remained in politics: Bowell continued as a senator, Stephen Harper returned to the House of Commons as a backbench MP, and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the House of Lords. A number were leaders of the Official Opposition: John A. Macdonald, Arthur Meighen, Mackenzie King, and Pierre Trudeau, all before being re-appointed as prime minister (Mackenzie King twice); Alexander Mackenzie and John Diefenbaker, both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths; Wilfrid Laurier dying while still in the post; and Charles Tupper, Louis St. Laurent, and John Turner, each before they returned to private business. Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister, but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding. Also returning to civilian life were: Robert Borden, who was Chancellor of Queen's and McGill Universities, as well as working in the financial sector; Lester B. Pearson, who was Chancellor of Carleton University; Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who became university professors, Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice. Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies—Tupper, for example—or published their memoirs—such as Diefenbaker and Paul Martin. See also Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office Prime ministers of Canada in popular culture List of books about prime ministers of Canada List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria List of prime ministers of Edward VII List of prime ministers of George V List of prime ministers of Edward VIII List of prime ministers of George VI List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II List of prime ministers of Charles III Notes References External links Official government Web site of the Office of the Prime Minister Prime Minister of Canada on YouTube Library of Parliament of Canada Canada's Best Prime Ministers: 2011 Maclean's article Government of Canada 1867 establishments in Canada