considered an infringement to manufacture, use, or even seek to use an unpatented object without permission if part of that object is patented, and the patented part is significant or important. The patented part must be significant or important because it must be shown that it is used when the encompassing unpatented object is used. In Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser, it was found that the use of a plant which contained patented genes and cells constitutes infringing use of the patented genes and cells. Possession Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser established that possession may be sufficient for infringement if some value is derived from the act of possession. It was found that possession can grant an "insurance value" to the possessor. Examples include emergency equipment or backups in case of failure. Monsanto also found that the defendant's use of a genetically modified crop was infringing even though the defendant did not use the genetic benefit (a resistance to a pesticide) - it was sufficient to show that the defendant had a benefit in case it became necessary to take advantage of the benefit. The benefit received by the defendant in cases of possession correspond to a deprivation of the patent holder's full enjoyment of the monopoly and is thus an infringement of the patent. In general, a defendant's intention is not relevant in establishing an infringement; however, intent does become important when infringement is alleged through possession. There must be an intent to use the patented article for there to be a corresponding detriment to the patent holder and thus an infringement. Possession creates a presumption of intention to use; the burden is on the defendant to rebut this presumption. Output from a patented process or product A patent holder's rights extend to articles that were manufactured in a manner that infringed the patent. This protection extends to use of patented processes or products including intermediaries. The court in Pfizer Canada Inc. v. Canada (Health), found that a finding of infringement should be based on the nature of the invention and the extent to which it was used in production. The court outlined the following factors in determining whether there is an infringement: The importance of the product or process to the final product sold into Canada. Where the use is incidental, non-essential or could readily be substituted..., a Court might be less inclined to find infringement. Whether the