In the broader context of racism against Black Americans and racism in the United States, mass racial violence in the United States consists of ethnic conflicts and race riots, along with such events as: Racially based communal conflicts between white Americans and African Americans which took place before the American Civil War, often in relation to attempted slave revolts, and racially based communal conflicts between white Americans and African Americans which took place after the war, in relation to tensions which existed during the Reconstruction and later efforts to suppress Black suffrage and institute Jim Crow laws Conflicts between Protestants and recent Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany in the 19th century Attacks on Native Americans and white Americans which took place during conflicts over the land (see also: American Indian Wars, California Genocide, List of Indian massacres) Frequent fighting among members of various ethnic groups in major cities, specifically in the Northeastern United States and the Midwestern United States throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the ethnic violence between Puerto Ricans and Italians in New York City Anti-immigrant violence, specifically anti-Catholic violence which targeted Catholics in the 19th century Anti-immigrant violence, specifically Hispanophobic violence which targeted Latin Americans during the 20th century Two concurrent but distinct patterns of disturbances which occurred during the civil rights era: racial disturbances which occurred during demonstrations and protests, such as the disturbance which occurred at the Marquette Park Illinois march of August 1966 and the disturbance which occurred during the 1969 Greensboro uprising in North Carolina, in conjunction with the Ghetto riots in the United States (1964–1969), a group of riots which includes the Long, hot summer of 1967 and the King assassination riots of 1968, which caused mass violence, looting, and long-lasting damage within African-American communities. History Racial and ethnic cleansing Racial and ethnic cleansing was committed on a large scale during this period of time in the history of the United States, particularly against Native Americans, who were forced off their lands and relocated to reservations. Along with Native Americans, Chinese Americans in the Pacific Northwest and African Americans throughout the United States were rounded up and expunged from towns under threat of mob rule, the white mobs frequently intended to harm their African American targets. Genocide of California's Indigenous peoples Following California's transition to statehood, the California state government, incited, aided and financed miners, settlers, ranchers