1983 nomen dubium (Hunter Island penguins) Tereingaornis (Middle Pliocene of New Zealand) Tonniornis (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica) Wimanornis (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica) Spheniscidae Waimanu Jones, Ando & Fordyce 2006 (Middle-Late Paleocene) Kumimanu Mayr, 2017 Delphinornis Wiman 1905 (Middle/Late Eocene? – Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica) Marambiornis Myrcha et al. 2002 (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica) Mesetaornis Myrcha et al. 2002 (Late Eocene –? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica) Perudyptes Clarke et al. 2007 (Middle Eocene of Atacama Desert, Peru) Anthropornis Wiman 1905 (Middle Eocene? – Early Oligocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica) Palaeeudyptes Huxley 1859 (Middle/Late Eocene – Late Oligocene) Icadyptes Clarke et al. 2007 (Late Eocene of Atacama Desert, Peru) Pachydyptes Oliver 1930 (Late Eocene) Inkayacu Clarke et al. 2010 (Late Eocene of South America) Kairuku Ksepka et al. 2012 (Late Oligocene of E South Island, New Zealand) Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891 (Early – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene) Archaeospheniscus Marples 1952 (Middle/Late Eocene – Late Oligocene) Duntroonornis Marples 1953 (Late Oligocene of Otago, New Zealand) Platydyptes Marples 1952 (Late Oligocene of New Zealand) Dege Simpson 1979 (Early Pliocene of South Africa) – possibly Spheniscinae Marplesornis Simpson 1972 (Early Pliocene) Subfamily Palaeospheniscinae (slender-footed penguins) (fossil) Eretiscus Olson 1986 (Patagonia Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina) Palaeospheniscus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (Early? – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene) – includes Chubutodyptes 'Subfamily Spheniscinae Spheniscidae gen. et sp. indet. CADIC P 21 (Leticia Middle Eocene of Punta Torcida, Argentina) Spheniscidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Hakataramea, New Zealand) Madrynornis (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Argentina) The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae; however, re-examination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae. Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis. Taxonomy Some recent sources apply the phylogenetic taxon Spheniscidae to what here is referred to as Spheniscinae. Furthermore, they restrict the phylogenetic taxon Sphenisciformes to flightless taxa, and establish the phylogenetic taxon Pansphenisciformes as equivalent to the Linnean taxon Sphenisciformes, i.e., including any flying basal "proto-penguins" to be discovered eventually. Given that neither the relationships of the penguin subfamilies to each other nor the placement of the penguins in the avian phylogeny is presently resolved, this is confusing, so the established Linnean system is followed here. Evolution The evolutionary history of penguins is well-researched and represents