Rodolpho Theodor Wilhelm Gaspar von Ihering (born Taquara, 17 July 1883; died 15 September 1939) was a Brazilian zoologist and biologist, who is considered to be one of the founders of Pisciculture in Brazil. von Ihering was the son of German zoologist Hermann von Ihering and Anna Maria Clara Belzer, and grandson of Rudolf von Jhering. He married Isabel de Azevedo, daughter of Colonel Luis Gonzaga de Azevedo, with whom he had two daughters, Maria and Dora, and a son, who died at the age of four. As a child he spent a lot of time in his father's laboratory and this gave him a grounding in Zoology and when he graduated from the university of University of São Paulo in 1901 with a Bachelor of Science and Letters in 1901 his father, who was Direcor of the Museu Paulista, appointed him as deputy director for finance of the museum that year. He published his first scientific paper in 1903 and he mainly published in the Magazine of the Paulista Museum, often on systematics. In 1911 he travelled to Europe where he spent almost a year working at the Biological Station in Naples, then at the University of Vienna, and finally at the Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, where he worked with Eugène Louis Bouvier. In 1917 Hermann von Ihering was dismissed from his position of director of the Museu Paulista on Brazil's entry into World War I on the Allied side. In protest, Rodolpho left the museum and opened a small metalworks factory, Fábrica Santa Izabel, where he worked for the next ten years. During this period, however, he continued to be an active naturalist. In 1926 and 1927 he began to work in the Parasitology laboratory of the School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, which had been established by the entomologist Lauro Pereira Travassos. From 1927 he concentrated his research in the field of ichthyology, describing many new species of fish. He began to work at the Biological Institute of Agricultural and Animal Defence of São Paulo, which was founded in 1927, as assistant in the Entomology and Animal Parasitology section and as head of the Zoology Section. It was dedicated to the study of the breeding biology of fish of the region of the State of São Paulo, especially of the Billings Reservoir, and of rivers in Mogi Guaçu , the Tietê and