The Giornale degli economisti e Annali di economia, established in Padua in 1875, is an Italian academic journal of economics. It publishes research articles in English and Italian. The owner of the publication is Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi and it is published by Egea, the University's publishing house. History First series (Paduan series) The inception of the journal dates back to April 1875 when the Associazione per il progresso degli studi economici in Italia decided to turn the Rassegna di agricoltura, industria e commercio of the Società di incoraggiamento di Padova in its official organ. The title chosen for the new journal was Giornale degli economisti. Eugenio Forti was confirmed as its director . In the early issues of the journal writers would include Fedele Lampertico, Luigi Luzzatti, Antonio Scialoja, that is to say the most eminent names of the newly formed association. The main themes of the Giornale degli economisti are the social sciences, but there are also articles on economic theory. The orientation of the journal is in defense of protectionism and in favor of legislative action in the field of social security and labor protection. The most discussed issue is that of women and child labor in factories. Luzzatti, who had also sponsored an industrial survey from Italian Parliament, wrote several times on these topics. Between 1876 and 1878, the Giornale degli economisti published both a review of legislation in other European countries on women and child labor, and several investigations on the working conditions in several Italian cities. The journal, on the basis of military, health and moral considerations, called for legislative action in order to limit the work of married women and children. At least a law prohibiting employment for married women in the period immediately before and after childbirth was requested. The journal's requests were in open opposition to the Società Adam Smith's dominant liberal views as expressed in its official journal: the weekly Florentine journal L'Economista. During those years consensus around Smithian free trade increased and the Giornale degli economisti ended up being cut off. The journal and its economists were perceived as austere but antiquated, "dressed up in winter clothes during summer weather." As a consequence, in 1879, only four years after its inception, the publication of the Giornale degli economisti ended. Second series (Bologna and Rome series) Publication of the Giornale degli economisti resumed in Bologna in 1886 by Alberto Zorli.