three ways: "pearl-like gems", "red jade", and "precious gem [tree]". First, the "Classic of the Mountains: West" section says Huaijiang 槐江 (lit. "pagoda-tree river") Mountain, located 400 li northeast of Kunlun Mountain, has abundant langgan and other valuable minerals. "On the summit of Mount Carobriver are quantities of green male-yellow 多青雄黃, precious pearl-like gems [藏琅玕], and yellow gold and jade. Granular cinnabar is abundant on its south face and there are quantities of speckled yellow gold and silver on its north face." (2) "Male-yellow" overliterally translates xiónghuáng 雄黃 "realgar; red orpiment"—Compare Richard Strassberg's translation, "On the mountain’s heights is much green realgar, the finest quality of Langgan-Stone, yellow gold, and jade. On its southern slope are many grains of cinnabar, while on its northern slope are much glittering yellow gold and silver.". Guo Pu's 4th century CE Shanhaijing commentary says langgan shi 石 "stone/gem" (cf. zi 子 "seeds" in the third section) resembles a pearl, and cáng 藏 "store; conceal, hide" means yǐn 隱 "conceal; hide". However, Hao Yixing's 郝懿行 1822 commentary says cáng 藏 was originally written zāng 臧 "good", that is, Huaijiang Mountain has the "best" quality langgan. Second, the "Classic of the Great Wilderness: West" section records that on [Xi] Wang Mu 王母 "Queen Mother [of the West]" Mountain: "Here are the sweet-bloom tree, sweet quince, white weeping willow, the look-flesh creature, the triply-grey horse, precious jade [琁瑰], dark green jade gemstone [瑤碧], the white tree, red jade [琅玕], white cinnabar, green cinnabar, and quantities of silver and iron." (16) Third, the "Classic of Regions Within the Seas: West" section refers to a mythical tricephalic creature dwelling in a fuchangshu 服常樹 (lit. "serve constant tree") who guards a langganshu tree south of Kunlun: "The wears-ever fruit tree—on its crown there is a three-headed person who is in charge of the precious gem tree [琅玕樹]." (11) Interpreters disagree whether the langgan tree grows alongside the fuchang tree or grows on it. Guo Pu's commentary admits unfamiliarity with the fuchang 服常 tree; Wu Renchen's 17th-century commentary notes the similarity with the shachang 沙棠 "sand-plum tree" that the Huainanzi lists with langgan, but doubts they are the same. Guo's commentary says langgan zi 子 "seeds". or "fruits" resemble pearls (cf. the Shuowen definition) and quotes the Erya that it is found on Kunlun Mountain. The c. 120 BCE Huainanzi "Terrestrial Forms" chapter (4 墬形) describes langgan trees and langgan jade