recognition of his comprehensive study of visual and auditory perception in the owl and for his elucidation of how the auditory map is calibrated by the visual system during development" 2007 Richard F. Thompson - "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to understanding the brain substrates of learning and memory" 2006 Jon H. Kaas - "In recognition of his comprehensive analyses of the primate cerebral cortex, its evolution, functional organization, and plastic response to injury" 2005 Bruce McEwen - "In recognition of his extensive demonstrations of the role of circulating steroid hormones as regulators of neuroplasticity and behavioral adaption" 2004 Masakazu Konishi and Fernando Nottebohm - "In recognition of their fundamental contributions in identifying the organization and function of the avian brain systems for learning and executing birdsong" 2003 Horace B. Barlow - "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to understanding how the eye and brain accomplish vision" 2002 Jean-Pierre Changeux - "In recognition of his pioneering, comprehensive studies into the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying interneuronal communication and their role in network formation, learning, and reward" 2001 Edward G. Jones - "In recognition of his comprehensive determination of the organization of the thalamus and the basis for the dynamic regulation of cortical excitability" 2000 Charles Stevens - "In recognition of his penetrating contributions to synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity" 1999 Michael Merzenich - "In recognition of his original contributions to cortical plasticity" 1998 Michael I. Posner and Marcus E. Raichle - "Jointly, for their pioneering contributions to brain imaging" 1996 Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic - "For seminal contributions to the current understanding of prefrontal cortex and its role in working memory and for effectively applying insights from basic biological sciences to mental health" 1996 Mortimer Mishkin - "For his pioneering analysis of the memory and the perceptual systems of the brain, and his seminal contributions to the understanding of the higher nervous system function" 1995 Larry R. Squire - "For his seminal contribution to the delineation of implicit and explicit memory systems in the brain" 1994 Robert H. Wurtz - "For brilliant technical innovations in recording the activity of single visual neurons of alert, behaviorally-trained monkeys that made possible salient scientific discoveries relating individual nerve cells to visual perception and to the generation of eye movement" 1993 Paul Greengard - "For his pioneering work on the molecular basis of signal transduction and vesicle mobilization in nerve cells" 1992 Seymour Kety -