original Czech, "robota" means forced labour, and is derived from "rab", meaning "slave." R.U.R. depicts the first elaborate depiction of a machine take-over. Čapek's robots can also be seen as the first androids: they are in fact organic. Le Singe (The Monkey) (1925), by Maurice Renard and Albert Jean, imagined the creation of artificial lifeforms through the process of "radiogenesis", a sort of human electrocopying or cloning process. The Metal Giants (1926), by Edmond Hamilton, in which a computer brain who runs on atomic power creates an army of 300-foot-tall robots. Metropolis (1927), by Thea von Harbou as novel, by Fritz Lang as film, character Maria and her robot double. Automata (1929), by S. Fowler Wright, about machines doing the humans' jobs before wiping them out. 1930s The "Professor Jameson" series by Neil R. Jones (early 1930s) featured human and alien minds preserved in robot bodies. It was reprinted in five Ace paperbacks in the late 1960s: The Planet of the Double Sun, The Sunless World, Space War, Twin Worlds and Doomsday on Ajiat. Zat the Martian robot, protagonist of John Wyndham's short story "The Lost Machine" (1932) Human cyborgs in Revolt of the Pedestrians by David H. Keller (1932) Robot surgeon in "Rex" by Harl Vincent (1934) Killer robot in "The Vanishing Shadow" film serial (1934) "Helen O'Loy" from the story of the same title by Lester del Rey (1938) Adam Link of I, Robot by Eando Binder (1938) Robots discover their "roots" in Robots Return by Robert Moore Williams (1938). Robot as murder witness in True Confession by F. Orlin Tremaine (1939) 1940s Gnut in Farewell to the Master by Harry Bates (1940), later made into the classic 1951 science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still Unnamed "living plastic" robot in "Vault of the Beast" (1940), short story by A. E. van Vogt Jay Score ("J20"), emergency pilot of the Earth-to-Venus freighter Upskadaska City (colloquially called "Upsydaisy") in "Jay Score", a short story by Eric Frank Russell in the May 1941 issue of Astounding Science Fiction (1941) Jenkins in City by Clifford D. Simak (1944) Alojzy Gąbka in Akademia Pana Kleksa by Jan Brzechwa (1946), a mischievous mechanical doll able to pass as a human boy, and the main adversary of the protagonist, Mr Blot. Robots by Isaac Asimov: Robbie, Speedy, Cutie, and others, from the stories in I, Robot (1940–1950) (not to be confused with