particularly important when planning exploration dives and when diving beyond one's current range of experience. Potential points of failure and methods for managing the risk may require research beyond existing personal knowledge. In all cases the aim is to set up circumstances in which if something fails, it will fail safely. The tools of diving risk management include: Hazard identification and risk assessment: HIRA is a procedure of identifying the relevant hazards and assessing their risks applied to a project, and the results would be used to inform the planners on safety related issues such as choosing the appropriate diving mode, selection of equipment and dive team members, specialised training that may be required, and contingency and emergency planning. Job safety analysis: A JSA is a procedure which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job operation. In a JSA, each basic step of the analysis is to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job. In professional diving a JSA would be done for the planned task for a specific dive, and the result would be included in the dive briefing. Engineering redundancy: The duplication of critical components or functions of a system with to increasing reliability of the system, usually in the form of a backup. Very commonly applied to breathing gas supplies. Administrative control procedures for specific hazards include: Situation awareness helps the dive team members to be proactive in handling incidents The Incident pit is a way of understanding the development of an incident from the pre-existing conditions, through the trggering incident, to the unrecoverable stage. Hazard control The classic methods of hazard control are applied when reasonably practicable: The modes of diving can be considered levels of hazard control. An alternative mode of diving may include hazard elimination or substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment to reduce risk for a given activity, usually at considerable logistical cost, and often reducing operational flexibility. Hazards to divers can be completely eliminated when a machine can do the job. There are a growing number of commercial, military and scientific applications where a remotely operated or autonomous underwater vehicle can produce satisfactory results. To a lesser extent this applies to atmospheric pressure diving, where the diver is not exposed to the environment as long as the suit integrity is maintained, but some hazards and