key factor in human development.” Commercial energy can include solar powered systems and the like. In addition, The Africa Society admits that much of Africa's apparent facilitation of poverty is the result of degradation of agriculture and arable lands, as well as, the mismanagement of water resources. A large contributing factor to these events and others, such as famine, is deforestation. Clean energy potentiality in Africa could therefore reduce environmental degradation, and consequently, poverty. To provide an example, implementation of biodiesel technology has potential for the creation of jobs, as well as consequent economic development in disadvantaged rural communities. This form of clean energy also enables energy security for many nations throughout the globe including those in Africa, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions rather significantly. The Capabilities Approach Sen, an Indian economist, has assimilated a concept referred to as "The Capabilities Approach," in which he suggests that “poverty can be sensibly identified in terms of capability deprivation.” Further, he states that “relative deprivation in terms of incomes can yield absolute deprivation in terms of capabilities.” He believes that the freedom to achieve well-being is of great importance, and can lead to increased capabilities. Energy could facilitate a great deal of freedom, for individuals could gain access to a wide variety of resources. Challenges facing energy in Africa The high upfront capital cost of many resources, particularly renewable resources, is one of the most critical barriers to the development of an energy market. Other challenges include the lack of food security and limited water resources, for these factors are necessary for life and therefore take priority over energy initiation. Energy utilization and availability North Africa North Africa is dominant in oil and in gas, for Libya obtains approximately 50% of the oil reserves available in Africa. Libya designated US$5 billion to assert programs and regulations that will reduce carbon emissions. Resources, such as oil and gas, are also prevalent in Algeria, in addition to natural gas. According to the Renewable Energy Sector in N. Africa, solar capacity is also extremely relevant in North Africa. The total power installed in North Africa region was roughly 61.6 GW in 2012. This is mostly made up of hydro accounting for nearly 10%. Southern Africa Southern Africa has 91 percent of all of Africa's coal reserves and 70% of the nuclear/uranium resources in Africa, according to Professor Iwayemi. Southern Africa follows Central Africa closely in