of Óspakr. Familial background Óspakr seems to have been a member of the Meic Dubgaill branch of the Meic Somairle kindred. Specifically, Óspakr appears to have been a son of Dubgall mac Somairle, King of the Isles, ancestor of the Meic Dubgaill. The latter figure was a son of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles, the common ancestor of the Meic Somairle. Óspakr's name—although Scandinavian—is not evidence against a familial connection with the Meic Somairle, as Somairle himself bore a Gaelicised form of a Scandinavian name. Nevertheless, there is also a possibility that Óspakr's name is a Scandinavianised form of the Gaelic . Although the patronym—""—accorded to Óspakr by the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann ostensibly identifies his father as a man named Ǫgmundr, the thirteenth-century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar instead identifies Óspakr as a son of Dubgall mac Somairle. If the latter source is indeed correct, one possibility is that the patronym recorded by the Chronicle of Mann refers to a foster father rather than a biological father. On the other hand, there is reason to suspect that Óspakr's patronym indeed refers to a biological ancestor. For example, the patronym accorded to Somairle by the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster—""—refers Somairle's grandfather, Gilla Adamnáin, instead of Somairle's father, Gilla Brigte. The fact that Somairle is accorded a patronym referring to his lineage rather than his parentage could indicate that Óspakr's patronym is a Scandinavianised form of the same lineage name. Plunderer of Iona Óspakr seems to be identifical to Óspakr suðreyski, a like-named member of an invading Norwegian force that plundered Iona in 1210. According to the Icelandic annals, a military expedition from Norway into the Isles had been under preparation in 1209. The following year, this source makes note of "warfare" in the Isles, and reveals that Iona was pillaged. These reports are corroborated by the thirteenth-century Bǫglunga sǫgur, a saga-collection that survives in two versions. Both versions reveal that a fleet of Norwegians plundered in the Isles, and the shorter version notes how men of the Birkibeinar and the Baglar—two competing sides of the Norwegian civil war—decided to recoup their financial losses with a twelve-ship raiding expedition into the Isles. This particular version of the saga names Óspakr suðreyski as one of the three Birkibeinar leaders of the expedition. One possibility is that this operation was organised in the context of the Norwegian Crown