of federal law against patients using the drug in compliance with state law, but reversed this policy in 2011. Recreational marijuana remains illegal (but not necessarily criminal) in all states and at the federal level, as of 2009. Regulation of living organisms With acceptance of premarket notification 510(k) k033391 in January 2004, the FDA granted Dr. Ronald Sherman permission to produce and market medical maggots for use in humans or other animals as a prescription medical device. Medical maggots represent the first living organism allowed by the Food and Drug Administration for production and marketing as a prescription medical device. In June 2004, the FDA cleared Hirudo medicinalis (medicinal leeches) as the second living organism to be used as a medical devices. In 2023 the FDA Modernization Act 2.0 eliminated the requirement that drugs in development must undergo testing in animals before being given to participants in human trials. Timeline of food and drug legislation Most federal laws concerning the FDA are part of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, (first passed in 1938 and extensively amended since) and are codified in Title 21, Chapter 9 of the United States Code. Other significant laws enforced by the FDA include the Public Health Service Act, parts of the Controlled Substances Act, the Federal Anti-Tampering Act, as well as many others. In many cases these responsibilities are shared with other federal agencies. Important enabling legislation for the FDA includes: 1902Biologics Control Act 1906Pure Food and Drug Act 1938Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1944Public Health Service Act 19511951 Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 82–215 19621962 Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 87–781 1966Fair Packaging and Labeling Act PL 89–755 1976Medical Device Regulation Act PL 94–295 1987Prescription Drug Marketing Act 1988Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 PL 100–690 1990Nutrition Labeling and Education Act PL 101–535 1992Prescription Drug User Fee Act PL 102–571 1994Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1997Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act 105-115 2002Bioterrorism Act 107-188 2002Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act (MDUFMA) PL 107-250 2003Animal Drug User Fee Act PL 108-130 2007Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 2009Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act 2011FDA Food Safety Modernization Act 2012Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act The FDA and the opioid epidemic (2000s) Faced with the opioid epidemic, which had become a public health crisis by 2017, the FDA requested Endo Pharmaceuticals to remove