terms, but others note that violence "was not related to any revolutionary project". These who associate violence with revolution debate whether it was a Communist, multifold or "leaderless" one. Some suppose that the state was assuming a revolutionary format and some disagree by claiming that it competed for power with revolutionary groupings. Accordingly, there are conflicting views of public realm shaped either by collapse of state or by excess of state power or by fragmentation of power. A separate problem is "autonomous violence" or the impact of criminal activity; some consider it central and key for terror in the Republican rear, others apply the criminal tag to systemic nature of the Republic, and some consider the criminal thread generally misleading. A related analytical concept is this of "incontrolados"; some approach them as key agents of violence, others claim that principal protagonists of terror were firmly mounted within political structures. The role of ideology remains disputed; some name the public order model adopted in the Republican zone a "crusade" against ideological enemies and underline importance of inflammatory, ideology-driven press, others claim that focus on ideology obscures a complex tangle of various factors. One more point is whether terror behind the Republican lines was reactive. There are scholars who discuss outbreaks of violence in relation to specific preceding events or to systemic features of Spanish society and politics. Others either question factual sequences presented or the logic of structural links advanced and reject the "reactive" label. A related problem is this of continuity; some students see the wartime unrest as climax of violence mounting through previous decades, others make it clear that these are two clearly distinct phenomena. One more and also related puzzle is about selective or sweeping nature of terror, namely whether it was directed against specific individuals, whether it was generally chaotic or whether it was aimed against particular sections of the population. Many authors claim that since there was no real threat of Fifth Column, the Republican repressive measures were means of terrorizing the population; many others relate violence to anti-Republican conspiracy and consider it mostly means of fighting Nationalist subversion. The role of the Soviets remains another point of contention; some students consider it instrumental, others tend to view it as of minor importance. Most if not all questions discussed in general translate also to specifics of Madrid; in case of the capital they might be anchored