factors, for instance predator populations decrease therefore prey populations increase, and risk effects. Risk effects are the behavioral mannerisms that prey learn to avoid predators, such as where or when to feed without becoming a meal for a predator. Without predators such as stingrays, the behavior of prey species is altered. Legislation It is currently illegal to trade manta and mobula ray species without proper documentation that it is sustainable trade due to these species having been added to the CITES list. Once a species has been added to the CITES list it is internationally protected in legal trade; however, black market transactions still occur. References Traditional Chinese medicine Pseudoscience Animal trade