which, in the mature sciences, permits the more obvious forms of progress. It is not, however, anything that a methodological prescription can provide. ... I claim no therapy to assist the transformation of a proto-science to a science, nor do I suppose anything of this sort is to be had". See also History of science Hypothesis Pseudoscience Methodical culturalism Natural philosophy Obsolete scientific theories Pathological science References Further reading J.A. Campbell, On artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Review, 1986. D. Hartmann, Protoscience and Reconstruction. Journal of General Philosophy of Science, 1996. H. Holcomb, Moving Beyond Just-So Stories: Evolutionary Psychology as Protoscience. Skeptic Magazine, 1996. G. Kennedy, Psychoanalysis: Protoscience and Metapsychology. 1959. A.C. Maffei, Psychoanalysis: Protoscience or Science? 1969. N. Psarros, The Constructive Approach to the Philosophy of Chemistry. Epistemologia, 1995. R. Tuomela, Science, Protoscience and Pseudoscience. In Joseph C. Pitt, Marcello Pera (eds.), Rational Changes in Science: Essays on Scientific Reasoning, Dordrecht, Reidel, 1987. External links Questions to help distinguish a pseudoscience from a protoscience (a new science trying to establish its legitimacy). Adapted from "BCS Debates a Qi Gong Master", Rational Enquirer, Vol. 6, No. 4, April 94 History of science Scientific method