des Sciences Politiques. From 1886 to 1954 the emphasis was on encouraging industrial research, including energy saving and the fight against pollution, standardization, scientific management (Taylorism) and industrial design. Édouard Gruner (1849–1933) was president of the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale from 1907 to 1909. He was also president of the Houillères de la Haute-Loire, Aciéries de Paris et d'Outreau and the Société de l'industrie minérale, and was an advocate at the Musée social for these employer interests groups. From 1930 the society sponsored conferences on advances in science and technology. From 1955 to 1993 the society encouraged teachers and researchers, research institutions and laboratories. From 1994 the society tried to improve the status of the entrepreneur, support emerging talent, provide logistical support to emerging industries, and support vocational training. Presidents Presidents of the society have been: Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1801–32) Louis Jacques Thénard (1832–45) Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1845–64) Edmond Becquerel (1864–88) Julien Haton de La Goupillière(fr) (1888–91) Louis-Eugéne Tisserand (1891–94) Éleuthère Mascart (1894–97) Marie-Adolphe Carnot (1897–1900) Oscar Linder (1900–03) Henry Louis Le Châtelier (1903–05) Edmond Huet (1906–07) Édouard Gruner (1907–09) Louis-Émile Bertin (1909–12) Léon Lindet (1912–20) Louis Baclé (1920–23) Augustin Mesnager(fr) (1923–26) Édouard Sauvage (1926–29) Louis Mangin (1930–32) Amédée Alby(fr) (1932–35) Maurice Lacoin (1935–38) Marcel Magne(fr) (1938–44) Robert Lelong (1944–45) Louis Pineau (1945–50) Albert Caquot (1951–54) Georges Jean Marie Darrieus (1954–57) Georges Chaudron (1957–61) Jean Lecomte (1961–68) Jacques Tréfouël (1968–73) Henri Normant (1973–78) Jean Buré (1978–86) Jean Robieux (1986–91) Paul Lacombe (1991–94) Bernard Mousson (1994–2011) Olivier Mousson (from 2011) Notes Sources Learned societies of France Organizations established in 1801