used since the beginning. For example, ci appears in neither the Fundamenta Gramatiko nor the Unua Libro. But, especially in some circles, people have begun to use ci in practical language, mainly as the familiar and intimate singular, reserving vi for the plural and formal singular. Others use ci as singular and vi as plural regardless of formality. Ido In Ido, in theory tu is limited to friends and family, whereas vu is used anywhere else. However, many users actually adapt the practice in their own mother tongue and use tu and vu accordingly. In the plural, though, the only form in use is vi, which does not distinguish between formal and informal address. In all cases, an -n is added to the original pronoun to indicate a direct object that precedes its own verb: Me amoras tu (I love you) becomes Tun me amoras if the direct object takes the first place, for example for emphatic purposes. Tolkien's High Elvish In High Elvish, self-named Quenya, there is a distinction between singular informal tyë and singular formal lyë. The plural of both forms is lë. The formal form is expected between all but family members and close friends. The appendices to The Lord of the Rings state that Westron followed a similar pattern, although the dialect of Shire had largely lost the formal form. Klingon The Klingon language does not have a T-V distinction, with the second-person pronouns SoH (singular) and tlhIH (plural) and their appropriate conjugating verb prefixes covering all forms of address. However, Klingon does employ a number of honorifics, such as qaH (Sir or Madam) or joHwI' (my lord or my lady) to express formality. An honorific verb suffix -neS exists, used to express extreme politeness or deference towards a superior in a social or military hierarchy. It is rarely employed and never required. References Etiquette Personal pronouns Language comparison Sociolinguistics