had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of normal. The number of horses declined from 35 million in 1916 to 24 million in 1920 and cattle from 58 to 37 million. The exchange rate with the US dollar declined from two roubles in 1914 to 1,200 Rbls in 1920. With the end of the war, the Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power. However, the perceived threat of another intervention, combined with the failure of socialist revolutions in other countries—most notably the German Revolution—contributed to the continued militarisation of Soviet society. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union. In fiction Literature The Road to Calvary (1922–41) by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy Chapaev (1923) by Dmitri Furmanov The Iron Flood (1924) by Alexander Serafimovich Red Cavalry (1926) by Isaac Babel The Rout (1927) by Alexander Fadeyev Conquered City (1932) by Victor Serge Futility (1922) by William Gerhardie How the Steel Was Tempered (1934) by Nikolai Ostrovsky Optimistic Tragedy (1934) by Vsevolod Vishnevsky And Quiet Flows the Don (1928–1940) by Mikhail Sholokhov The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940) by Mikhail Sholokhov Doctor Zhivago (1957) by Boris Pasternak The White Guard (1966) by Mikhail Bulgakov Byzantium Endures (1981) by Michael Moorcock Chevengur (written in 1927, first published in 1988 in the USSR) by Andrei Platonov. Fall of Giants (2010) by Ken Follett A Splendid Little War (2012) by Derek Robinson (novelist) Film Arsenal (1928) Storm Over Asia (1928) Chapaev (1934) Thirteen (1936), directed by Mikhail Romm We Are from Kronstadt (1936), directed by Yefim Dzigan Knight Without Armour (1937) The Year 1919 (1938), directed by Ilya Trauberg The Baltic Marines (1939), directed by A. Faintsimmer Shchors (1939), directed by Dovzhenko Pavel Korchagin (1956), directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov The Forty-First (1956), directed by Grigori Chukhrai The Communist (film) (1957), directed by Yuli Raizman And Quiet Flows the Don (1958), directed by Sergei Gerasimov Doctor Zhivago (1965), directed by David Lean The Elusive Avengers (1966) The Red and the White (1967) White Sun of the Desert (1970) The Flight (1970), directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov Reds (1981), directed by Warren Beatty