the concept being increased and clear indication of the gender of animated objects. Lack of clear parts of speech or word categorization; common use and derivation of new vocabulary through conversion, e.g. nominalization, verbification, adjectivization etc. Development The initial development of a pidgin usually requires: prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities a need to communicate between them an absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible interlanguage Keith Whinnom (in ) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others. Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language, a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such as the Chavacano language in the Philippines, Krio in Sierra Leone, and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea). However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the Mediterranean Lingua Franca). Other scholars, such as Salikoko Mufwene, argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary. Examples The following pidgins have Wikipedia articles or sections in articles. Many of these languages are commonly referred to by their speakers as "Pidgin". List of English-based pidgins Algonquian–Basque pidgin Arafundi-Enga Pidgin Bamboo English Barikanchi Pidgin Basque–Icelandic pidgin Bimbashi Arabic Bislama (creolized) Borgarmålet Bozal Spanish Broken Oghibbeway Broken Slavey and Loucheux Jargon Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin Camtho Cameroonian Pidgin English (creolized) Cocoliche Chinook Jargon Duvle-Wano Pidgin Eskimo Trade Jargon Ewondo Populaire Fanagalo (Pidgin Zulu) Français Tirailleur Haflong Hindi International Sign Inuktitut-English Pidgin Kiautschou