schizophrenia was adopted in later studies. In 1953, Canadian researchers studied the use of LSD to treat alcoholism. It was found that those who treated their condition with LSD recovered more quickly than those who used a conventional treatment. In the early 1960s in Psychedelic Research Institute in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Stanislav Grof tested the value of LSD in treatment of psychologically ill patients. His goal was to observe the effect of psychedelics on the psychology of terminally-ill cancer patients. Grof would later be involved in research at the Spring Grove Clinic. Psychedelic research at Spring Grove Experiments at Spring Grove Clinic began in the 1950s at the Spring Grove State Hospital, however the first official Spring Grove Experiment began in 1963. Many of the patients who took part in these experiments federally funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) were admitted against their own wishes. Over the course of the experiments, over 700 people were treated with LSD; however, no more than six to eight patients were treated at a time. Preliminary experiments The first psychedelic experiment at the Spring Grove clinic took place in 1955. A small team of researchers including Albert Kurland, Louis S. Cholden, and Charles Savage set out to analyze the reaction resulting from the administration of LSD to patients with chronic schizophrenia. In an attempt to conduct this study with scientific proof, the researchers administered LSD using a double blind procedure. By the end of the first study, the researchers determined that it was not possible to administer LSD using a double blind, because it was obvious to the researchers who had been given LSD. It was, however, found that LSD was unique in its effects on consciousness and unlike other drugs, resulted in rapid tolerance in patients. They determined the effects of LSD to include intense hallucinations and illusions. This work established the foundation for future experiments. The Spring Grove Experiment: alcoholism and LSD In 1963, after observing the initial effects of LSD, the first official experiment included in the "Spring Grove Experiment" series began. This experiment was performed on 69 alcoholic patients. Enthusiastic and hopeful about the possible results of LSD treatment, a team of researchers under Dr. Albert Kurland, Director of Research at State of Maryland Department of Mental Hygiene at the time, Dr. Charles Savage, Director of Research at Spring Grove Hospital, Dr. Shaffer, and Dr. Sanford Unger performed