contemporaries ranked Boniface IX as exceptional. Traffic in benefices, the sale of dispensations, and the like, did not cover the loss of local sources of revenue in the long absence of the papacy from Rome, foreign revenue diminished by the schism, expenses for the pacification and fortification of Rome, the constant wars made necessary by French ambition and the piecemeal reconquest of the Papal States. Boniface IX certainly provided generously for his mother, his brothers Andrea and Giovanni, and his nephews in the spirit of the day. The Curia was perhaps equally responsible for new financial methods that were destined in the next century to arouse bitter feelings against Rome, particularly in Germany. See also List of popes References Bibliography . External links Popes Italian popes Clergy from Naples 1356 births 1404 deaths Cardinal-nephews 14th-century Neapolitan people Christians of the Barbary Crusade Christians of the Battle of Nicopolis Western Schism 14th-century popes 15th-century popes Burials at St. Peter's Basilica