place. They are allowed only when there is no subject-verb inversion, or when part of a preposition phrase. a. "Why?" Gabrielle asked the attendant. - No subject-verb inversion b. "Why?" asked Gabrielle of the attendant. - NP part of a preposition phrase c. *"Why?" asked Gabrielle the attendant. - Subject-verb inversion unlikely with an NP in addition to the subject In English, both verb-subject and subject-verb word orders are permitted: a. "Don't turn back!" warned Marcel. - Verb-subject order b. "Who's on first?" Swami demanded. - Subject-verb order This however, is not the case in all languages. For example, in Peninsular Spanish, this inversion is not allowed. Quotatives must follow verb-subject order: a. «No, no es un enanito», rectifica el viejo. - Verb-subject order "No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old man. b. *«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica. - Subject-verb order unlikely for introducing quotations "No, he is not a gnome", the old man corrects. Brackets in quotes in English language Brackets are used to indicate an addition or a modification from the original quote. Various uses of brackets in quotes are: Clarification ("She[Michelle] is an expert in botany.") Change in Capitalization ("[a]ccording to this article, this is untrue.") Translation ("Hola, soy Brandon [Hello, I am Brandon].") When [sic] is added, it means that errors are present in the original text. For example, "Domestic cats are valued by hoomans [sic] for companionship." In spoken discourse Traditionally, quotations—more specifically known as direct quotations—have been distinguished from indirect quotations. Direct quotations differ from indirect quotations in that they are reported from the perspective of the experiencer, while indirect quotations are reported from the perspective of the reporting speaker (e.g. "He said: 'I am leaving now'” versus "He said (that) he was leaving immediately"); are free in their syntactic form, while indirect quotations are subject to language-specific structural requirements (e.g. indirect quotations in many Indo-European languages are required to have the syntactic form of a well-formed declarative subordinate clause); incorporate extralinguistic material and pragmatic markers, while indirect quotations do not. Crucially, direct quotations have a performative aspect (i.e. occur simultaneously with re-enactments of previous behaviours), which indirect quotations lack. Both direct and indirect quotations in spoken discourse are not intended to be verbatim reproductions of an utterance that has been produced. Instead, direct quotations convey the approximative meaning of such an utterance along with the way in which