Regional energy trade would save an estimated US$5 billion annually in emergency generation costs, yielding a 22% rate of return even at 5% deflation. Energy economist Orvika Rosnes estimates that fair regional pooling in the least developed countries could actually generate money in less than one year, with a 168% annual return on investment. Projected needs Creating an effective and far-reaching modern electrical system in Africa will take significant investment. The African Development Bank has estimated that a universal access system for all 53 countries in Africa would cost US$547 billion total to implement by 2030, which averages to US$27 billion per year. Total investment has not come close to this mark, instead hovering until recently between $1–2 billion USD annually. Recent participation from China and India on the order of US$2 Billion annually brings the investment total up to ~US$4 billion. The power sector still faces a finance gap on the order of US$23 billion per year though, severely constraining its development options. Operating at 1/4 of the necessary budget to grow and expand, current networks must mark most funds for maintenance of aging existing systems. Aid and world energy supply capabilities Relationship to the Millennium Development Goals Access to modern forms of Energy can impact socio-economic parameters like income, education, and life expectancy. Energy can act as a multiplier of the Millennium Development Goals through its ability to stimulate economic growth to generate employment, improve educational opportunities, and improve general health compared to existing energy sources. Research of past successful development suggests that energy, especially from transportation and industry, helped drive growth and modernization Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: Access to contemporary energy can help generate jobs, industrial activities, transportation, and modernized agriculture in Africa. Most African staple foods need processing, which can be aided and made more efficient by modern energy. Access to liquefied propane gas stoves in Senegal led to major domestic time savings and improved nutrition. Achieve universal primary education: Energy access improves the capabilities of schools and lowers the sustenance chore burden on children (female children in particular), allowing them more time to pursue education. Energy can also improve the quality of schools and build connections to surrounding communities. Promote gender equality and empower women: Household activities traditionally done by women could be made more efficient, leaving time for other means of self-development or productive economic input. Reduce child mortality: Modern energy can allow