comments of other books, by Bar Ilan University. A book called Ta'did Mu'jizat al-Taurat wal-Nubuwwat, which lists the miracles in the Pentateuch and the prophetic books, is only known by a mention of Moshe ibn Ezra. He adopts an intermediate attitude between that of Saadia Gaon and Abraham ibn Ezra, whom he greatly influenced. He examines the text with grammatical tools, but refuses to draw conclusions if they go against the teachings of the Sages. Hebrew Grammar In his works, Ibn Balaam is strongly influenced by Jonah ibn Janah, to the point of being regarded by some as an imitator of him without any originality. His works include: Ta'lif fi al-Mutabiq wal-Mujanis, also called Kitāb al-Tajnīs (in Hebrew, Sefer HaTagnis), on homonyms in the Hebrew Bible. The Arabic original has not been preserved, except for a fragment. Kitāb Hurūf al-Ma'ānī (in Hebrew, Otiyyot ha-'Inyanim), on the particles in the Hebrew Bible. Fragments of the Arabic original were included in the annotations to the Kitab al-Uṣul of Yona ibn Jannah, edited by Neubauer. Kitāb al-Af'āl al-Mushtaqqah min-al-Asmā' (in Hebrew, Ha-Pe'alim Shehem mi-Gizrat ha-Shemot), on the denominational verbs in the Hebrew Bible. The book was edited by G. Polak, and reissued by B. Goldberg and Adelman. Isaac ibn Barun also mentions a grammatical treaty, which has since been lost. Other Judah ibn Balaam authored the liturgical poem Bezikhri 'al mishkavi, recited by the Sephardic congregations during the Selihot and during the Days of Awe. He could also be the author of poems bearing Bala'am in acrostic. A treaty on the rules and accents of the masses, the Hidayat al-Qari (in Hebrew, Horayat ha-Ḳore, Help to the reader), was generally attributed to him. However William Wickes, editor of the Arabic original, put this opinion in doubt. It has since been shown that the book was written by Aaron of Jerusalem, a grammarian earlier than Ibn Balaam by a century. References 1000 births 1070 deaths 11th-century Jews from al-Andalus Spanish rabbis