of neointimal hyperplasia. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonist used as drug treatment for type 2 diabetes inhibits neointimal hyperplasia. The use of PKA inhibitors reverses the inhibitory effects of exendin-4, suggesting that the anti-proliferative effects of exendin-4 involves the cAMP-PKA pathway. Exendin-4 inhibits TNFα production by macrophages to reduce inflammation, which may play another role in inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia. See also Angioplasty Drug-eluting stent Restenosis Stent References Anatomical pathology