There are domestic laws against negationism and hate speech (which may encompass negationism) in several countries, including: Austria (Article I §3 Verbotsgesetz 1947 with its 1992 updates and added paragraph §3h). Belgium (Belgian Holocaust denial law). Czech Republic. France (Gayssot Act). Germany (§130(3) of the penal code). Hungary. Israel. Lithuania. Luxembourg. Poland (Article 55 of the law establishing the Institute of National Remembrance 1998). Portugal. Romania. Slovakia. Switzerland (Article 261bis of the Penal Code). Additionally, the Netherlands considers denying the Holocaust as a hate crime – which is a punishable offence. Wider use of domestic laws include the 1990 French Gayssot Act that prohibits any "racist, anti-Semitic or xenophobic" speech, and the Czech Republic and Ukraine have criminalized the denial and the minimization of Communist-era crimes. In fiction In the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) by George Orwell, the government of Oceania continually revises historical records to concord with the contemporary political explanations of The Party. When Oceania is at war with Eurasia, the public records (newspapers, cinema, television) indicate that Oceania has been always at war with Eurasia; yet, when Eurasia and Oceania are no longer fighting each other, the historical records are subjected to negationism; thus, the populace are brainwashed to believe that Oceania and Eurasia always have been allies against Eastasia. The protagonist of the story, Winston Smith, is an editor in the Ministry of Truth, responsible for effecting the continual historical revisionism that will negate the contradictions of the past upon the contemporary world of Oceania. To cope with the psychological stresses of life during wartime, Smith begins a diary, in which he observes that "He who controls the present, controls the past. He who controls the past, controls the future", and so illustrates the principal, ideological purpose of historical negationism. Franz Kurowski was an extremely prolific right-wing German writer who dedicated his entire career to the production of Nazi military propaganda, followed by post-war military pulp fiction and revisionist histories of World War II, claiming the humane behaviour and innocence of war crimes of the Wehrmacht, glorifying war as a desirable state, while fabricating eyewitness reports of atrocities allegedly committed by the Allies, especially Bomber Command and the air raids on Cologne and Dresden as a planned genocide of the civilian population. See also Academic integrity Alternative facts Ash heap of history Big lie Black legend Cognitive dissonance Damnatio memoriae Doublethink Dunning School (United States) Historical