overt quantifier zoiets to be well-formed. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Standard North American English !! Glasgow English !! Dutch |- | [TP Aaron [T' was [PP like [DP ∅ [QUOTE I hate you]]]]] || [TP Aaron [T' was [PP like [DP ∅ [QUOTE I hate you]]]]] || [TP Ik [T' hebben [DP zoiets [PP van [DP ∅ [QUOTE I hate you]]]]] |- | *[TP Aaron [T' was [PP like [DP that [QUOTE I hate you]]]]] || [TP Aaron [T' was [PP like [DP that [QUOTE I hate you]]]]] || *[TP Ik [T' hebben [DP ∅ [PP van [DP ∅ [QUOTE I hate you]]]]] |- |} Quotative particles Quotative or hearsay particles are grammatical markers equivalent to full lexical verbs with meanings of "say, mention, tell, etc." In many languages, they are grammaticalized to different extremes from their previously lexical form. Common patterns of grammaticalization trajectories include verb to complementizer in many African and Asian languages and verb to tense-aspect-mood markers primarily in African languages, but also in Australian languages and multiple other language families. Japanese, for example, uses a sentence-final quotative particle tte verbally to mean "I heard (quote)" with some uncertainty. In sentence-medial position, tte is sometimes regarded along with to to be either a quotative particle or complementizer meaning "I heard (quote)" with less uncertainty and often more knowledge of the origin of the quote. Gloss: QP=Quotative Particle FP=Final Particle {| class="wikitable" |- | 明日 || 晴れる || -って |- | ashita || hareru || tte. |- | tomorrow || will-be-fine || QP |- | colspan=7|"It will be fine tomorrow, I heard." |} {| class="wikitable" |- | 明日 || 晴れる || って/と || 言ってた || よ |- | ashita || hareru || -tte/to || itteta || yo. |- | tomorrow || will-be-fine || QP || said || FP |- | colspan=7|"(X) said that it would be fine tomorrow." |} Verbs of saying are highly restricted in Australian languages and almost always immediately proceed the complement verb. Gloss: PL=Plural FUT=Future Tense PST=Past Tense OBL=Oblique Case IRR= Irregular {| class="wikitable" |+ Ngarinyin example |- | wurlan || wurr-u-miyangga || bud-ma-ra-ngarrugu |- | word || 3PL-FUT-know || 3PL-say-PST-1PL.OBL.IRR |- | colspan=7|"They will know this word" they said to us. |} Quotative evidentials Quotative or hearsay evidentials provide knowledge of who or where information originated from in speech based on logical assumption. Languages indicate this in various ways: through grammatical marking, additional