Video feedback interventions are used in health and social care situations. Typically a “guider” helps a client to enhance communication within relationships. The client is guided to analyse and reflect on video clips of their own interactions. Applications include a caregiver and infant (often used in attachment-based therapy), and other education and care home interactions. Video feedback interventions have also been used where concerns have been expressed over possible parental neglect in cases where the focus child is aged 2–12, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan. History Colwyn Trevarthen, a Professor at Edinburgh University, studied successful interactions between infants and their primary care givers, and found that the mother's responsiveness to her baby's initiatives supported and developed intersubjectivity (shared understanding), which he regarded as the basis of all effective communication, interaction and learning. In the 1980s Harry Biemans, in the Netherlands, applied this research using video clips, creating Video Interaction Guidance (VIG). VIG is used in more than 15 countries and by at least 4000 practitioners. More recently other video feedback interventions have been developed, including Video Enhanced Reflective Practice (VERP), a particular application of VIG. In 2008, the current version of the Video-feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) was finalized by Femmie Juffer, Marian Bakermans-Kranenburg, and Marinus van IJzendoorn of the Centre for Child and Family Studies at Leiden University. Research results and analysis Research results include that video feedback interactions enhances positive parenting skills, decreases/alleviates parental stress and is related to more positive development of the children. Analysis of why video feedback interventions are effective includes that the use of video clips enables a shared space to be created, where positive sensitivity and attunement moments can be seen. This allows clients to improve their relationship attunement skills, by developing their ability to mentalise about their own and their infants mental states, and by encouraging mind-minded interactions. (Trevarthen focuses particularly on how babies seek companionship, rather than using the term attachment, and has said "I think the ideal companion... is a familiar person who really treats the baby with playful human respect.") Video Interaction Guidance, one example of video feedback interaction, has been used where concerns have been expressed over possible parental neglect in cases where the focus child is aged 2–12, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan. Am evaluation of