shouted to a companion Torna, torna, fratre! (meaning "Return, return, brother!"). Theophanes Confessor recorded it as part of a 6th-century military expedition by Comentiolus and Priscus against the Avars and Slovenes. The oldest surviving written text in Romanian is a letter from late June 1521, in which Neacșu of Câmpulung wrote to the mayor of Brașov about an imminent attack of the Turks. It was written using the Cyrillic alphabet, like most early Romanian writings. The earliest surviving writing in Latin script was a late 16th-century Transylvanian text which was written with the Hungarian alphabet conventions. In the 18th century, Transylvanian scholars noted the Latin origin of Romanian and adapted the Latin alphabet to the Romanian language, using some orthographic rules from Italian, recognized as Romanian's closest relative. The Cyrillic alphabet remained in (gradually decreasing) use until 1860, when Romanian writing was first officially regulated. In the Soviet Republic of Moldova, the Russian-derived Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet was used until 1989, when the Romanian Latin alphabet was introduced; in the breakaway territory of Transnistria the Cyrillic alphabet remains in use. Romanian alphabet The Romanian alphabet is as follows: {|class="center wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse" |- !colspan="31"| Capital letters |- | A | Ă | Â | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | Î | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | Ș | T | Ț | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |- !colspan="31"| Lower case letters |- | a | ă | â | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | î | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | ș | t | ț | u | v | w | x | y | z |- !colspan="31"| Phonemes |- | | | | | , | | ,, | | , | ,mute | ,, | | | | | | | , | | | | | | | | , | | ,, | | , | |} K, Q, W and Y, not part of the native alphabet, were officially introduced in the Romanian alphabet in 1982 and are mostly used to write loanwords like kilogram, quasar,