voting; access to quality healthcare; the provision of basic services, including clean water; electricity; as well as access to adequate schooling. Non-white South Africans were also prevented from accessing certain public areas, from using certain public transportation, and were required to live only in certain designated areas. Non-white South Africans were taxed differently than white South Africans and they were also required to carry on them at all times additional documentation, which later became known as "dom passes", to certify their non-white South African citizenship. All of these legislative racial laws were abolished through a series of equal human rights laws which were passed at the end of the Apartheid era in the early 1990s. Anti-racism Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies which are adopted or developed in order to oppose racism. In general, it promotes an egalitarian society in which people are not discriminated against on the basis of race. Examples of anti-racist movements include the civil rights movement, the Anti-Apartheid Movement and Black Lives Matter. Nonviolent resistance is sometimes embraced as an element of anti-racist movements, although this was not always the case. Hate crime laws, affirmative action, and bans on racist speech are also examples of government policy which is intended to suppress racism. See also Afrophobia Allport's Scale Aporophobia Christian Identity Covert racism Creativity (religion) Curse and mark of Cain Discrimination based on skin color Environmental racism Environmental racism in Europe Ethnic hatred Hipster racism Identitarianism Index of racism-related articles In-group favoritism Labeling theory Minority stress Nigger Racial bias in criminal news Racial bias on Wikipedia Racial fetishism Racial literacy Racialization Raciolinguistics Racist pre-Adamism Racism in horror films Racism in the LGBT community Reverse discrimination Romantic racism Social interpretations of race Spiritual racism Stereotype threat Tatarophobia Tragic mulatto Yellow Peril References and notes Further reading Allen, Theodore. (1994). The Invention of the White Race: Volume 1 London: Verso. Allen, Theodore. (1997). The Invention of the White Race: Volume 2 London: Verso. Barkan, Elazar (1992), The Retreat of Scientific Racism : Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars, Cambridge University Press, New York. Barth, Boris: nbn:de:0159-2010092173 Racism , European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 16, 2011. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2018. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Dain, Bruce (2002), A Hideous