with "Shalmaneser king of Assyria," who made king Hoshea, early in his reign, to be "a servant" and "brought him a present" (). Another identification is with "Shalman" who was listed in the Summary Inscription Seven of the Assyrian King Tiglath-Pileser III (r. about 745 to 727 BCE) as a tributary king of Moab, Salamanu (r. circa 750 to 740 BCE). André Lemaire, a French historian and philologist notable for his work on the Mesha Stele supports the identification of Shalman as the king of Moab, because it fits his analysis of another Moabite inscription found in 2003 (currently housed at the Israel Museum) that may in fact describe the wider setting of the battle of Beth-Arbel as it contains notable parallels to the Mesha Stele and describes a victory over the neighboring Ammonite kingdom. Shmuel Ahituv, the first epigraphist to analyze the artifact, suggests that the Moabite invasion of Ammon occurred during the reign of Israel's king Jeroboam II, who was mentioned in Hosea 1:1. Lemaire identifies this Moabite king as King Salamanu/"Shalman" from the Assyrian tribute list, which fits a wider picture for Hosea 10:14. "Beth-Arbel": Jewish commentators, Kimchi and Ben Melech, suggest that Arbel was the name of a great man in those days, whose family (referred to by the word "beth" or "a house") was reported to be destroyed in this verse. It is generally identified as a city which later called "Arbela" by the Greeks; one suggested location places it about 15 miles west of Nazareth, and 10 miles from Jezreel, thus it should lay somewhere in the middle of the valley of Jezreel, and can be linked to the fulfillment of Hosea's earlier prophecy that "God brake the bow of Israel in the valley of Jezreel" (). Another suggested location places it in northeast Israel (perhaps in the land of Gilead), east of the Jordan River with the likely contender the modern Jordanian city of Irbid, in the northwest corner of Jordan, because Irbid was known to the ancient Greeks as "Arbela". The later identification places it in the territory of ancient kingdom of Ammon which would fit the history of a king of Moab in the 2003 Moabite inscription, who attacked Ammon during the time of Jeroboam II and possibly took Beth-Arbel in the invasion. See also Assyria Beth-aven Bethel Ephraim Gibeah Jacob Judah Israel Samaria Shalman Related Bible parts: Hosea 6, Hosea