cultures continues to be debated. His legacy has been variously used by later presidents. Abraham Lincoln referenced Jackson's ideas when negotiating the challenges to the Union that he faced during 1861, including Jackson's understanding of the constitution during the nullification crisis and the president's right to interpret the constitution. Franklin D. Roosevelt used Jackson to redefine the Democratic Party, describing him as a defender of the exploited and downtrodden and as a fighter for social justice and human rights. Donald Trump used Jackson's legacy to present himself as the president of the common man, praising Jackson for saving the country from a rising aristocracy and protecting American workers with a tariff. In 2016, President Barack Obama's administration announced it was removing Jackson's portrait from the $20 bill and replacing it with one of Harriet Tubman. Though the plan was put on hold during Trump's presidency, President Joe Biden's administration resumed it in 2021. Jackson usually rated highly as a president, but his reputation is dropping. His contradictory legacy is shown in opinion polls. A 2014 survey of political scientists rated Jackson was the ninth-highest rated president, but the third-most polarizing. He was also rated the third-most overrated president. In a C-SPAN poll, Jackson was ranked the 13th in 2009, 18th in 2017, and 22nd in 2021. Writings (11 volumes to date; 17 volumes projected). Ongoing project to print all of Jackson's papers. Vol. I, (1770–1803); Vol. II, (1804–1813); Vol. III, (1814–1815); Vol. IV, (1816–1820); Vol. V, (1821–1824); Vol. VI, (1825–1828); Vol. VII, (1829); Vol. VIII, (1830); Vol. IX, (1831); Vol. X, (1832); Vol. XI, (1833) (7 volumes; 2 available online). Vol III, (1820-1828) ; Vol IV, (1829-1832) Reprints Jackson's major messages and reports. Notes References Bibliography Biographies Books * Journal articles and dissertations Primary Sources External links Scholarly coverage of Jackson at Miller Center, U of Virginia The Papers of Andrew Jackson at the Avalon Project The Hermitage, home of President Andrew Jackson A digital archive providing access to manuscript images of many of Jackson's documents. 1767 births 1845 deaths 18th-century American politicians 18th-century Presbyterians 19th-century American politicians 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis 19th-century presidents of the United States United States Army personnel of the War of 1812 American militia generals American people of Scotch-Irish descent American planters American Presbyterians American prosecutors American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain American shooting survivors American slave owners Burials in Tennessee