Intersex people in Switzerland have no recognition of rights to physical integrity and bodily autonomy, and no specific protections from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics. In 2012, the Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics published a report on the medical management of differences of sex development or intersex variations. History The 12th-century canon law collection known as the Decretum Gratiani states that "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails" ("Hermafroditus an ad testamentum adhiberi possit, qualitas sexus incalescentis ostendit.") On ordainment, Raming, Macy and Cook found that the Decretum Gratiani states, "item Hermafroditus. If therefore the person is drawn to the feminine more than the male, the person does not receive the order. If the reverse, the person is able to receive but ought not to be ordained on account of deformity and monstrosity." Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Researchers have argued that intersex medical interventions on intersex children violate constitutional protections from discrimination and protection of human dignity. In late 2012, following a request by the Director of the Federal Office of Public Health, the National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics reported on the ethics of medical management of intersex, following an inquiry and multiple hearings. The Commission heard from parents, individuals with intersex traits, legal experts, and clinical practitioners. The Commission report makes a strong case against medical intervention for "psychosocial" reasons: The report recommends deferring all "non-trivial" surgeries which have "irreversible consequences". The report also recommended criminal sanction for non-medically necessary genital surgeries. In 2013, following publication of the Commission report, Blaise Meyrat, paediatric surgeon at Lausanne University Hospital told Swissinfo that "It’s a pity that, because of a lack of ethical clarity in the medical profession, we have to get legislators involved, but in my opinion it’s the only solution". In recent years, Advocacy group Zwischengeschlecht and researchers have documented hospital practices and guidelines that permit intersex medical interventions for esthetic and psychosocial reasons, and their human rights implications. Zwischengeschlecht note that hospitals decline to publish statistics. In 2015, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child called on Switzerland to implement recommendations of the National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics, and "ensure that no one is subjected to unnecessary medical or surgical treatment during infancy or childhood, guarantee bodily integrity, autonomy and self-determination to the children concerned, and provide families with intersex children with adequate counselling