statistical dispersion (by 29%) during the pre-crisis years. A feature shared by certain major revolutions is that they were not predicted. The theory of apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions was also developed. The study of major crises, both political crises and external crises that can affect politics, is not limited to attempts to predict regime transitions or major changes in political institutions. Political scientists also study how governments handle unexpected disasters, and how voters in democracies react to their governments' preparations for and responses to crises. Subfields Many political scientists conduct research in one of four areas, described below: Political philosophy: Concerned with the foundations of political community and institutions, while focusing on human nature and the moral purposes of political association. Political methodology: Studies the philosophical bases of social science, political science, empirical research design and analysis. Comparative politics: Compares contemporary political systems and discovers general laws and theories. International relations: Concerned with developing an understanding of why states and non-state international actors interact. Public Policy and Administration (encompassing both Public Policy and Public Administration): studies the implementation of public policy, administration of government establishment (public governance), management of non-profit establishment (nonprofit governance), and prepares civil servants, especially those in administrative positions for working in the public sector, voluntary sector, some industries in the private sector dealing with government relations and regulatory affairs, and those working as think tank researchers. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" whose fundamental goal is to "advance management and policies so that government can function." Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies." Program evaluation: a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies, and programs, particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. In both the public and private sectors, stakeholders often want to know whether the programs they are funding, implementing, voting for, receiving, or objecting to are producing the intended effect. While program evaluation first focuses on this definition, important considerations often include how much the program costs per participant, how the program could be improved, whether the program is worthwhile, whether there