patterns of agricultural mechanization, Binswanger shows that in both developed and developing countries power-intensive processes were mechanized first, followed by control-intensive operations, with small manufacturers (and not the public sector or corporate research) typically initiating the process of inventing new types of machinery. Together with Prabdhu Pingali and Yves Bigot, Binswanger also investigated patterns of agricultural mechanization and the evolution of farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting that many technological failures were due to mismatches between technological strategies, farming systems and countries endowments of land, labour and climate. Overall, reviewing the effect of technical change and commercialization in agriculture on the poor until the late 1980s, Binswanger concluded that these dynamics stimulate growth in agriculture, rural development and food supply, though these don't generally lend themselves to poverty targeting. Economic Behaviour under Risk and Uncertainty In the 1980s, Binswanger turned to the study of economic behaviour in agriculture under risk and uncertainty. Through an experiment in rural India, he notably found large discrepancies between experimental measures of risk aversion and certainty equivalents elicited through interviews, with the experimental measures suggesting that, for high payoffs, nearly everybody was moderately risk averse, with even wealthy individuals not significantly less risk averse; more specifically, Binswanger observed decreasing absolute risk aversion, increasing partial risk aversion, declining relative risk aversion, and asset disaggregation. Summarizing the literature on risk aversion and farmers' credit constraints, Binswanger and Donald Sillers find that farmers in developing countries are almost universally risk averse and show why many lenders would ask rural borrowers for collateral, giving credence to the view that small farmers may be at a disadvantage because of credit constraints. Finally, Binswanger and Mark Rosenzweig document how farmers adapt the composition of their agricultural investments in response to the exposure of the profitability of their agricultural activities to weather risk. Agricultural Production Relations and Econometric Studies Many of Binswanger's studies of agricultural dynamics are econometric, with early works including e.g. the measurement of elasticities of factor demand and substitution and a microeconomic approach to induced innovation. In a study with Maw-Cheng Yang, Alan Bowers and Yair Mundlak on the determinants of cross-country aggregate agricultural supply, Binswanger finds only weak short-run supply elasticities within countries. Further work of Binswanger has investigated the policy response of agriculture, highlighting agriculture's low price short-run price elasticity, the role of investments in infrastructure, institutions and public goods, and the effects of structural adjustment programmes.