with one of the other candidates. When a Condorcet winner exists, the candidate does not necessarily win a runoff election due to insufficient support in the first round. Runoff advocates counter that voters' first preference is more important than lower preferences because that is where voters are putting the most effort of decision and that, unlike Condorcet methods, runoffs require a high showing among the full field of choices in addition to a strong showing in the final head-to-head competition. Condorcet methods can allow candidates to win who have minimal first-choice support and can win largely on the compromise appeal of being ranked second or third by more voters. Practical implications In smaller elections, such as those in assemblies or private organisations, it is sometimes possible to conduct both rounds in quick succession. More commonly, however, large-scale public elections the two rounds of runoff voting are held on separate days, and so involve voters going to the polls twice and governments conducting two elections. Voter Fatigue/Suppression Holding two elections typically leads to voter fatigue and a reduced turnout, especially in the second round. Voter fatigue by design can also be called voter suppression. Costs One of the strongest criticisms against the two-round voting system is the cost to the taxpayer required to conduct two ballots can be nearly twice that of holding a single ballot. The reason the cost is probably not quite double, is that an instant-runoff ballot method, for example, may have more expensive voting machines (at least until more places adopt this method) and the longer vote-counting time could pose additional costs to election administrators. Political Instability The two-round voting system also has the potential to cause political instability between the two rounds of voting, adding further to economic impact. Simple to Tally In runoff voting, the counting of votes in each round is simple and occurs in the same way as under the plurality methods. Ranked voting systems, such as instant-runoff voting, involve a longer, more complicated count. Usage The two-round system is the most common way used to elect heads of state (presidents) of countries worldwide, a total of 84 countries elect their heads of state directly with a two-round system as opposed to only 21 countries that used single-round plurality (first-past-the-post). Heads of state elected by TRS in direct popular elections Algeria Argentina Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Benin Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cape