creating artwork solely from text. This marked the beginning of his body of work concerning the concept of "kannen", which means "idea" (as in metaphysics and "meditative visualization" in Pure Land Buddhism). This can be seen in his work White Circle (1967), which consisted of a photograph with a portion blanked out, and viewers were instructed to envision a circle with their eyes closed. In doing so, Matsuzawa sought to eliminate the material aspect of his art, and he relied on viewers' minds to visualize the invisible aspect of his artwork. Matsuzawa's interests in nothingness and void were largely inspired by Buddhism. He offered an alternative to European and North American conceptualism ideas of dematerialization, a redefining of the art object and its meaning. This was radical for an artist in Japan at the time. Matsuzawa was charismatic and, beginning in 1969, his estate in Suwa became a gathering place for like-minded artists and critics. This following became known as the Nirvana School. Its membership included the younger conceptual artists Michio Horikawa and Tadashi Maeyama of GUN. Together, the Nirvana School artists exhibited their work in 1970 at Nirvana: For Final Art and at the 1973 Kyoto Biennale, both held at the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art. In 1970, Matsuzawa was invited to participate in Tokyo Biennale 1970: Between Man and Matter curated by the critic Yūsuke Nakahara. The biennial was a significant moment in postwar Japanese art and it was instrumental in putting Tokyo on the map within the international art world. There, Matsuzawa exhibited alongside fellow conceptual artists Daniel Buren, Hans Haacke, Michio Horikawa, On Kawara, Sol LeWitt, Mario Merz and Jiro Takamatsu. The biennial was Matsuzawa's first international exposure in his professional career. Within the same year as Tokyo Biennale 1970, Matsuzawa met Adriaan van Ravesteijn, the director of the Art & Project gallery in Amsterdam. Through Art & Project, Matsuzawa published in two issues of the gallery's art magazine, Bulletin 20 and Bulletin 21. Matsuzawa's issue of Bulletin 21 was subsequently featured in the catalog for the conceptual art exhibition Information at the Museum of Modern Art in New York later that summer. Throughout the 1970s, Matsuzawa shifted his focus away from anti-art sentiments, but he maintained an interest in challenging the modernist institution of art. His work as a conceptual artist steadily gained recognition with the increasing awareness of Euro-American conceptual art in Japan. References