was used in Apple's Macintosh computers from 1994, when they began a switch from Motorola 68000 family processors, to 2005, when they transitioned to Intel x86 processors. Some chromebooks use ARM-based platforms since 2012. Apple uses inhouse-designed processors based on the ARM architecture for its lineup of desktop and laptop computers since its transition from Intel processors, and the first such computers were released in November 2020. Microsoft uses Qualcomm ARM-based processors for its Surface line. HP Inc and Lenovo have released Windows PCs with an ARM-based Qualcomm Snapdragon. Workstations, servers, and supercomputers MIPS, by Silicon Graphics (ceased making MIPS-based systems in 2006). SPARC, by Oracle (previously Sun Microsystems), and Fujitsu. IBM's IBM POWER architecture, PowerPC, and Power ISA were and are used in many of IBM's supercomputers, mid-range servers and workstations. Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC, also known as HP-PA (discontinued at the end of 2008). Alpha, used in single-board computers, workstations, servers and supercomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation, then Compaq and finally Hewlett-Packard (HP)(discontinued as of 2007). RISC-V, the open source fifth Berkeley RISC ISA, with 64- or 128-bit address spaces, and the integer core extended with floating point, atomics and vector processing, and designed to be extended with instructions for networking, I/O, and data processing. A 64-bit superscalar design, "Rocket", is available for download. It is implemented in the European Processor Initiative processor. The ARM architecture was used in the Fujitsu A64FX chip to create Fugaku, the world's fastest supercomputer in 2020. Open source RISC architectures have become popular in open source processors and soft microprocessors since they are relatively simple to implement, which makes them suitable for FPGA implementations and prototyping, for instance. Examples include: OpenRISC, an open instruction set and micro-architecture first introduced in 2000. LEON, an open source, radiation-tolerant implementation of the SPARC V8 instruction set (targeting space applications). Libre-SOC, an open source SoC based on the Power ISA with extensions for video and 3D graphics. There are also several open source RISC-V implementations. Awards In 2022 Steve Furber, John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson and Sophie M. Wilson were awarded the Charles Stark Draper Prize by the United States National Academy of Engineering for their contributions to the invention, development, and implementation of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chips. See also Classic RISC pipeline Microprocessor No instruction set computing One-instruction set computer References External links Classes of computers