any members. Federal general election: 2011 In his fourth general election, Harper was re-elected with a majority government, defeating the new Liberal leader, Michael Ignatieff. 1 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after election. 2 Leader of a third party when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election. 3 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; not a Member of Parliament after the election. 4 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members. Federal general election: 2015 In his fifth general election, Harper was defeated by the new Liberal leader, Justin Trudeau, who formed a majority government. 1 Leader of a third party when election was called; Prime Minister after election. 2 Prime Minister when election was called; Member of Parliament after the election. 3 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; leader of a third party after the election. 4 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members. Federal constituency elections: 1988, 1993; 2002 to 2015 Harper stood for election to the House of Commons eight times. He was defeated the first time, in the general election of 1988, but was elected the next seven times (six general elections and one by-election). 1988 Federal Election: Calgary West Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error. 1993 Federal Election: Calgary West Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error. 2002 Federal By-Election: Calgary Southwest The by-election was called following the resignation of the incumbent, Preston Manning, the former leader of the Reform Party, to give Harper, recently elected leader of the Alliance, an opportunity to enter the House of Commons. Elected. 2004 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest Elected. X Incumbent. 2006 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error. 2008 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error. 2011 Federal Election: Calgary Southwest Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error. Note: the electoral district was abolished in 2015. 2015 Federal Election: Calgary Heritage Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error. Note: Harper resigned his seat on August 26, 2016. Leadership elections Harper participated in two leadership contests: the leadership of the Canadian Alliance in 2002, and the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada in 2004. He won both contests. 2002 Canadian Alliance leadership election Stockwell Day had been elected leader of the new Canadian Alliance in 2000, but his leadership triggered a caucus