du Proche-Orient au temps de la Réforme Catholique makes an important contribution to the study of confessionalization and sectarianism in the Ottoman Empire. It pays particular attention to the impact of Catholic missionaries on gender dynamics within Arab Christian societies, while pointing to what Heyberger has called the “feminization” of Middle Eastern Christianity through the assertion of female devotion. Heyberger published a second book, entitled, Hindiyya (1720-1798): mystique et criminelle, in 2001. This book is a biographical study of the eighteenth-century Maronite Christian mystic and memoirist, Hindiyya ‘Ujaymi, who claimed to experience visitations from Christ. Trained by the Jesuits in Aleppo, Syria, where she grew up, Hindiyya founded a convent in Mount Lebanon but became mired in controversy following the deaths of two nuns, from torture, which occurred in her convent. Heyberger’s book appeared in English translation as Hindiyya, Mystic and Criminal (1720-1798): A Political and Religious Crisis in Lebanon, in 2013; an Arabic edition also appeared in 2010. To write this story of the woman who had an “iron will” for her times, Heyberger drew deeply upon archives in the Propaganda Fide in Rome – including records of inquisitions sent to investigate her – along with Maronite sources from the patriarchate in Bkiriki, Lebanon. Heyberger also wrote two books responding to the major challenges that have faced Middle Eastern Christian communities in the post-9/11 era, especially in light of social upheavals caused by the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, and, from 2011, the Syrian Civil War. These books are Les Chrétiens au Proche-Orient: De la compassion à la compréhension (2013); and Les Chrétiens d’Orient (2017). The latter considers the long and ambiguous impact of European – and especially French, British, and Russian – intervention in the region relative to Middle Eastern Christian communities. This book takes the story of Middle Eastern Christians into the early twenty-first century while commenting on the Islamist militant movement known as ISIS or Da’esh. Heyberger has also edited or co-edited more than a dozen edited volumes on Christians and Muslims in the Ottoman world. He has appeared frequently as a media commentator in France and has given many public lectures. With Paul Fahmé-Thiéry and Jérôme Lentin, Bernard Heyberger published in 2015 a French translation of the Arabic travelogue of Hanna Diyab of Aleppo, who visited Paris in 1708-9. In Paris, Hanna Diyab met the French Orientalist, Antoine Galland, who was collecting the tales