from the elite IDF special force units." This unit has been a part of Israel's policy of assassinations, which according to Ronen Bergman is a policy that Israel has used more than any other country in the West since World War II, stating it has carried out at least 2,700 assassination missions. Venture capital Mossad opened a venture capital fund in June 2017, to invest in high-tech startups to develop new cyber technologies. The names of technology startups funded by Mossad are not published. Operation Harpoon Together with Shurat HaDin, Mossad started Operation Harpoon, for "destroying terrorists’ money networks.” Motto Mossad's former motto, be-tachbūlōt ta`aseh lekhā milchāmāh () is a quote from the Bible (Proverbs 24:6): "For by wise guidance you can wage your war" (NRSV). The motto was later changed to another Proverbs passage: be-'éyn tachbūlōt yippol `ām; ū-teshū`āh be-rov yō'éts (, Proverbs 11:14). This is translated by NRSV as: "Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety." Directors Reuven Shiloah, 1949–53 Isser Harel, 1953–63 Meir Amit, 1963–68 Zvi Zamir, 1968–73 Yitzhak Hofi, 1973–82 Nahum Admoni, 1982–89 Shabtai Shavit, 1989–96 Danny Yatom, 1996–98 Efraim Halevy, 1998–2002 Meir Dagan, 2002–11 Tamir Pardo, 2011–16 Yossi Cohen, 2016–21 David Barnea, 2021– Operations Sayanim Sayanim (, lit. Helpers, Assistants) are unpaid Jewish civilians that help Mossad out of a sense of devotion for Israel. They are recruited by Mossad's field agents, katsas, to provide logistical support for Mossad operations. A Sayan running a rental agency, for instance, could help Mossad agents rent a car without the usual documentation. The usage of Sayanim allows the Mossad to operate with a slim budget yet conduct vast operations worldwide. Sayanim can have dual citizenships but are often not Israeli citizens. The sayanim concept was created by Meir Amit in the 1960s. According to Gordon Thomas, there were 4,000 sayanim in Britain and some 16,000 sayanim in the United States in 1998. Israeli students called bodlim are often used as gofers for Mossad. Africa Egypt Provision of intelligence for the cutting of communications between Port Said and Cairo in 1956. Mossad spy Wolfgang Lotz, holding West German citizenship, infiltrated Egypt in 1957, and gathered intelligence on Egyptian missile sites, military installations, and industries. He also composed a list of German rocket scientists working for the Egyptian government, and sent some of them letter bombs. After the East German