Carl Maria von Weber. Later nineteenth-century composers would appear to build upon certain early Romantic ideas and musical techniques, such as the use of extended chromatic harmony and expanded orchestration. Such later Romantic composers include Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Mykola Lysenko, Modest Mussorgsky, Antonín Dvořák, Alexander Borodin, Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Glazunov, Edward Elgar, Edvard Grieg, Gabriel Fauré, and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Traits The classical period often used short, even fragmentary, thematic material while the Romantic period tended to make greater use of longer, more fully defined and more emotionally evocative themes. Characteristics often attributed to Romanticism: a new preoccupation with and surrender to nature; a turn towards the mystic and supernatural, both religious and unearthly; a focus on the nocturnal, the ghostly, the frightful, and terrifying; a new attention given to national identity; discontent with musical formulas and conventions; a greater emphasis on melody to sustain musical interest; increased chromaticism; a harmonic structure based on movement from tonic to subdominant or alternative keys rather than the traditional dominant, and use of more elaborate harmonic progressions (Wagner and Liszt are known for their experimental progressions); large, grand orchestras were common during this period; increase in virtuosic players featured in orchestrations; the use of new or previously not so common musical structures like the song cycle, nocturne, concert etude, arabesque and rhapsody, alongside the traditional classical genres; Program music became somewhat more common; the use of a wider range of dynamics, for example from ppp to fff, supported by large orchestration; a greater tonal range (exp. using the lowest and highest notes of the piano); In music, there is a relatively clear dividing line in musical structure and form following the death of Beethoven. Whether one counts Beethoven as a "romantic" composer or not, the breadth and power of his work gave rise to a feeling that the classical sonata form and, indeed, the structure of the symphony, sonata and string quartet had been exhausted. Trends of the 19th century Non-musical influences Events and changes in society such as ideas, attitudes, discoveries, inventions, and historical events often affect music. For example, the Industrial Revolution was in full effect by the late 18th century and early 19th century. This event profoundly affected music: there were major improvements in the mechanical valves and keys that most woodwinds and brass instruments