allowed public funded but limited schools to white children. The 1868 legislature banned former Confederates and passed a more wide-ranging law detailing funding and administrative issues and allowing black children to attend school. In furtherance of this, the postwar 1868 state constitution was the first to permit a personal-property tax to fund the lands and buildings for public schools. With the 1868 elections, the first county school commissioners took office. In 2014, the state spent $9,616 per student, compared with a national average of about $11,000 putting Arkansas in nineteenth place. Timeline 1829 Territorial legislature permits townships to establish schools 1868 State law requires racial segregation of schools 1871 University of Arkansas established 1873 University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff established as a school to train black teachers 1877 Philander Smith College established as a school for black students 1890 Henderson State University established (as a private school, becoming Henderson State Teachers College in 1929) 1885 Arkansas School for the Deaf and Arkansas School for the Blind established 1909 Arkansas Tech University, Southern Arkansas University, University of Arkansas at Monticello and Arkansas State University established as schools offering high school diplomas and vocational training Schooling made compulsory 1925 University of Central Arkansas established (as Arkansas State Normal School) 1948 University of Arkansas School of Law admits a black student 1957 Governor Orval Faubus uses National Guard troops to oppose racial integration of Little Rock Central High School 1958 United States Supreme Court overrules the governor 1983 Arkansas State Supreme Court rules that the state's funding of education is Constitutionally deficient Media As of 2010 many Arkansas local newspapers are owned by WEHCO Media, Alabama-based Lancaster Management, Kentucky-based Paxton Media Group, Missouri-based Rust Communications, Nevada-based Stephens Media, and New York-based GateHouse Media. Culture The culture of Arkansas includes distinct cuisine, dialect, and traditional festivals. Sports are also very important to the culture, including football, baseball, basketball, hunting, and fishing. Perhaps the best-known aspect of Arkansas's culture is the stereotype that its citizens are shiftless hillbillies. The reputation began when early explorers characterized the state as a savage wilderness full of outlaws and thieves. The most enduring icon of Arkansas's hillbilly reputation is The Arkansas Traveller, a painted depiction of a folk tale from the 1840s. Though intended to represent the divide between rich southeastern plantation Arkansas planters and the poor northwestern hill country, the meaning was twisted to represent a Northerner