further explain why they do not correct themselves when they produce jargon, paraphasias, or neologisms. Paraphasias: Phonemic (literal) paraphasias: involves the substitution, addition, or rearrangement of sounds so that an error can be defined as sounding like the target word. Often, half of the word is still intact which allows for easy comparison to the appropriate, original word. E.g. "bap" for "map" Semantic (verbal) paraphasias: saying a word that is related to the target word in meaning or category; frequently observed in Wernicke's aphasia. E.g. "jet" for "airplane" or "knife" for "fork" Neologisms: nonwords that have no relation to the target word. E.g. "dorflur" for "shoe" Circumlocution: talking around the target word. E.g. "uhhh it's white... it's flat... you write on it..." (when referencing paper) Press of speech: run-on speech. If a clinician asks, "what do you do at a supermarket?" And the individual responds with "Well, the supermarket is a place. It is a place with a lot of food. My favorite food is Italian food. At a supermarket, I buy different kinds of food. There are carts and baskets. Supermarkets have lots of customers, and workers..." Lack of hemiparesis: typically, no motor deficits are seen with a localized lesion in Wernicke's area. Reduced retention span: reduced ability to retain information for extended periods of time. Impairments in reading and writing: impairments can be seen in both reading and writing with differing severity levels. How to differentiate from other types of aphasia Expressive aphasia (non-fluent Broca's aphasia): individuals have great difficulty forming complete sentences with generally only basic content words (leaving out words like "is" and "the"). Global aphasia: individuals have extreme difficulties with both expressive (producing language) and receptive (understanding language). Anomic aphasia: the biggest hallmark is one's poor word-finding abilities; one's speech is fluent and appropriate, but full of circumlocutions (evident in both writing and speech). Conduction aphasia: individuals can comprehend what is being said and are fluent in spontaneous speech, but they cannot repeat what is being said to them. Causes The most common cause of Wernicke's aphasia is stroke. Strokes may occur when blood flow to the brain is completely interrupted or severely reduced. This has a direct effect on the amount of oxygen and nutrients being able to supply the brain, which causes brain cells to die within minutes. "The middle cerebral arteries supply blood to the cortical areas involved in speech, language and