possibility of using ceramic material has been discussed among surgeons. Prosthetics can be temporary or permanent. Temporary implants remain in place until the bone has healed and are then removed. The temporary implants take most of the burden off of the fracture, causing the bone to become less dense. This can lead to re-fracturing of the bone after the implant is removed. The implants can also cause stress concentrations as a result of the material difference between the bone and the plate. With the permanent prostheses, a putty-like substance is injected into the implant site to keep the body, mainly the immune system, from fighting off the implant. This substance can deteriorate bony tissue and cause serious bone problems for the patient. Prosthetic limbs have been used for many years. 3D-printed implants 3D-printing leverages the power of computer rendering of advanced imaging to tailor implants to each patient, which can then be used to create a physical realization of that implant to use in that individual's surgery. 3D-printing of medical devices was first used in the 1990s for dental implants and custom prosthetics but has since been used for various bones and organs such as urinary bladders. Rotationplasty Rotationplasty, more commonly known as Van-Nes or Borggreve Rotation, is a limb-sparing medical procedure performed when a patient's leg is amputated at the knee. The ankle joint is then rotated 180 degrees and is attached to the former knee joint, becoming a new knee joint. This allows patients to have two fully functional feet, as opposed to losing one leg completely to amputation. Reasons for rotationplasty Originally, rotationplasty was performed to treat infections and tumors around the knee, especially osteosarcoma of the knee. While it is still being used to treat their complications, rotationplasty is also used to treat growing children who have been diagnosed with tumors around the knee. Rotationplasty is also performed on children with congenital femoral deficiencies, such as those that cause unstable hip joints or limb-length discrepancy of the femur. This procedure gives patients the ability to retain the use of both feet, allowing them to continue living an active lifestyle. History of rotationplasty Rotationplasty was first performed by Borggreve in the early 1900s on a 12-year-old boy with tuberculosis. However, the procedure was not well known until 1950. At that time, physician Van Nes reported the results of rotationplasty procedures and became well known for founding the