the idea. In 2016 it sold the property to Bard for $17 million, putting both sides of the lower Saw Kill under the same ownership for the first time. Geology The Saw Kill, like its watershed, exhibits two different geologies, reflecting its formation. In the west, below in elevation, the stream is underlain by silt, sand and gravel, remnants of the lake bed and glacial outwash plain it once was. In the east, as the land rises to areas that were not submerged in Lake Albany, glacial till covers shale bedrock of the Normanskill Formation. Soil complexes consisting of silt loams covering bedrock to depths of cover 45% of the watershed. A 1998 study by two foresters compared soil erosion in the Saw Kill watershed with that of Stony Creek, the Hudson subwatershed directly to the north, since both streams empty into the very similar Tivoli Bays, where sediment from the streams themselves can easily be distinguished, and the two streams' watersheds are almost the same size. The two bays differ in terrain, with the North Bay into which the Stony Creek empties having become over the years since European settlement a raised marsh overgrown with cattails, while the South Bay, fed by the Saw Kill, has remained open water. The researchers asked what factors might have caused this "unplanned natural experiment in wetland creation." They chose to focus on historical patterns of settlement and development, comparing the two watersheds over time from the late 17th century to the present. In particular they focused on agricultural use, since it involves the clearing of land, thus increasing the potential for erosion. However, they found that the Saw Kill, despite heavier development, and greater present use, for farming, had twice as much soil erosion annually as the Stony Creek watershed. They posited that where the clearing took place within the watershed might have more bearing on how much soil erodes, and what that sediment does once it is deposited in the river; more research, they said, was necessary. Hydrology The Saw Kill's discharge is not regularly measured, but 1968 data from the United States Geological Survey, based on measurements close to Red Hook, gives it a 10th–90th percentile range of per second, for an average of per second. Precipitation ranges from annually; it is uniformly distributed throughout the year. Mean January and July temperatures are and respectively. The 1975–82 sampling project found