by psychokinesis. Historically, malicious spirits were blamed for poltergeist activity. According to Allan Kardec, the founder of Spiritism, poltergeists are manifestations of disembodied spirits of low level, belonging to the sixth class of the third order. Under this explanation, they are believed to be closely associated with the elements (fire, air, water, earth). In Finland, somewhat famous are the case of the "Mäkkylä Ghost" in 1946, which received attention in the press at the time, and the "Devils of Martin" in Ylöjärvi in the late 19th century, for which affidavits were obtained in court. Samuli Paulaharju has also recorded a memoir of a typical poltergeist, the case of "Salkko-Niila", from the south of Lake Inari in his book Memoirs of Lapland (Lapin muisteluksia). The story has also been published in the collection of Mythical Stories (Myytillisiä tarinoita) edited by Lauri Simonsuuri. Psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung was interested in the concept of poltergeists and the occult in general. Jung believed that a female cousin's trance states were responsible for a dining table splitting in two and his later discovery of a broken bread knife. Jung also believed that when a bookcase gave an explosive cracking sound during a meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1909, he correctly predicted there would be a second sound, speculating that such phenomena were caused by 'exteriorization' of his subconscious mind. Freud disagreed, and concluded there was some natural cause. Freud biographers maintain the sounds were likely caused by the wood of the bookcase contracting as it dried out. Famous cases Glenluce Devil (1654–1656) Drummer of Tedworth (1662) Mackie poltergeist (1695) Epworth Rectory (1716–1717) Hinton Ampner (1764–1771) Stockwell ghost (1772) Sampford Peverell (1810–1811) Bell Witch of Tennessee (1817–1872) Bealings Bells (1834) Angelique Cottin (ca. 1846) Ballechin House (1876) Great Amherst Mystery (1878–1879) Caledonia Mills (1899–1922) Gef the Talking Mongoose (1931) Borley Rectory (1937) Thornton Heath poltergeist (1938) Seaford poltergeist (1958) Matthew Manning (1960s–1970s) The Black Monk of Pontefract (1960s–1970s) Rosenheim Poltergeist (1967) The Amityville case (1975) The Enfield Poltergeist (1977) The Thornton Road poltergeist of Birmingham (1981) Tina Resch (1984) The Canneto di Caronia fires poltergeist (2004–05) Ammons haunting case (2011) See also Apparitional experience Ghost Ghost hunting Parapsychology topics (list) List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Lithobolia Mischievous fairies Spiritism Stigmatized property References Further reading Christopher, Milbourne (1970). ESP, Seers & Psychics. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. Nickell, Joe (2012). The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits