a development of a distinct tea culture among Chinese monastics and lay intellectuals, in which tea gatherings replaced gatherings with alcoholic beverages, and were advocated as such. These strict attitudes were formed partly because of the religious writings, but may also have been affected by the bloody An Lushan Rebellion of 775, which had a sobering effect on 8th-century Chinese society. When the five precepts were integrated in Chinese society, they were associated and connected with karma, Chinese cosmology and medicine, a Daoist worldview, and Confucian virtue ethics. Ceremonies In Pāli tradition In the Theravāda tradition, the precepts are recited in a standardized fashion, using Pāli language. In Thailand, a leading lay person will normally request the monk to administer the precepts by reciting the following three times: After this, the monk administering the precepts will recite a reverential line of text to introduce the ceremony, after which he guides the lay people in declaring that they take their refuge in the three refuges or triple gem. He then continues with reciting the five precepts: "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from onslaught on breathing beings." () "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from taking what is not given." () "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from sexual misconduct." () "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from false speech." () "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from alcoholic drink or drugs that are an opportunity for heedlessness." () After the lay people have repeated the five precepts after the monk, the monk will close the ceremony reciting: In other textual traditions The format of the ceremony for taking the precepts occurs several times in the Chinese Buddhist Canon, in slightly different forms. One formula of the precepts can be found in the Treatise on Taking Refuge and the Precepts (): As all Buddhas refrained from killing until the end of their lives, so I too will refrain from killing until the end of my life. As all Buddhas refrained from stealing until the end of their lives, so I too will refrain from stealing until the end of my life. As all Buddhas refrained from sexual misconduct until the end of their lives, so I too will refrain from sexual misconduct until the end of my life. As all Buddhas refrained from false speech until the end of their lives, so I too will refrain from false speech until the