the lines laid down by knowledge, gurū or teacher and kāla the instrumentality of Time. Utsāha is a mental spirit (mānasī kriyā) which leads to promptness in every action. But, in Amera Kosha it occurs as a synonyme of adhyavasāya meaning Buddhi or intelligence, and Mitākshara explains adhyavasāya or utsāha – पुरुषार्थसाधन कर्म्मारम्भोऽध्यवसायः - as the effort or perseverance in the performance of acts accomplishing the objects of man. In the context of Spandakarikā (St.15) which states that only the effort directed towards the product of action disappears here (in states of intense introverted contemplation), it has been explained that "the product of action" is the created object of perception, the "effort directed towards it" is the exertion or utsāha inherent in the agency of the Self. References Hindu philosophical concepts Vedas Vedanta Upanishadic concepts Sanskrit words and phrases Yoga concepts Buddhist philosophical concepts