small balls of fire (apparently about in diameter) appeared periodically above the crater. These balls after reaching a considerable height burst into small fragments, some of which fell back into the crater and the remainder upon the exterior slope. This increased in activity and eruption of July 20 though is not accounted as an eruption of Taal Volcano based on the eruption history of Taal. Other observations The severest shocks seem to have been felt over the whole island of Luzon about North to South, and East to West. From observations taken it seems that the difference in the time between the extreme points was not more than ten minutes. It appears that at the time of the great shock on the 18th, it was ebb tide; and the water in the Pasig River suddenly rose , and almost as suddenly fell again. Thousands of fish were found lying on the surface of the water in the bay. It was calculated that the top of a building thirty feet from the ground was thrown out of its perpendicular; and one of the towers of the cathedral oscillated over . In one of the provinces, the local houses, which are built of bamboo and thatch, were sent flying; that canoes were thrown out of the water; and the growing rice torn out of the ground. The earth sunk in many places, the bed of one river had sunk . Great chasms, wide and of immense depth, were ripped in the earth. The churches of Guadalupe (now Guadalupe Viejo in Makati), Paco, Pandacan, Santa Ana, San Sebastian Church and San Miguel were in ruins. Within the walls of Manila the San Augustin Church, San Francisco Church and Santo Domingo Church were very seriously damaged. The Landnay barracks were down and the soldiers took refuge in one of the cigar factories. The barracks near the Luneta went down and the men built nipa huts there. Aftermath After the earthquakes of 1880 a commission composed of engineers of public works was appointed to study the ruins caused by these earthquakes, to point out the defects in the structure of the buildings that had been damaged, and to formulate rules which would be more practical than the ones previously drawn up for the rebuilding and repairing of the city. Jose Centeno, engineer of mines, was entrusted with this task. His memoir, ''""Temblores de tierra occuridos