if the business is dissolved or sold. Experiments and research In section 32 of the Patent Act, a person is permitted to patent improvements on an existing patent. Consequently, other jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand have held that a researcher may ignore a patent when conducting experiments. Fair research and experimentation is considered to end when the product or process is ready for commercial exploitation. Essentially, a researcher may patent the improvement of an existing patent, but cannot exploit it without the permission of the earlier patent holder until the earlier patent expires. In the United States, this exception is construed very narrowly. A person may pursue research on an existing patent only for "amusement, satisfy[ing] idle curiosity, or for strictly philosophical inquiry." Private non-commercial uses It is not an infringement of patent law to make the models or patented objects for private or non commercial use. The French equivalent is somewhat clearer on this exception. This exception allows users to make patented products for private use, but the exception stops short of any commercial use. Doctrine of exhaustion In Canada, the common law doctrine of exhaustion provides that a purchaser of a patented product benefits from an implied licence to use, repair, and resell that product. The doctrine applies only in the absence of any restriction imposed by the patentee or licensee. Although the doctrine applies to repairs, it does not apply to remanufacturers. Education While there is no provision in the Patent Act allowing use of a patent for the purposes of education, Vaver in his treatise Intellectual Property Law: Copyright, Trademark and Patent has argued that the courts may accept an exception for educational purposes. Such an exception would be consistent with other acts such as the Integrated Circuit Topography Act, which includes provisions protecting users who make or copy a topography for the purposes of education, and the proposed amendments to Canadian copyright law which add education to the enumerated purposes for the fair dealing exception. Remedies for patent infringement Remedies for patent infringement track both common law and equitable remedies. Usual remedies in patent law include injunctions, damages and an accounting of profits. Injunctions A plaintiff in a patent infringement case can ask for an injunction prohibiting the defendant from committing the infringing acts in the future. An injunction is a discretionary remedy, and the court may decide, depending on the