the shape of a maple leaf is included at the other end of the note. Within the maple leaf is a ring of numbers matching the denomination of the banknote that become visible when the obverse is observed with a backlight. Hidden numbers also appear in the large window and holographic foil, some in reverse. The translucent maple leaf has a thin, transparent outline through which is visible the pattern of the reverse. Other security features include a border consisting of maple leaves around and intruding into parts of the large window, and transparent text printed in raised ink in the window. The raised ink is printed using intaglio and is also used for the large numerals to the left of the portrait, the shoulders of the portrait, and the words "BANK OF CANADA" and "BANQUE DU CANADA" printed near the maple leaf border. The transparent word "Canada" in the large window is also raised. Each denomination contains the EURion constellation on both the obverse and reverse to deter counterfeiting by reproduction using imaging software and photocopiers. The 2011 Frontier series is the second Canadian banknote series to include it after the 2001 Canadian Journey series. On the obverse, the pattern occurs flanking the transparent window, with denominations having the same pattern on the right and different patterns on the left. On the reverse, it occurs in the lower strip containing the banknote's serial number. Counterfeiting The security features in the Frontier series make counterfeiting the banknotes more difficult than counterfeiting banknotes from earlier series. By late 2011, the $100 banknote had been counterfeited, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police arrested four individuals of a counterfeiting operation in Richmond, British Columbia, and seized partially completed, counterfeit $100 banknotes with a face value of $1.2million. In May 2013, counterfeit $100 banknotes were found in circulation in New Westminster and other parts of the Lower Mainland in British Columbia. They were described by New Westminster police sergeant Diana McDaniel as "very well done", but they were missing three security features in the reproduction—a line of printed numerals in the transparent window, the flag atop the East Block in the lower metallic foil, and the raised ink. About 175 copies of the banknotes were found in circulation. By May 2013, there were 56 cases of counterfeit banknotes known to the Bank of Canada. Offences related to the production, printing, publication, possession, distribution, use,