ammunition fired from a distance of , different options were compared by IBD and ST Kinetics. A thick plate of high-hardness armour (HHA) steel provides enough protection. This was indexed as reference to calculate the mass efficiency and thickness efficiency of different armour solutions. Utilizing only HHA together with a liner to absorb the fragments, the mass efficiency can be increased to 1.2 (the armour provides 1.2 times as much protection as HHA of the same weight). Using a MEXAS armour panel on top of HHA boosts the mass efficiency to 2.5 compared to the HHA reference. The best result was achieved by utilizing a thick MEXAS armour panel on top of a HHA plate fitted with a liner on the interior — a mass efficiency of 3.5; however the higher thickness decreased the thickness efficiency to 0.8 compared to the other tested armour layouts. The Stryker can be fitted with MEXAS applique armour in order to provide protection against 14.5 mm HMG rounds. In 2001 it was discovered that the chemical composition of some ceramic tiles had been altered without notifying the US Army and unapproved sub-contractors supplied the ceramic tiles. The amount of different tile variations allowed by the Army was exceeded drastically — instead of an approved number of six variations the Stryker utilized 39 after undergoing several design changes. This resulted in the early Strykers requiring an additional thick steel plate. According to IBD Deisenroth however, all changes had been communicated to General Dynamics, but General Dynamics did not inform the Army. Ulf Deisenroth, president of IBD, claimed that he was never informed about the Army only allowing six ceramic tile variations. Later the supplier of the ceramic tiles was changed to fix these problems. Applications MEXAS is used on several vehicles of the German Army like the ATF Dingo, Fuchs 1A7 or the Panzerhaubitze 2000. Some versions of the Leopard 2 MBT utilize MEXAS-H armour at the hull. Prior deployment on peace-keeping missions, vehicles of different countries have been fitted with MEXAS. Norwegian M113s and German MAN trucks have been fitted with MEXAS prior their deployment in KFOR. Some Canadian Leopard 1s, M113s and LAVs have been upgraded with MEXAS. Uparmoured Canadian Leopard 1s have been used in the KFOR and as part of the ISAF in Afghanistan. Other vehicles protected by MEXAS armour include versions of the Swedish Pansarbandvagn 302 and Combat Vehicle 90,