that amendment was officially ratified. In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short-lived Liberal Republican Party. Despite these events, the rivalry between the two women's groups was so bitter that a merger proved to be impossible for twenty years. Ellen Carol DuBois, a historian of the women's suffrage movement, says this rivalry had far-reaching consequences for the women's movement: "More than a century has passed, and still historians become partisans in the hostilities that their opposition created." In 1890 the NWSA and the AWSA combined to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), with Stanton, Anthony and Stone as its top officers. Anthony was the key force in the new organization. Stone, nominally the chair of its executive committee, in practice was involved only peripherally. Women's suffrage, a key goal of the AERA, was achieved in 1920 with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. Despite the passage of the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments, the AERA's goal of securing equal rights for all citizens, especially suffrage, still had not yet been fully achieved. Although Puerto Ricans were by law citizens of the United States, Puerto Rican women were prevented from voting until 1929, and African Americans in southern states were for the most part prevented from voting until 1965, nearly a hundred years after the AERA was formed. See also History of women's suffrage in the United States List of African-American abolitionists List of major women's suffrage organizations List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women's rights activists List of women's rights organizations Reconstruction era Timeline of women's rights (other than voting) Timeline of women's suffrage Voting rights in the United States References Notes Bibliography Baker, Paula (1990). "The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920." In Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, Ellen Carol DuBois and Vicki L. Ruiz editors, 66–91. New York: Routledge. Barry, Kathleen (1988). Susan B. Anthony: A Biography of a Singular Feminist. New York: Ballantine Books. . Brown, Olympia (1911). Acquaintances, Old and New, Among Reformers. Milwaukee, WI: Olympia Brown (S. E. Tate Printing Company). Buhle, Mari Jo; Buhle, Paul editors (1978). The Concise History of Woman Suffrage. University of Illinois. . Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). The Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, second edition. New York: