shows that result-blind peer review substantially reduces publication bias. Psychologists routinely confuse statistical significance with practical importance, enthusiastically reporting great certainty in unimportant facts. Some psychologists have responded with an increased use of effect size statistics, rather than sole reliance on the p values. Physics Richard Feynman noted that estimates of physical constants were closer to published values than would be expected by chance. This was believed to be the result of confirmation bias: results that agreed with existing literature were more likely to be believed, and therefore published. Physicists now implement blinding to prevent this kind of bias. Organizations and institutes There are several organizations and universities across the globe which work on meta-research – these include the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Berlin, the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, the Meta-Research Center at Tilburg University, the Meta-research & Evidence Synthesis Unit, The George Institute for Global Health at India and Center for Open Science. Organizations that develop tools for metascience include Our Research, Center for Scientific Integrity and altmetrics companies. There is an annual Metascience Conference. See also References Further reading Lydia Denworth, "A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp. 62–67. "The use of p values for nearly a century [since 1925] to determine statistical significance of experimental results has contributed to an illusion of certainty and [to] reproducibility crises in many scientific fields. There is growing determination to reform statistical analysis... Some [researchers] suggest changing statistical methods, whereas others would do away with a threshold for defining "significant" results." (p. 63.) External links Journals Minerva: A Journal of Science, Learning and Policy Research Integrity and Peer Review Research Policy Science and Public Policy Conferences Annual Metascience Conference Epistemology Ethics and statistics Evidence-based practices Metatheory of science Research Science policy Scientific method