members, respectively. Fellows The ACM Fellows Program was established by Council of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1993 "to recognize and honor outstanding ACM members for their achievements in computer science and information technology and for their significant contributions to the mission of the ACM." There are 1310 Fellows out of about 100,000 members. Distinguished Members In 2006, ACM began recognizing two additional membership grades, one which was called Distinguished Members. Distinguished Members (Distinguished Engineers, Distinguished Scientists, and Distinguished Educators) have at least 15 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous ACM membership and "have made a significant impact on the computing field". Note that in 2006 when the Distinguished Members first came out, one of the three levels was called "Distinguished Member" and was changed about two years later to "Distinguished Educator". Those who already had the Distinguished Member title had their titles changed to one of the other three titles. List of Distinguished Members of the Association for Computing Machinery Senior Members Also in 2006, ACM began recognizing Senior Members. According to the ACM, "The Senior Members Grade recognizes those ACM members with at least 10 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous Professional Membership who have demonstrated performance through technical leadership, and technical or professional contributions". Senior membership also requires 3 letters of reference Distinguished Speakers While not technically a membership grade, the ACM recognizes distinguished speakers on topics in computer science. A distinguished speaker is appointed for a three-year period. There are usually about 125 current distinguished speakers. The ACM website describes these people as 'Renowned International Thought Leaders'. The distinguished speakers program (DSP) has been in existence for over 20 years and serves as an outreach program that brings renowned experts from Academia, Industry and Government to present on the topic of their expertise. The DSP is overseen by a committee Chapters ACM has three kinds of chapters: Special Interest Groups, Professional Chapters, and Student Chapters. , ACM has professional & SIG Chapters in 56 countries. , there exist ACM student chapters in 41 countries. Special Interest Groups SIGACCESS: Accessible Computing SIGACT: Algorithms and Computation Theory SIGAda: Ada Programming Language SIGAI: Artificial Intelligence SIGAPP: Applied Computing SIGARCH: Computer Architecture SIGBED: Embedded Systems SIGBio: Bioinformatics SIGCAS: Computers and Society SIGCHI: Computer–Human Interaction SIGCOMM: Data Communication SIGCSE: Computer Science Education SIGDA: Design Automation SIGDOC: Design of Communication SIGecom: Electronic Commerce SIGEVO: Genetic