and making and unmaking khans, several of them Tokhtamysh's sons, for decades to come. Neither of these alliances saved Tokhtamysh, whose authority was dealt severe setbacks by the two great invasions of Timur into the core territories of the Golden Horde in 1391 and 1395–1396. These left Tokhtamysh competing with rival khans, ultimately driving him out definitively, and hounding him to his death in Sibir in 1406. Tokhtamysh's relative solidification of the khan's authority survived him only briefly, and largely due to the influence of his nemesis Edigu; but after 1411 it gave way to another long period of civil war that ended in the disintegration of the Golden Horde. Moreover, Timur's destruction of the Golden Horde's main urban centers, as well as the Italian colony of Tana, dealt a severe and lasting blow to the trade-based economy of the polity, with various negative implications for its future prospects for prosperity and survival. Family Among others, Tokhtamysh had married the widow of Mamai, probably identical with a daughter of Berdi Beg and with the Tulun Beg Khanum who had briefly ruled at Sarai in 1370–1371; in 1386 he had her executed, apparently for participating in an obscure conspiracy. According to the Muʿizz al-ansāb, Tokhtamysh had eight sons and five daughters, as well as six grandchildren, as follows. Jalāl ad-Dīn (1380–1412) (by Ṭaghāy-Bīka), Khan of the Golden Horde 1411–1412 Abū-Saʿīd Amān Beg Karīm Berdi, Khan of the Golden Horde 1409, 1412–1413, 1414 (d. 1417?) Sayyid Aḥmad, possibly Khan of the Golden Horde 1416–1417 (he is distinct from Sayyid Aḥmad, Khan 1432–1459) Kebek, Khan of the Golden Horde 1413–1414 Chaghatāy-Sulṭān Sarāy-Mulk Shīrīn-Bīka Jabbār Berdi, Khan of the Golden Horde 1414–1415, 1416–1417 Qādir Berdi (by a Circassian concubine), Khan of the Golden Horde 1419 Abū-Saʿīd Iskandar (by Ūrun-Bikā) Kūchuk Muḥammad (by Ūrun-Bikā) (he is distinct from Küchük Muḥammad, Khan 1434–1459) Malika (by Ṭaghāy-Bīka) Jānika (by Ṭaghāy-Bīka), who married Edigu Saʿīd-Bīka (by Ṭaghāy-Bīka) Bakhtī-Bīka (by Shukr-Bīka-Āghā) Mayram-Bīka (by Ūrun-Bikā) Genealogy Genghis Khan Jochi Tuqa-Timur Saricha Kuyunchak Qutluq Khwaja Tuy Khwaja Tokhtamysh See also List of Khans of the Golden Horde Lipka Tatars Karsakpay inscription The last of Thartay kin Notes References Bibliography Allen, W. E. D., Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589-1605, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1970. Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55. Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia, New Brunswick, NJ,