Capital, the White Eagle Industries, the Poland Growth Fund, and the National Investment Funds, created from the universal privatization program. The first attempts of private entities with venture capital on the Polish market were made by Roman Kluska, creator of the Polish tech precursor Optimus, whose shares were sold to Zbigniew Jakubas and BRE Bank in April 2000 for PLN 261M (today's ). Kluska would take high investment risk investing his own stock money in promising technological projects. In addition to the manufacturing of computers, cash registers, and developing integration systems, Optimus Pascal, the founder of today's major Polish news portal Onet, was established. And during the same period, Tomasz Czechowicz, the founder of personal computer producer JTT Computer, introduced the first Polish venture capital fund MCI Management. In November 2000, the fund began trade on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. In 2000, around 102 investments worth over PLN 800M () were completed (supplying 92 companies), with telecommunications and media being the most popular industries (46% of investments). In 2002, VC funds invested PLN 529M () in Poland, which was a 37% yearly growth, by both locally based funds (PLN 422M, ), and foreign fund management companies (PLN 107M, ). In 2002, investments of VC funds were mainly focused on FMCG companies (35% of investments). In 2003, the number of companies covered by investments decreased to 48, while VC investments increased significantly and amounted to PLN 779M (), while the market was considerably interested in the telecommunications, media, and financial services sectors. Currently Since 2014, the National Center for Research and Development () has been implementing the subsidy-and-investment instrument BRIdge Alfa, financed from the European Regional Development Fund, under the Intelligent Development Operational Program 2014–2020. The aim of the BRIdge Alfa is to increase the innovativeness of the Polish economy by strengthening the synergy between entrepreneurs and scientists. Since 2017, the National Centre for Research and Development, has signed contracts under the subsidy and investment instrument Bridge Alfa with 33 firms that conduct venture transactions, and in 2018 another state agency, the Polish Development Fund () signed additional 26. According to the March 2019 report by Startup Poland, the total assets under management in VC firms active in Poland estimates at . With average assets under management at . Over half of the firms declared that their fundraising was ongoing. The research was based on the self-report of 70 VC firms,