as recusants in Great Britain. The situation was exacerbated by land claims, paramilitary violence, and ethnic antagonisms on all sides. The recusancy in Scandinavia is not considered to have survived much past the period of the Liturgical Struggle until anti-Catholicism lessened towards the end of the 18th century and freedom of religion was re-established in the mid-19th century (although there were individual cases of Catholic sympathies occurring even in the 17th and 18th centuries). Notable converts were Christina, Queen of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus; and Sigrid Undset, Nobel Prize–winning author of Kristin Lavransdatter. The number of ethnic Swedes who are Roman Catholic is fewer than 40,000, and includes Anders Arborelius, a convert and the first Swedish bishop since the Reformation. In 2017, he was made a cardinal. See also Cæsar Clement Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Church in Scotland Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège Crypto-papism Dissenter English Dissenters Dowry of Mary Nonconformism Papist Priest hole Roman Catholic (term) Catholic Church in Ireland Recusancy in Ireland References External links "Thames Valley Papists" (by Tony Hadland), Reformation to Emancipation, 1534–1829 (published 1992; ; the 2001 electronic version added illustrations) "Lyford Grange Agnus Dei", Global Net, banned Papal medallion, hidden in roof timbers for 400 years, found in 1959. Anti-Catholicism in England Anti-Catholicism in Ireland Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom History of the Church of England History of Catholicism in England Roman Catholic families