presented below; *words in brackets indicate the understood referent of a personal pronoun or demonstrative, established from the context of the utterance As shown in (13), the long punya possessive marker can also be reduced to the short pu, an alteration which appears to be independent of the syntactic or semantic properties of the possessor and possessum. A further reduction to =p is possible, but only if the possessor noun phrase ends in a vowel, shown below; {{interlinear|number=(14) |sa bilang, i, sap kaka {} {} kop kaka |1SG say ugh! 1SGPOSS oSb 3SG say 2SGPOSS oSb |'I said 'ugh!, (that's) my older sister', she said, 'your older sister?}} This is most common when the possessor is a singular personal pronoun (two instances of which are found in (14)), and provides an explanation for why 'Hendro punya …'is observed in (11), rather than the reduced theoretical possibility of 'Hendro=p'. A final canonical possibility is the total omission of the possessive marker (indicated with a ø symbol), but this is generally restricted to inalienable possession of body parts and kinship relations, the former seen in (4) below; Other, less typical/more complex 'non-canonical' combinations are also possible, where the possessor and/or possessum can consist of verbs, quantifiers and prepositional phrases. Such constructions can denote locational (16), beneficiary (17), quantity-intensifying (18), verb-intensifying (19) and emphatic (20) possessive relations. In Papuan Malay, it can be seen from (16) that being in or at a location is expressed as being 'of' (in a possessive sense) the location itself (the syntactic possessor). The possessive marker can also direct attention to an action or object's beneficiary, where the benefiting party occupies the possessor position; In this instance, the possessive marker is an approximate substitute for the English equivalent marker 'for ___'. This demonstrates that the construction doesn't have to describe a realised possession; the mere fact that the possessor is the intended beneficiary of something (the possessum) is sufficient in marking that something as possessed by the possessor, regardless of whether the possessum has actually been received, experienced or even seen by the possessor. Where the possessum slot is filled by a quantifier, the possessive construction elicits an intensified or exaggerated reading; However, this is restricted to few and many quantifiers, and numerals in the same possessum slot yield an ungrammatical result. As such, substituting sedikit with dua (two) in (18) would not be expected to be present