water armies to leave good reviews, and some singers or film stars also pay them to be fake followers on Sina Weibo. The price for posting good comments and bad comments depends on the content. If there are negative reviews about a product or some gossip targeting a person, they must pay the Internet water army to screen and delete the negative comments. There is some difference between internet water army and 50 Cent Party. The concept of 50 Cent Party is narrower since it only refers to paid posters who deflect political discussions and post any positive and supporting reviews related to the central government or CCP. According to a Harvard University study in 2017, it was estimated that there were 448 million social media comments fabricated by the 50 Cent Party hired by the Chinese government at the time. These comments avoid touching upon controversial and sensitive issues. Types There is no limitation to joining an Internet water army. Low-end migrants, housewives and students are the main force. There are three types of Internet water armies. The first type voluntarily spreads posts promoting social justice, the second is mainly hired by the government or state-owned companies to promote CCP propaganda, and the third works for private companies, such as public relations companies, to pursue their own interests. Tactics A 2010 news story on China Central Television listed three customer services of Internet water armies: promotion of a specific product, company, person or message; slandering an adversary or their products or services, and helping delete negative or unfavorable posts or news articles. Pricing for Internet water armies tactics varies. Shanghai Daily quoted Tang Jing, an employee of the Web PR company Shuijunshiwang.com, that prices range from a "basic zombie" for less than 5 yuan ($0.79) per 1,000 on the internet marketplace Taobao to an "A-level zombie" having "the characteristics of a real person, with a photo, self-description, tags of categories and its own fans" for 120 yuan ($18.86) per 5,000. Cheng Chen, a computer science researcher at the University of Victoria, and three colleagues performed an academic study of Internet water army activities. To learn how online Chinese ghostwriters operate, Cheng registered undercover with an Internet PR company that trained and paid him to make social media postings. Each mission had a project manager; a trainer team that plans schedules, distributes shared user IDs, and maintains quality control; a