there is a possibility of death if treatment is delayed or if the parasitism is at a site where operations are difficult. Ezo red foxes can also infect domestic animals and pets. Relationships with humans Ezo red foxes are wild animals and there has long been a supposition against human intervention, including supplementary feeding. It is thought that this will adversely affect not only Ezo red foxes but their habitats. However, echinococcosis infection of humans by Ezo red foxes is considered a problem and there have been calls to act to reduce this, partially on the basis that the condition was introduced by human agency. The familiarisation of Ezo red foxes with humans by feeding brings changes to its behaviour. For example, it has been confirmed that Ezo red foxes in Shiretoko National Park leave their home territories in April when the tourist season is over, seeking human food in Utoro city. Since the 1980s Ezo red foxes have permanently settled in green spaces in some urban areas, such as Sapporo. References Vulpes Carnivorans of Asia Mammals of Asia Mammals described in 1924 Taxa named by Kyukichi Kishida