people were killed, and in Sevilla, Zaragoza, Málaga and Gijón. The Spanish government declared martial law on 9 January. Born: Charles Osgood, American journalist and commentator (CBS Sunday Morning); in New York City. Died: Benton McMillin, 87, former U.S. Congressman (1879–99), Governor of Tennessee (1899–1903), Ambassador to Peru (1913–19), and Ambassador to Guatemala (1920–21). January 9, 1933 (Monday) Using for the first time his pen name George Orwell, British author Eric Blair published his book, Down and Out in Paris and London. Blair's three other choices for pen names had been P.S. Burton, Kenneth Miles and H. Lewis Allways. U.S. President-Elect Roosevelt hosted Henry L. Stimson, President Hoover's Secretary of State, at Hyde Park, and found that the two agreed on foreign policy. Stimson would become Roosevelt's Secretary of War in 1940. Born: Wilbur Smith, bestselling South African novelist, in Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (now Kabwe, Zambia) (d. 2021) Robert Garcia, controversial U.S. Congressman (D-N.Y., 1978–1990), in the Bronx (d. 2017) Akbar Etemad, Iranian nuclear physicist who pioneered that nation's nuclear program; in Hamadan. Died: Kate Gleason, 67, American engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. January 10, 1933 (Tuesday) In Friedrichshain, 400 Nazis attempted to force their way into a hall where 2,000 communists were holding a political rally. A street fight broke out resulting in many injuries. Born: Gurdial Singh, Indian novelist who writes in the Punjabi language; in Faridkot (d. 2016) Anton Rodgers, English character actor, in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire (d. 2007) Died: Roberto Mantovani, 78, Italian geologist Sergey Platonov, 62, Russian historian January 11, 1933 (Wednesday) Japanese troops captured Jiumenkou, site of the "pass of nine gates" that blocked entry into the Jehol Province, after fighting and capturing Shanhaiguan, as Japan sought to expand its territory in China. Sir Charles Kingsford Smith made the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand, taking the Southern Cross, and four passengers, 1,200 miles from Sydney to New Plymouth. Born: Leonard Skinner, American high school teacher whose name was the inspiration for the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd; in Jacksonville, Florida (d. 2010) January 12, 1933 (Thursday) After anarchists had taken control of the town of Casas Viejas the day before, the Spanish Army retaliated with the massacre of 22 civilians. When the extent of the carnage became public knowledge during the summer, Prime Minister Manuel Azaña Díaz was forced from office. Spanish Army General Francisco Franco later used the incident in gaining