the speaker or author relative to the value of his statements) is essential to understanding certain moral issues due to the connection between individual persons and morality (or moral claims), and contrasts this sort of reasoning with the apodictic reasoning (involving facts beyond dispute or clearly established) of philosophical naturalism. See also "And you are lynching Negroes" Appeal to authority Appeal to emotion Appeal to motive Character assassination Discrediting tactic Ergo decedo Fair Game (Scientology) Fake news Fundamental attribution error Gaslighting Hostile witness Negative campaigning Poisoning the well Presumption of guilt Race card Red herring Reputation Shooting the messenger Smear campaign Straw man Tone policing The Art of Being Right Whataboutism References Sources External links Argumentum Ad Hominem Genetic fallacies Latin logical phrases Latin words and phrases Propaganda techniques Pyrrhonism Rhetoric Informal fallacies