Russia, the largest country in the world by area, had a population of 147.2 million according to the 2021 census, or 144.7 million when excluding Crimea and Sevastopol, up from 142.8 million in the 2010 census. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world, with a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 per square mile). As of 2020, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 71.54 years (66.49 years for males and 76.43 years for females). From 1992 to 2012, and again since 2016, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which has been called a demographic crisis by analysts. Subsequently, the nation has an ageing population, with the median age of the country being 40.3 years. In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; during the mid-2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. However, since 2020, due to excess deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history. In 2020, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and about equal to the European average. Russia is a multinational state, home to over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 Census, roughly 71.7% of the population were ethnic Russians, 16.7% of the population were ethnic minorities and 11.6% did not state an ethnicity. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from other post-Soviet states. Population Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics and the World Population Review in 2019. One birth every 22 seconds One death every 13 seconds Net loss of one person every 30 seconds One net migrant every 4 minutes Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation Fertility Between 1993 and 2008, there was a great decrease in the country's population from 148 to 143 million. There was a huge 50% decrease in the number of births per year from 2.5 million in 1987 to 1.2 million since 1997, but the current 1.58 fertilty rate is still better than those of the 1990s. At the beginning of 2022, 320,400 babies were born