a policy decision. Gerrymandering There have been multiple cases on the justiciability of gerrymandering: In the case of Davis v. Bandemer (1986), the Supreme Court held that gerrymandering cases were justiciable under the Equal Protection Clause. The precedential power of this case is still unclear, especially considering the later case of Rucho v. Common Cause. Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004) held claims of partisan gerrymandering nonjusticiable because a discernible and manageable standard for adjudicating them had not been established or applied since Davis v. Bandemer. However, Justice Kennedy stated in his concurring opinion that judicially manageable standards for gerrymandering could be developed in future cases. Gill v. Whitford and Benisek v. Lamone (2017) were decided without taking a final stance on partisan gerrymandering. Rucho v. Common Cause and Lamone v. Benisek (2019) were decided together on June 27, 2019, where a 5-4 majority concluded partisan gerrymandering was a political question and nonjusticiable by federal courts. Private military contractors In the case of Ghane v. Mid-South (January 16, 2014), the Mississippi Supreme Court held that a wrongful death action against a private military company by the family of a deceased United States Navy SEAL could proceed under Mississippi law since the plaintiff's claims did not present a non-justiciable political question under Baker v. Carr (1962). Court cases Important cases discussing the political question doctrine: Marbury v. Madison, – the origin of the phrase. Luther v. Borden, – Guarantee of a republican form of government is a political question to be resolved by the President and the Congress. Coleman v. Miller, – Mode of amending federal Constitution is a political question. Colegrove v. Green, – Apportionment of Congressional districts is a political question (Overruled by Baker v. Carr). Baker v. Carr, – Apportionment of state legislatures is not a political question. Powell v. McCormack, – Congressional authority to exclude members who have met qualifications to serve is not a political question. Goldwater v. Carter, – Presidential authority to terminate treaties is a political question. INS v. Chadha, – Constitutionality of one house legislative veto is not a political question. Nixon v. United States, – Senate authority to try impeachments and impeachment are political questions. Rucho v. Common Cause, (2019) – Partisan gerrymandering is a political question. Beyond the United States The political question doctrine has also had significance beyond American constitutional law. France A type of act by the French government, the acte