characterized by an approach to understanding the social world through subjective experience, and represents psychoeducation within the psychotherapy framework. The radical humanist paradigm is defined by a radial approach to change with an emphasis on "transcending limitations of existing social arrangements." (Burrell & Morgan, 1979, p. 32). With respect to an approach to therapy, this stage is characterized by the adoption of a social self, such that healing occurs at a group or collective level. The radical structuralist paradigm concentrates on radical change through political or economic emancipation. This is the endpoint of therapy, at which time the client is empowered to challenge sociopolitical structures that foster the conditions perpetuating the manifestation of individual mental illness within an oppressed group. Taken from her 1992 publication entitled, "From Social Abuse to Social Action: a neighborhood psychotherapy and social action project for women," Holland formulated her four step approach to mental health and social action for women in treatment for depression as follows: I. Patient on pills At this stage, patients endorse the status-quo characterization of the "individualized patient." As such, they treat their disorder passively with psychotropic medication and accept the label associated with their illness. II. Person-to-person psychotherapy This stage represents the first alternative to the status-quo treatment of psychiatric disorders: talk therapy. At this stage, clients and therapists are able to explore the meaning of their psychopathology and pinpoint the potential causes through individual therapy. III. Talking in groups At this stage, the client is able to move past the personal challenges that are acknowledged and addressed in psychotherapy and discover that the challenges are universal amongst similarly marginalized individuals. Together, clients aim to acknowledge what is best for the collective. IV. Taking action The final stage, as the name suggests, is the point at which the collective mobilizes to change the social structures enabling their common oppression. Having changed from an individual to a collective, the clients should feel empowered to undertake social change. Included in this framework is the assumption that only some of the clients in this therapy will traverse all three stages. In Holland's words, "…many will be content enough with the relief from symptoms and the freedom to get on with their personal lives which the individual therapy gives them." (Holland, 1992, p. 73). Thus, this framework is fluid based on the personal inclinations of the client throughout the therapeutic process. Examples of mental