do not exclude the notes prepared by an official court reporter published together with reported opinions from copyright protection. The opinion illustrates the context in which Banks was decided, i.e., in the 19th century, much before multiple revisions made to the Copyright Act. At the time, copyright protection was extended for books, maps, prints, engravings, musical and dramatic compositions, photographs, and works of art. It notes that judicial opinions were starkly different from this list of works because they are legally binding, reflect the application of the rule of law, and in turn represent the implementation of the will of the people. They note that in Banks, the Court never categorically prohibited the States from holding copyrights as authors or assignees and merely stated that the State fell outside the scope of the Act because it was not a “resident” or “citizen of the United States,” (which were the statutory requirements for "authorship" back then). The opinion observes that the Court in Banks stated “[w]hether the State could take out a copyright for itself, or could enjoy the benefit of one taken out by an individual for it, as the assignee of a citizen of the United States or a resident therein, who should be the author of a book, is a question not involved in the present case, and we refrain from considering it." The opinion also notes that in Callaghan, the Court, while accepting the principle in Banks, limited its application by concluding that “no [similar] ground of public policy” justified denying a state official a copyright “cover[ing] the matter which is the result of his intellectual labor.” The opinion distinguishes judicial opinions and statutes from annotations as follows: First, annotations do not embody the will of the people since the General Assembly does not enact statutory annotation under its legislative power(they do not pass through the processes of bicameralism and presentment). They also do not create any binding legal obligations. Second, unlike judges and legislators, the creators of annotations are incentivised by copyright law and profits. Third, while copyrighting judicial opinions and statutes would be contrary to fair notice of the laws, i.e., the legal presumption that every citizen is aware of the law, the same does not apply to annotations since they are non-binding. They state that it is incorrect to hold that without access to annotations readers will be unable to understand the true meaning