does block or require further changes to a handful of rules every year. History Origin of benefit-cost analysis -- President Reagan's Executive Order 12291 Executive Order 12291 required OIRA review for regulations that "may [h]ave an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities." The key procedural difference between today’s Executive Order 12866 and the 1980s-era Executive Order 12291 is that, under Executive Order 12291, OIRA formally reviewed all draft proposed and final rules before signature by the relevant agency official and transmission to the Federal Register for publication, whereas under Executive Order 12866, OIRA formally reviews only those draft rules covered by § 3(f) (“significant regulatory action”). This distinction is significant, for during the 12.5 years in which Executive Order 12291 was in place, OIRA reviewed an average of 2,382 draft rules per year, but during the 24 years that Executive Order 12866 has been in force, OIRA has reviewed only 596 draft rules per year. This 75% reduction in the scope of OIRA review undoubtedly enabled more focused attention, but it did so at the expense of incentivizing agencies to evade OIRA review by misclassifying draft rules below the threshold set in § 3(f). Replacement by President Clinton Executive Order 12866 (October 1993) replaced Executive Orders 12291 and 12498. Revisions by President George W. Bush -- Executive Orders 13258 and 13422 President George W. Bush amended Executive Order 12866 in Executive Orders 13258 and 13422. Executive Order 13272 is related, requiring consideration of small entities. Revisions by President Obama -- Executive Order 13563 Ten days after entering office, President Obama issued Executive Order 13497, which revoked President Bush's Executive Orders 13258 and 13422. 74 Fed. Reg. 6113 (Jan. 30, 2009). In 2002, Cass Sunstein, who would later serve as President Obama's Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, co-authored an article on a proposed replacement. Executive Order 13563, Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review, was issued by President Barack Obama in 2011. It reaffirms and amplifies the principles embodied in E.O. 12866 by encouraging agencies to coordinate their regulatory activities, and to consider regulatory approaches that reduce the burden of regulation while maintaining flexibility and freedom of choice for the public. It directs agencies