germination, form uredia on infected host tissue”. The pustule structure formed on the leaf, asexually produce uredospores, which travel by wind dispersal. “The spread of rust on a willow host takes place during the summer and includes several repeated cycles of clonal propagation of urediniospores. The urediniospores are capable to produce the next generation in 6-7 days”. The life cycle is fast and regenerates quickly, taking over the hosts at a more rapid rate. This is an obligate pathogen, and heavily relies on its host for survival. Management With this fungal pathogen being highly host specific, it stays in the environment of its host the willow. Willows are not as shade tolerant as most other plants, so they need an open canopy of tree branches to let a good amount of sunlight in. They also thrive in moist, nutrient rich soils, that are in colder environments. One area of abundance can be found in Europe, in areas of wetter soils. Keeping this pathogen at bay can be a challenge. “Rusts caused by Melampsora spp. are the most severe threat today. Rust attacks influence the development of winter dormancy in the host and indirectly frost hardiness”. The severity of this fungal pathogen makes it hard to control. It can cause additional infections that require separate management. It takes a lot of time and effort to control fungal pathogens, so new methods may have to be performed in the case of new infections developing. Melampsora amygdalinae is only one of many species under the genus Melampsora. Identifying this pathogen directly requires a deeper examination of the proper prevention tasks. Little evidence has been recorded on preventative actions, due to its difficulty to control. Rust fungi such as this are usually damaged by outside factors such as beetles. So, the damage done to the Salix host may be further progressed even with other feeding damage. “The productivity of Salix biomass can be reduced by more than 30-50% dry matter by rust”. References Pucciniales Fungal tree pathogens and diseases Fungi described in 1909 Fungi of Europe Willow galls Taxa named by Heinrich Klebahn