is made in some modern textbooks. As Richard Feynman states: Explanation based on four-dimensional formalism In the general case, explanation of the motional emf appearance by action of the magnetic force on the charges in the moving wire or in the circuit changing its area is unsatisfactory. As a matter of fact, the charges in the wire or in the circuit could be completely absent, will then the electromagnetic induction effect disappear in this case? This situation is analyzed in the article, in which, when writing the integral equations of the electromagnetic field in a four-dimensional covariant form, in the Faraday’s law the total time derivative of the magnetic flux through the circuit appears instead of the partial time derivative. Thus, electromagnetic induction appears either when the magnetic field changes over time or when the area of the circuit changes. From the physical point of view, it is better to speak not about the induction emf, but about the induced electric field strength , that occurs in the circuit when the magnetic flux changes. In this case, the contribution to from the change in the magnetic field is made through the term , where is the vector potential. If the circuit area is changing in case of the constant magnetic field, then some part of the circuit is inevitably moving, and the electric field emerges in this part of the circuit in the comoving reference frame K’ as a result of the Lorentz transformation of the magnetic field , present in the stationary reference frame K, which passes through the circuit. The presence of the field in K’ is considered as a result of the induction effect in the moving circuit, regardless of whether the charges are present in the circuit or not. In the conducting circuit, the field causes motion of the charges. In the reference frame K, it looks like appearance of emf of the induction , the gradient of which in the form of , taken along the circuit, seems to generate the field . Einstein's view Reflection on this apparent dichotomy was one of the principal paths that led Albert Einstein to develop special relativity: See also References Further reading External links A simple interactive tutorial on electromagnetic induction (click and drag magnet back and forth) National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Roberto Vega. Induction: Faraday's law and Lenz's law – Highly animated lecture, with sound effects,