studios. Choice of materials Conservators and restorers use a wide variety of materials - in conservation treatments, and those used to safely transport, display and store cultural heritage items. These materials can include solvents, papers and boards, fabrics, adhesives and consolidants, plastics and foams, wood products, and many others. Stability and longevity are two important factors conservators consider when selecting materials; sustainability is becoming an increasingly important third. Examples of sustainable material choices and practices include: Using biodegradable products or those with less environmental impact where possible; Using 'green solvents' instead of more toxic alternatives, or treatment strategies that use much smaller amounts of solvents - for example, semi-rigid aqueous gels, emulsions or nano materials; Preparing smaller amounts of material (e.g. adhesives) to avoid waste; Observing recommended disposal protocols for chemicals, recyclable materials and compostable materials, particularly to avoid contamination of waterways; Choosing protective work wear that can be washed or cleaned and reused, rather than disposable options; Tracking stock quantities to avoid over-buying, especially for materials with expiration dates; Using durable materials for packing that may be washed and re-used, such as Tyvek or Mylar; Repurposing consumables such as blotting paper, non-woven fabrics, and polyester film when they are no longer fit for their original purpose; Using locally produced products whenever possible, to reduce carbon footprints; Reusing packaging materials such as cardboard boxes, plastic wrap and wooden crates; Using standard sizes of packaging and package designs that reduce waste; These decisions are not always straightforward - for example, installing deionised or distilled water filters in laboratories reduces waste associated with purchasing bottled products, but increases energy consumption. Similarly, locally-made papers and boards may reduce inherent carbon miles but they may be made with pulp sourced from old growth forests. Another dilemma is that many conservation-grade materials are chosen because they do not biodegrade. For example, when selecting a plastic with which to make storage enclosures, conservators prefer to use relatively long-lived plastics because they have better ageing properties - they are less likely to become yellow, leach plasticisers, or lose structural integrity and crumble (examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyester). These plastics will also take longer to degrade in landfill. Energy use Many conservators and cultural organisations have sought to reduce the energy costs associated with controlling indoor storage and display environments (temperature, relative humidity, air filtration, and lighting levels) as well as those associated with the transport of