power losses of RSFQ by replacing bias resistors with sets of inductors and current-limiting Josephson junctions. Efficient single flux quantum (eSFQ) logic is also powered by direct current, but differs from ERSFQ in the size of the bias current limiting inductor and how the limiting Josephson junctions are regulated. Reciprocal Quantum Logic (RQL) Reciprocal Quantum Logic (RQL) was developed to fix some of the problems of RSFQ logic. RQL uses reciprocal pairs of SFQ pulses to encode a logical '1'. Both power and clock are provided by multi-phase alternating current signals. RQL gates do not use resistors to distribute power and thus dissipate negligible static power. Major RQL gates include: AndOr, AnotB, Set/Reset (with nondestructive readout), which together form a universal logic set and provide memory capabilities. Adiabatic Quantum Flux Parametron (AQFP) Adiabatic Quantum flux parametron (AQFP) logic was developed for energy-efficient operation and is powered by alternating current. On January 13, 2021, it was announced that a 2.5 GHz prototype AQFP-based processor called MANA (Monolithic Adiabatic iNtegration Architecture) had achieved an energy efficiency that was 80 times that of traditional semiconductor processors, even accounting for the cooling. Quantum computing techniques Superconducting quantum computing is a promising implementation of quantum information technology that involves nanofabricated superconducting electrodes coupled through Josephson junctions. As in a superconducting electrode, the phase and the charge are conjugate variables. There exist three families of superconducting qubits, depending on whether the charge, the phase, or neither of the two are good quantum numbers. These are respectively termed charge qubits, flux qubits, and hybrid qubits. See also Logic gate Superconductivity Unconventional computing References External links Superconducting Technology Assessment, NSA, 2005 - Promoted RSFQ R&D projects. ExaScale Computing Study: Technology Challenges in Achieving... Report 2008, "6.2.4 Superconducting Logic" Logic families Integrated circuits Quantum electronics Superconductivity Digital electronics Josephson effect