and indirect quotes, as in: e. They come talkin' 'bout they is scared of me! Japanese In Japanese, the quotative particle to along with the verb of saying iu (say) occur after the quotation; the conjugated form of iu (say) is itta: Gloss: TOP=Topic Marker ACC=Accusative COM=Complementizer HON=Honorific/Polite form {| class="wikitable" |- | 太郎 || は || 晴海 || を || 憎んでいる || と || 言った。 |- | Taro || wa || Harumi || o || nikundeiru || to || itta. |- | Taro || TOP || Harumi || ACC || hated || COM || said |- | colspan=7|"Taro said that he hated Harumi." lit. "that 'I hated Harumi" |} The quotative particle to can also occur with verbs of thinking, such as omou (think). Like to and iu (say), to and omou occur after the quotation. Laal In Laal, the quotative evidential mɨ́ is used for non-self quotation (i.e. quotation in which the speaker quotes someone else, not themself); it is used with a quotative verb ɓɨ́lá. The use of mɨ́ results in an indirect quotation translation. The quotative verb bɨ́lá occurs before the quotation, while the quotative evidential mɨ́ occurs within the quoted speech já mɨ́ nyàg tāā wó: Gloss: QEV=Quotative Evidential NEG=Negation {| class="wikitable" |- | ài || ɓɨ́lá || mɨ́ || já*i/j || mɨ́ || nyàg || tāā || wó |- | He || say || (say)that || I || QEV || eat || fish || NEG |- | colspan=8|"Hei said that I*i/j don't/didn't eat fish." |} As the above sentence involves a non-self quotation, à (he) and já (I) have different indices to show that they refer to different referents; only this interpretation is well-formed. The interpretation in which they share identical indices is ill-formed (i.e. ungrammatical), as indicated by the asterisk. In addition to quotative markers, speakers also use prosodic shifts, pauses, pronominal choices, and tense to detect the occurrence and boundaries of quotations in spoken utterances. Syntax Different versions of quotative verbs, particles, and evidentials can be used to express the same idea with varying nuances, often to frame how the primary speaker, or the person who is quoting, feels about a quotation. The syntax of quotations varies cross-linguistically. A primary speaker may use the tense and linguistic idiosyncrasies of the speech at the time it was uttered in a quotation, independent from the tense in the main clause in some languages, or