alleged blasphemies included among the Talmudic texts indicated that Jewish understandings of the Old Testament differed from the Christian understanding. Louis IX stated that only skilled clerics could conduct a disputation with Jews, but that laymen should plunge a sword into those who speak ill of the Christ. See also Criticism of Judaism Disputation of Barcelona (1263) Disputation of Tortosa (1413–1414) Jesus in the Talmud Toledot Yeshu Yonah Gerondi References 1240s in France Antisemitism in France Book burnings Criticism of Judaism Paris History of Paris History of the Jews in Europe Jewish–Christian debate Medieval Paris Louis IX of France