Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (INGEB) is a Bosnian public research institute, member of Sarajevo University (UNSA), and affiliate center of International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB). ICGEB was established as a special project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). INGEB was founded under the name "Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology", in 1988. INGEB's headquarters are located in Sarajevo. One of INGEB's most prominent founders was Professor Rifat Hadžiselimović, with the support of the Government of Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ANUBiH and the biggest B&H economic systems. After the establishment document, INGEB was entrusted with the functions maker, institutional creator and carrier of the overall scientific and professional work in the development of genetic engineering and biotechnology based molecular biology in B&H. In 1993, by a legal act, the Assembly of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, assumed the right of the founder of the institution, at the beginning of the Bosnian War, and later, in 1999, entitled founder of INGEB (as a "public institution that will operate within the University of Sarajevo") took over the Sarajevo Canton. Structure and activities In INGEB, there are following functional units: Laboratory for forensic genetics; Laboratory for human genetics; Laboratory for GMO and food biosafety; Laboratory for molecular genetics of natural resources; Laboratory for bioinformatics and biostatistics, and Laboratory for cytogenetics and genotoxicology. Laboratory for Forensic Genetics Laboratory for forensic genetics provides scientific approach to analysis of samples of different origin. In this laboratory DNA profiling is routinely done for skeletal remains, blood stains (on different materials), hair, semen, controversial traces on cigarette butts, controversial traces under fingernails, in urine etc. Expert activities perform in laboratory for forensic genetics include: paternity testing using samples of buccal swab (which reduces traumatic effect on children), blood, hair, bones and other baseline samples. motherless paternity testing, maternity testing without the presence of the father, biological kinship testing, forensic DNA analysis for police, prosecution, law offices, courts and private individual purposes. In laboratory for forensic genetics scientific projects, supported by the respective ministries and foreign institutions, are implemented or are under realization. The focus of scientific research is directed towards genetic analysis of archaeological skeletal samples, forensic genetic parameters testing of Bosnian population, as well as towards a target oriented expansion of previously initiated population genetic research. Laboratory for Human Genetics This laboratory represents the organizational segment of the Institute