g mouse to 90 °C in about 325 milliseconds; a 915 MHz, 25 kW source will heat the brain of a 300 g rat to the same temperature in a second. Special devices designed or modified for this purpose have to be used; use of kitchen-grade microwave ovens is condemned. Perception thresholds Safety limits exist for microwave exposure. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration defines energy density limit for exposure periods of 0.1 hours or more to 10 mW/cm2; for shorter periods the limit is 1 mW-hr/cm2 with limited excursions above 10 mW/cm2. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard for microwave oven leakage puts limit to 5 mW/cm2 at 2 inches from the oven's surface. For 5.8 GHz, exposure to 30 mW/cm2 causes increase of facial skin temperature by 0.48 °C, corneal surface heats by 0.7 °C, and the temperature of retina is estimated to increase by 0.08–0.03 °C. Exposure of skin to microwaves can be perceived as a sensation of heat or pain. Due to lower penetration of higher frequencies, perception threshold is lower for higher frequencies as more energy is dissipated closer to the body surface. When the entire face is exposed to 10 GHz microwaves, the feeling of heat is evoked at energy densities of 4–6 mW/cm2 for 5 or more seconds, or about 10 mW/cm2 for a half second. Experiments on six volunteers exposed to 2.45 GHz microwaves shown perception thresholds on forearm skin to be at the average of 25–29 mW/cm2, ranging from 15.40 to 44.25 mW/cm2. The sensation was indistinguishable from heat delivered by infrared radiation, though the infrared radiation required about five times lower energy density. Pain threshold for 3 GHz was demonstrated to range from 0.83 to 3.1 W/cm2 for 9.5 cm2 of exposed area, depending on length of the exposure; other source says the dependence is not directly on the power density and exposure length, but primarily on the critical skin temperature. Microwave energy can be focused by metal objects in the vicinity of the body or when implanted. Such focusing and resultant increased heating can significantly lower the perception, pain and damage thresholds. Metal-framed glasses perturb microwave fields between 2–12 GHz; individual components were found to be resonant between 1.4 and 3.75 GHz. A security guard with a metal plate in his leg experienced heating of the plate when patrolling near tropospheric scatter transmitter antennas; he had