or reflect. They minister to the direction and gratification of all the other powers: Causality Comparison In popular culture Several literary critics have noted the influence of phrenology (and physiognomy) in Edgar Allan Poe's fiction. The character of Calvin Candie (portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio) claims to be a practitioner of phrenology in the movie Django Unchained. The character of U.S. Army Major Doctor Augustus Bendix from AMC's western Hell on Wheels is an avid practitioner of phrenology. Phrenology (2002) by The Roots was named so after group member Black Thought saw an article in a scientific journal and the group "appropriated the term, not only for its political irony ..." In Terry Pratchett's Discworld, he introduces the fictional practice of "retro-phrenology", where bumps are added to the head in order to alter the personality. The TV comedy 30 Rock has referenced phrenology. Phrenology is also mentioned in the film My Girl, in which Vada demonstrates it to Thomas. See also Anthropometry Boston Phrenological Society Brodmann's areas Characterology Craniometry Edinburgh Phrenological Society Faculty psychology Graphology Localization of brain function Moral insanity Neuroepistemology Neuro-imaging Onychomancy Palmistry Pathognomy Phreno-magnetism Physiognomy Psychograph Psychognomy Quackery Racial policy of Nazi Germany Scientific racism Scientific skepticism The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare References Bibliography External links Phrenology North American Review 1833 p. 59 Manual of Phrenology Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Manual of phrenology: being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall, on the faculties of man and the functions of the brain : translated from the 4th French ed New illustrated self-instructor in phrenology and physiology Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Fowler, O. S. (Orson Squire) (1809–1887); Fowler, L. N. (Lorenzo Niles) (1811–1896) The History of Phrenology on the Web by John van Wyhe, PhD. Phrenology: an Overview includes The History of Phrenology by John van Wyhe, PhD. Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices in Minneapolis, Minnesota Historical Anatomies on the Web: Joseph Vimont: Traité de phrénologie humaine et comparée. (Paris, 1832–1835). Selected pages scanned from the original work. US National Library of Medicine. Jean-Claude Vimont: Phrénologie à Rouen, les moulages du musée Flaubert d'histoire de la médecine Phrenology: History of a Classic Pseudoscience – by Steven Novella MD The Skeptic's Dictionary by Robert Todd Carroll Biological anthropology Criminology History of astrology History of neuroscience History of