al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises. Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient "Arabic" equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts. A few examples of their current use are: Names of monarchs and popes, e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Pope Benedict XVI. These are referred to as regnal numbers and are usually read as ordinals; e.g. is pronounced "the second". This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages, gaining widespread use in England during the reign of Henry VIII. Previously, the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor. Some monarchs (e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France) seem to have preferred the use of instead of on their coinage (see illustration). Generational suffixes, particularly in the U.S., for people sharing the same name across generations, for example William Howard Taft IV. These are also usually read as ordinals. In the French Republican Calendar, initiated during the French Revolution, years were numbered by Roman numerals – from the year (1792) when this calendar was introduced to the year (1805) when it was abandoned. The year of production of films, television shows and other works of art within the work itself. Outside reference to the work will use regular Arabic numerals. Hour marks on timepieces. In this context, 4 is often written . The year of construction on building façades and cornerstones. Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books, and sometimes of appendices and annexes, too. Book volume and chapter numbers, as well as the several acts within a play (e.g. Act , Scene 2). Sequels to some films, video games, and other works (as in Rocky II, Grand Theft Auto V). Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships. Occurrences of a recurring grand event, for instance: The Summer and Winter Olympic Games (e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games; the Games of the XXX Olympiad). The Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (e.g. Super Bowl XLII; Super Bowl 50 was a one-time exception). WrestleMania, the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE (e.g. WrestleMania