make a clear distinction between Standard Chinese and the Beijing dialect, there are aspects of Beijing dialect that have made it into the official standard. Standard Chinese has a T–V distinction between the polite and informal "you" that comes from the Beijing dialect, although its use is quite diminished in daily speech. It also distinguishes between "" (we including the listener) and "" (we not including the listener). In practice, neither distinction is commonly used by most Chinese, at least outside the Beijing area. The following samples are some phrases from the Beijing dialect which are not yet accepted into Standard Chinese: means 'very much'; means 'stagger'; means 'do not worry about'; means 'eat'; means 'slip'; means 'man, male'. The following samples are some phrases from Beijing dialect which have become accepted as Standard Chinese: means 'not very skillful'; means 'good male friend(s)', 'buddy(ies)'; means 'frugal' or 'stingy'. Writing system Standard Chinese is written with characters corresponding to syllables of the language, most of which represent a morpheme. In most cases, these characters come from those used in Classical Chinese to write cognate morphemes of late Old Chinese, though their pronunciation, and often meaning, has shifted dramatically over two millennia. However, there are several words, many of them heavily used, which have no classical counterpart or whose etymology is obscure. Two strategies have been used to write such words: An unrelated character with the same or similar pronunciation might be used, especially if its original sense was no longer common. For example, the demonstrative pronouns "this" and "that" have no counterparts in Classical Chinese, which used and respectively. Hence the character (later simplified as ) for "to meet" was borrowed to write "this", and the character for , the name of a country and later a rare surname, was borrowed to write "that". A new character, usually a phono-semantic or semantic compound, might be created. For example, "pursue, overtake", is written with a new character , composed of the signific "run" and the phonetic "drought". This method was used to represent many elements in the periodic table. The government of the PRC (as well as some other governments and institutions) has promulgated a set of simplified forms. Under this system, the forms of the words ("here") and ("there") changed from and to and , among many other changes. Chinese characters were traditionally read from top to bottom, right to left,