increase in positive behavior or a decrease in problematic behavior. According to the authors, the results of the meta-analysis indicated the program's “ability to effect meaningful improvements in parents and children” (p. 114). Furthermore, Triple P has also been provided to families in the United Kingdom where neglect is a concern. The findings from this service showed that, on average the children who participated in the evaluation experienced improved emotional and behavioural outcomes. However this positive change could not be attributed to Triple P because a control group had not been established. A critical 2012 systematic review and meta-analysis of these interventions revealed many small, underpowered and poorly-controlled studies, with substantial risk of reporting bias, triggering a response from a group including many Triple-P authors. Another commentary in the same journal claimed the response did not adequately address the critique and indicated that commitments to such programmes by policy-makers needs to be based on sound evidence, or risks wasting money. A later meta-analysis by a group including Triple-P authors was published in 2014 claiming widespread benefits in the short and long term. Qualitative research studies have also illuminated some of the ways in which programs can help individual parents. An evaluation of the Triple P intervention highlighted how many parents were able to improve the way in which they related to their children after having received advice about how to be clear and boundaries with their children, and in some cases after having tried and seen the effects of such approaches for themselves, first-hand, and often for the first time. [51] References Parenting skills organizations B Lab-certified corporations in Australia