to as the Margold Report), presenting an outline to desegregate public schools in the south. The NAACP adapted many of its ideas to advance civil rights for African-Americans through the courts, culminating in 1954's Brown v. Board of Education. Margold received recommendations from Frankfurter and Justice Louis Brandeis and was hired as the solicitor for the United States Department of the Interior. He served in this department from 1933 to 1942, including acting as an aide to Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes. Ickes named him as chairman of the Petroleum Administrative Board after the National Recovery Administration codified the industry. He was then appointed chairman of the Petroleum Labor Policy Board to administer that code, and served in that position from 1933 to 1935. The position was dissolved when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that parts of the National Industrial Recovery Act, which had delegated petroleum code-making authority to the Executive branch, were unconstitutional in Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan. From 1933 to 1935 Margold also acted as a special assistant attorney general. With John Collier, Margold wrote the solicitor's opinion, "Powers of Indian Tribes" which was issued October 25, 1934, and commented on the wording of the Indian Reorganization Act. According to Vine Deloria Jr. and Clifford M. Lytle, "Modern tribal sovereignty thus [began] with this opinion" because the opinion recognized that the sovereignty of Indian tribes was inherent, rather than being granted to them by the federal government. In 1940, Margold wrote the introduction to the Handbook of Federal Indian Law by Felix S. Cohen. Margold believed that Indian self-governance was "a revealing record in the development of our American constitutional democracy." Margold was a member of the Modern Forum of the League for Peace and Democracy, an organization named as a "Communist front organization" by witnesses during a hearing of the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1938. Recognizing his loyalty and legal expertise, Franklin Delano Roosevelt named Margold as a judge on the Municipal Court for the District of Columbia in 1942 where he continued to serve until 1945. He was then moved to the U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia and served there until his death in 1947. Death Margold died on December 17, 1947, in Washington, D.C. References 1899 births 1947 deaths American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Romanian emigrants to the United States City College of New York alumni Harvard Law School alumni