P3 component is modulated by both stimulus significance and novelty. The classic auditory oddball paradigm can be modified to produce different neural responses and can therefore be used to investigate dysfunctions in sensory and cognitive processing in clinical samples. A unique application of the oddball paradigm is being used heavily in Schizophrenia research to study the effects in neuronal generator patterns in continuous recognition memory, and the endophenotypes, which provide model on genetic relation of psychiatric diseases that represents phenotypes between manifest clinical syndrome and genetic underpinnings. Other uses The oddball paradigm has been extended to use outside of ERP research. The oddball paradigm has robust effects on pupil dilation that is produced by transient activity of the subcortical Locus Coeruleus. This pupil dilation effect is discussed to indicate a detection of stimulus salience and is expected to amplify the sensory processing of the salient stimulus by increased neural gain. The perception of time seems to be modulated by our recent experiences. Humans typically overestimate the perceived duration of the initial event in a stream of identical events. Initial studies suggested that this oddball-induced “subjective time dilation” expanded the perceived duration of oddball stimuli by 30–50% but subsequent research has reported more modest expansion of around 10% or less, and the direction of the effect, whether the viewer perceives an increase or a decrease in duration, also seems to be dependent upon the stimulus used. References Psychology experiments Evoked potentials