been chosen and enthroned. This council's edict had been abrogated, however, with the Ludowicianum of 817, which provided that the Roman lay nobility would participate in papal elections. This gradual encroachment into the papal electoral process would reach its nadir during the tenth century, when the papacy became the plaything of the Roman aristocracy. Notes References Mann, Horace K., The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol. II: The Popes During the Carolingian Empire, 795–858 (1906) DeCormenin, Louis Marie; Gihon, James L., A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth (1857) Davis, Raymond, Lives of the Ninth-Century Popes, (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995) External links Vita Operaque by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes Popes Italian popes 827 deaths Year of birth unknown 9th-century popes Burials at St. Peter's Basilica