fine motor skills, balance and coordination, strength and endurance as well as cognitive and sensory processing/integration. Sports Physical therapists are closely involved in the care and wellbeing of athletes including recreational, semi-professional (paid), and professional (full-time employment) participants. This area of practice encompasses athletic injury management under 5 main categories: acute care – assessment and diagnosis of an initial injury; treatment – application of specialist advice and techniques to encourage healing; rehabilitation – progressive management for full return to sport; prevention – identification and address of deficiencies known to directly result in, or act as precursors to injury, such as movement assessment education – sharing of specialist knowledge to individual athletes, teams, or clubs to assist in prevention or management of injury Physical therapists who work for professional sports teams often have a specialized sports certification issued through their national registering organization. Most Physical therapists who practice in a sporting environment are also active in collaborative sports medicine programs too (See also: athletic trainers). Women's health Women's health or pelvic floor physical therapy mostly addresses women's issues related to the female reproductive system, child birth, and post-partum. These conditions include lymphedema, osteoporosis, pelvic pain, prenatal and post-partum periods, and urinary incontinence. It also addresses incontinence, pelvic pain, and other disorders associated with pelvic floor dysfunction. Manual physical therapy has been demonstrated in multiple studies to increase rates of conception in women with infertility. Oncology Physical therapy in the field of oncology and palliative care is a continuously evolving and developing specialty, both in malignant and non-malignant diseases. Physical therapy for both groups of patients is now recognized as an essential part of the clinical pathway, as early diagnoses and new treatments are enabling patients to live longer. it is generally accepted that patients should have access to an appropriate level of rehabilitation, so that they can function at a minimum level of dependency and optimize their quality of life, regardless of their life expectancy. Intensive care unit Exercise rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge for recovery from critical illness Following intensive care unit discharge for recovery from critical illness, the overall effect of exercise rehabilitation is currently uncertain. Further research in this area is needed as the current body of evidence is very low quality. Physical therapist–patient collaborative relationship A systematic review that included patients with brain injury, musculoskeletal conditions, cardiac conditions, or multiple pathologies found that the alliance between