were usually seen on or flying to blades of grass. Males were found at a mean height of 71 cm in forest areas, or 42 cm in nonforest areas, while females were found at a mean height of 7 cm in forest areas, and 5 cm in nonforest areas. A survey of ants and cockroaches outside suburban houses in the Raleigh, North Carolina area found P. uhleriana the most frequently caught cockroach species, using soil-level pitfall traps. Behavior Nocturnal observations of feeding adults have found the species eating mushrooms, moss, bird feces and mammalian cartilage. Females feeding on a mushroom were observed biting, kicking, lunging, and posturing when they contacted one another. Males and females in a laboratory study showed similar levels of agonism in same-sex encounters, with no agonism in about 31-36% of encounters, threat in 42-48% of encounters, kicking or biting by one cockroach in 19-20% of encounters, and kicking or biting by both cockroaches in 2% of encounters. Males are often attracted to and fly to light, and females are attracted to molasses used as a bait. The species has also been reported to be attracted at night to honeydew secreted by aphids on pear species. Symbiotic associates The fungal species Herpomyces arietinus was found to infect P. uhleriana nymphs in a laboratory, possibly through contact with infected P. virginica. The protozoan species Gregarina parcoblattae is found in the midgut of P. uhleriana as well as P pensylvanica. The nematode species Protrellus aurifluus is found in the intestinal tract of both P. uhleriana and P. lata. An unidentified species of mite in the hypopial (migratory larval) stage was found deeply embedded in the body fat of two P. uhleriana individuals in North Carolina. The wasp species Hyptia harpyoides parasitizes the ootheca of P. uhleriana, as well as P. virginica and P pensylvanica. The last instar larva of the wasp overwinters inside the ootheca. Additional Images References External links Black and white photographs of top view of P. uhleriana male, and female with ootheca, from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Black and white photograph of Hyptia harpyoides wasp nymph with P. uhleriana ootheca from which it emerged, from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Cockroaches Insects of North America Insects described in 1862 Taxa named by Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure