Cistercian nun from Piacenza, authoritarian and given to extreme forms of self-mortification. Having been eased out of a Benedictine convent, where she had been placed at the age of seven, she built her own convent, over which she ruled as Abbess. He commenced the cause of canonization of King Louis IX of France in 1272, an act which bestowed on the king who had died in August 1270 the title of Servant of God. He beatified Luchesius Modestini in 1274 with the confirmation of his cultus. Vestments Writing in L'Osservatore Romano, Agostino Paravicini Bagliani says that the popular belief that Pius V (1566–72) was the first Pope to wear the white cassock is inaccurate. Instead, writes Bagliani, the first document that mentions the Pope's white cassock dates from 1274. "The first pope to be solemnly invested with the red mantle immediately after his election was Gregory VII (1076)," the scholar added, noting that traditionally "from the moment of his election the Pope put on vestments of two colors: red (cope, mozzetta, shoes); and white (cassock, socks)." Beatification Pope Clement XI beatified Gregory X in 1713. He was made a patron of the Diocese of Arezzo and of Franciscan tertiaries. His cause of canonization resumed in 1944 under Pope Pius XII and remains open, with the requirement of a miracle attributed to his intercession needed for his canonization. Pope Gregory X in popular culture Teobaldo Visconti is a central character in the 1982 American-Italian miniseries Marco Polo, in which he is portrayed by American actor Burt Lancaster. He is also depicted by Irish actor Gabriel Byrne in the Netflix series Marco Polo. See also Papal election, 1268–71 Cardinals created by Gregory X Notes Further reading Conclave of 1268–71 (Dr. J.P. Adams) Conclave of January 1276 (Dr. J.P. Adams) H. D. Sedgwick, Italy in the Thirteenth Century Volume II (Boston–New York 1912) 71–80. Philip B. Baldwin, Pope Gregory X and the Crusades (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014). (Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, volume 41) J. Guiraud and L. Cadier (editors), (Paris, 1892–98) Pope Gregory X's Privilege for the Holy Monastery of St Catherine of Sinai (24 September 1274). Interactive scholarly edition, Diplomatics and Historical Commentary, Deep zoom, English translation, multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos). Link Engineering Historical Memory 1210 births 1276 deaths 13th-century popes 13th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops 13th-century venerated Christians Beatified popes Christians of