thought to be partially responsible for the increase in the Venezuelan murder rate, according to the Metropolitan Observatory on Citizen Security. An Organization of American States report on human rights violations in Venezuela stated that colectivos murdered at least 131 individuals between 2014 and 2017 during anti-government protests. Education As of 2013, colectivos ran education initiatives. According to Ennio Cardozo, a professor of political science at the Central University of Venezuela, colectivos "do talks, forums and they indoctrinate very young kids into Marxism. The government finances all this. But if you don't agree with them they will shut you out from most of the social programs until you give allegiance to the (socialist) party." The president of the School of Teachers in Tachira, Javier Tarazona, stated that the Venezuelan government encouraged the participation of guerrillas and colectivos in schools and that their involvement allegedly "promotes violence, confrontation and, if necessary, war". The president of the Venezuelan Chamber of Private Education, María Teresa Hernández, declared in 2014 that Resolution 058 passed in 2012 by the government was unconstitutional and that it "seeks for colectivos with political projects of the ruling party to be directly involved in public and private schools". She stated that schoolchildren are "very easy to manipulate" and need to develop political beliefs on their own. Article 102, for example, states that "Education, is a public service, and is grounded on the respect for all currents of thought". See also La Piedrita Units of Battle Hugo Chávez Immediate Mobilization Networks Dignity Battalions Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Basij Red Guards (China) Tonton Macoute Titushky List of designated terrorist groups Notes References Venezuelan protests (2014–present) Paramilitary organizations based in Venezuela History of Caracas Bolivarian Revolution Political repression in Venezuela Organizations based in Latin America designated as terrorist Organizations based in South America designated as terrorist Terrorism in Venezuela