when referring to the disproportionate searching of African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Middle Easterns, and South Asians along with other visible minorities. Sociologist Robert Staples said that racial profiling in the U.S. is "not merely a collection of individual offenses", but rather a systemic phenomenon across American society, dating back to the era of slavery. See also Affirmative action Institutional racism Contempt of cop De-policing Driving while black Police misconduct Presumption of guilt Race and crime in the United States Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy Edward C. Lawson Social profiling Police harassment Selective enforcement References Further reading Baker, Al. "Judge Declines to Dismiss Case Alleging Racial Profiling by City Police in Street Stops." The New York Times. Nytimes.com, 31 August 2011. Web. 26 April 2012 Glaser, Jack. 2014. Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling (Oxford University Press) Shantz, Jeff. 2010. Racial Profiling and Borders: International, Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Lake Mary: Vandeplas). Weitzer, Ronald; Tuch, Steven. 2006. Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform (New York: Cambridge University Press). Michal Tamir, "Racial Profiling – Who is the Executioner and Does he have a Face?" 15 Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy (2009) 71-9 External links An Investigation by the Joint Legislative Task Force on Government Oversight into Racial Profiling Practices by the California Highway Patrol as part of a program known as Operation Pipeline Bureau of Justice Criminal Offender Statistics and here Rational Profiling in America's Airports (Law Review Article) CBC backgrounder on racial profiling in Canada. "Ethnic Profiling: A Rational and Moral Framework", by Robert A. Levy (Cato Institute, October 2, 2001) "Racial Profiling in an Age of Terrorism" , By Peter Siggins (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, March 12, 2002) Race and crime Offender profiling Race and law African-American-related controversies Islam-related controversies Islam-related controversies in North America Race-related controversies Race-related controversies in the United States Law enforcement controversies