The Seferberlik (from ; ) was the mobilization effected by the late Ottoman Empire during the Second Balkan War of 1913 and World War I from 1914 to 1918, which involved the forced conscription of Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian, and Kurdish men to fight on its behalf and deportation of "numerous Lebanese & Syrian & Kurdish families (5,000 according to one contemporary account)" to Anatolia under Djemal Pasha's orders. Lebanese & Syrians & Kurds accused of desertion were executed, and some 300,000 of the Arabs and Kurds who had stayed behind had died of Lebanon famine, as Lebanon & Syria lost 75 to 90 percent of its crop production. Prostitution or cannibalism were mentioned in reports or memoirs written after the end of the war. Terminology The Ottoman Turkish word (seferberlik) is a compound of the Arabic noun (safar, "campaign"), the Persian suffix (-bar, "-carrier"), and the Ottoman suffix (-lık, forming abstract nouns), and refers to 'mobilization.'" The Modern Turkish expression has been translated into Arabic as (an-nafīr al-ʿāmm, "the general call to arms"). As explained by Najwa al-Qattan, Originally an Ottoman Turkish term, seferberlik was part of official state discourse referring to wartime mobilization either during the second Balkan war or World War I which followed it. Announcements calling for mobilization were posted in public areas in Ottoman towns and distributed to local leaders, and the word seferberlik was prominently printed on top. Ahmen Amin Saleh Murshid, a historian of Al-Medina, and Zakarya Muhammad al-Kenisi, a historian who specialized in old Ottoman Turkish, disagree over the general meaning of the term Seferberlik. Saleh Murshid believes the term connotes the meaning of a collective deportation, especially in the context of the inhabitants of the city of Medina under the leadership of Fakhri Pasha. In addition, Saleh Murshid argues that historians should not rely exclusively on dictionaries and documents to translate Ottoman Turkish terms into Arabic. Lived experiences and popular understandings of these terms are crucial in explaining these terms. Zakarya Muhammad al-Kenisi argues that the term Seferberlik means preparation of the armies for war or a military campaign. He argues that Ottoman Turkish translations regarding the history of Medina contains substantial errors that resulted in different meanings and understandings of Medina's history. Although both scholars disagree over the meaning of Seferberlik, they are in agreement about the events that the term Seferberlik describes. History The Seferberlik went on with resistance; young