not enforced by bank officials. The bank has been criticized over its role and relevance in the food crisis. The ADB has been accused by civil society of ignoring warnings leading up the crisis and also contributing to it by pushing loan conditions that many say unfairly pressure governments to deregulate and privatize agriculture, leading to problems such as the rice supply shortage in Southeast Asia. Indeed, whereas the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) closed out that year with financings of $2.4 billion, the ADB has significantly dropped below that level in the years since and is clearly not on the path to achieving its stated goal of 50% of financings to the private sector by 2020. Critics also point out that the PSOD is the only Department that actually makes money for the ADB. Hence, with the vast majority of loans going to concessionary (sub-market) loans to the public sector, the ADB is facing considerable financial difficulty and continuous operating losses. Largest countries and regions by subscribed capital and voting power The following table are amounts for 20 largest countries by subscribed capital and voting power at the Asian Development Bank as of December 2020. Members ADB has 68 members (as of 23 March 2019): 49 members from the Asian and Pacific Region, 19 members from Other Regions. The year after a member's name indicates the year of membership. At the time a country ceases to be a member, the Bank shall arrange for the repurchase of such country's shares by the Bank as a part of the settlement of accounts with such country in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 43. See also African Development Bank Asian Clearing Union Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Asia Cooperation Dialogue Asia Council CAF – Development Bank of Latin America Caribbean Development Bank Eurasian Development Bank Inter-American Development Bank International Monetary Fund South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation World Bank References Further reading Huang, P.W. 1975. The Asian Development Bank: Diplomacy and Development in Asia. New York, NY: Vantage Press. Krishnamurti, R. 1977. ADB: The Seeding Days. Manila: Asian Development Bank. McCawley, Peter. 2017. Banking on the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank. Manila: Asian Development Bank, (print), (e-ISBN), (Japanese language edition). McCawley, Peter. 2020. Indonesia and the Asian Development Bank: Fifty Years of Partnership Manila: