the fact that the Mozarabic language in al-Andalus (modern southern Spain) had as the outcome despite being in the "Western Romance" area and geographically disconnected from the remaining areas; this suggests that Mozarabic was an outlying "relic" area where the change > failed to reach. (Northern French dialects, such as Norman and Picard, also had , but this may be a secondary development, i.e. due to a later sound change > .) Note that eventually became /s, z, ʒ/ in most Western Romance languages. Thus Latin caelum (sky, heaven), pronounced with an initial , became Italian cielo , Romanian cer , Spanish cielo /, French ciel , Catalan cel , and Portuguese céu . The outcome of palatalized and is less clear: Original has the same outcome as palatalized everywhere. Romanian fairly consistently has < from palatalized , but from palatalized . Italian inconsistently has from palatalized , and from palatalized . Most other languages have the same results for palatalized and : consistent initially, but either or medially (depending on language and exact context). But Spanish has (phonetically ) initially except before , ; nearby Gascon is similar. This suggests that palatalized > > either or depending on location, while palatalized > ; after this, > in most areas, but Spanish and Gascon (originating from isolated districts behind the western Pyrenees) were relic areas unaffected by this change. In French, the outcomes of palatalized by and by were different: centum "hundred" > cent but cantum "song" > chant . French also underwent palatalization of labials before : Vulgar Latin > Old French (sēpia "cuttlefish" > seiche, rubeus "red" > rouge, sīmia "monkey" > singe). The original outcomes of palatalization must have continued to be phonetically palatalized even after they had developed into //etc. consonants. This is clear from French, where all originally palatalized consonants triggered the development of a following glide in certain circumstances (most visible in the endings -āre, -ātum/ātam). In some cases this came from a consonant palatalized by an adjoining consonant after the late loss of a separating vowel. For example, mansiōnātam > > > > early Old French maisnieḍe "household". Similarly, mediētātem > > > > early Old French meitieḍ > modern French moitié "half". In both cases, phonetic palatalization must have remained in primitive Old French at least through the time when unstressed intertonic vowels were lost (?8th century), well after the fragmentation of