surveillance with transthoracic echocardiograms if the aortic root measures 4.5 centimeters or greater in diameter. Epidemiology Bicuspid aortic valves are the most common cardiac valvular anomaly, occurring in 1–2% of the general population. It is twice as common in males as in females. Bicuspid aortic valve is a heritable condition, with a demonstrated association with mutations in the NOTCH1 gene. Its heritability () is as high as 89%. Both familial clustering and isolated valve defects have been documented. Recent studies suggest that BAV is an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance. Other congenital heart defects are associated with bicuspid aortic valve at various frequencies, including coarctation of the aorta. Bicuspid aortic valve abnormality is also the most observed cardiac defect in Turner syndrome. References Congenital heart defects Diseases of the aorta Valvular heart disease