fall and winter, and some parts of the world saw a second wave during this time or in early 1958. The pandemic caused about two million deaths globally. The "Hong Kong flu", 1968–70. An H3N2 virus was first detected in Hong Kong in July 1968 and spread across the world, lasting until 1970. This pandemic exhibited a more "smoldering" pattern as compared with other influenza pandemics, with uneven impact in different places over time. Its course at first resembled that of the 1957 pandemic, but after a couple of months its spread faltered; the virus did not immediately result in extensive outbreaks in some places, despite repeated introductions. The United States notably experienced an intense epidemic during the 1968–1969 flu season, the first with the pandemic virus, while European and Asian countries were relatively less affected. During the 1969–1970 season, however, the United States was much less affected, while Europe and Asia experienced extensive outbreaks of the pandemic virus. In the Southern Hemisphere, Australia experienced a pattern more akin to Europe and Asia, with a more severe second wave. This pandemic killed approximately one million people worldwide. The "1977 Russian flu", 1977–79. An H1N1 virus was first reported by the Soviet Union in 1977. The pandemic caused an estimated 700,000 deaths worldwide and mostly affected the younger population. The "Swine flu", 2009–10. An H1N1 virus first detected in Mexico in early 2009. Estimates for the mortality of this pandemic range from 150 to 500 thousand. Typhus Typhus is sometimes called "camp fever" because of its pattern of flaring up in times of strife. (It is also known as "gaol fever", "Aryotitus fever" and "ship fever", for its habits of spreading wildly in cramped quarters, such as jails and ships.) Emerging during the Crusades, it had its first impact in Europe in 1489, in Spain. During fighting between the Christian Spaniards and the Muslims in Granada, the Spanish lost 3,000 to war casualties, and 20,000 to typhus. In 1528, the French lost 18,000 troops in Italy, and lost supremacy in Italy to the Spanish. In 1542, 30,000 soldiers died of typhus while fighting the Ottomans in the Balkans. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), about eight million Germans were killed by bubonic plague and typhus. The disease also played a major role in the destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée in Russia in 1812. During the retreat from Moscow, more French military