the battle proved not to be the decisive blow American commanders had been hoping for. After the battle, the American commanders in the region agreed to halt the ongoing offensive in order to reform their lines- something which was noticed by Luna and other senior Filipino commanders, who made plans for a counterattack against U.S. positions. On February 22, Filipino forces under the command of Luna and Mariano Llanera launched an attack on American positions in Manila as part of the Second Battle of Caloocan, aiming to recapture the city. Though the Filipino troops were initially able to make strong headway against the Americans, indecisiveness and poor communication led to the success of a counterattack by U.S. forces, which pushed the Filipinos away from Manila and ensured it would remain under U.S. control for the duration of the war. The conduct of American forces during and after the battle came under scrutiny following allegations by some U.S. soldiers that certain senior officers, including Wilder Metcalf, had ordered the summary execution of Filipino prisoners of war. Several American soldiers testified to the United States Senate Committee on the Philippines that they overheard a Captain Bishop, a subordinate of Metcalf, discussing no quarter orders issued by his superiors. An American soldier, Cyrus Ricketts, testified to the committee's members that "several Filipinos in a trench near the dummy line" were summarily executed by U.S. forces after the battle. In response, Frederick Funston, Metcalf and Bishop all denied issuing any orders to summarily execute Filipino prisoners of war, with Metcalf denying an eyewitness account that he had personally executed prisoners, and the committee chose not to pursue the matter further. References Footnotes Bibliography Battle of Caloocan Battles of the Philippine–American War Battle of Caloocan February 1899 events History of Metro Manila Naval battles of the Philippine–American War