forces: horses, elephants and men). His successors also continued to use these titles, although they were not as powerful as Lakshmikarna. Bhoja and Bhima Bhoja, the Paramara king of Malwa, had defeated Lakshmikarna's father Gangeyadeva. In the mid-1050s, Lakshmikarna and the Chaulukya king Bhima I formed an alliance against Bhoja. Bhima attacked Malwa from the west, while Lakshmikarna attacked it from the east. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhoja died just as the two kings attacked Malwa. Bhima and Lakshmikarna had agreed to divide Bhoja's kingdom among themselves. But, Lakshmikarna annexed the entire Malwa region after Bhoja's death. As a result, Bhima invaded Lakshmikarna's kingdom and advanced up to his capital Tripuri. Lakshmikarna engineered a peace treaty by gifting him elephants, horses and the golden mandapika of Bhoja. Lakshmikarna lost the control of Malwa within a few months. Bhoja's successor Jayasimha sought assistance from the Kalyani Chalukya king Someshvara I to restore the Paramara rule in Malwa. Someshvara sent his son Vikramaditya VI to help Jayasimha. Lakshmikarna achieved early successes against Vikramaditya, but was ultimately defeated. Jayasimha gained back his ancestral throne in 1055 CE. Chandelas Lakshmikarna subjugated the Chandela king Devavarman (r. c. 1050-1060 CE). The allegorical play Prabodha-Chandrodaya, composed by Chandela court scholar Krishna Misra, suggests that the Kalachuri king de-throned the Chandela king. Another literary work — Vikramanka-Deva-Charita by Bilhana — states that the Kalachuri king Lakshmikarna was like the lord of death to the lord of Kalanjara (that is, Devavarman). The later Chandela inscriptions credit Devavarman's successor Kirttivarman with resurrecting the Chandela power. Thus, it appears that Devavarman was killed in a battle against Lakshmikarna. Lakshmikarna appears to have retained his control over a part of the Chandela territory for more than a decade. However, he was ultimately ousted by Kirttivarman, sometime before 1075-76 CE. Palas Lakshmikarna invaded the Pala-ruled Gauda region in the present-day West Bengal. A pillar inscription found at Paikar (or Paikore) in Birbhum district records the creation of an image at Lakshmikarna's order. This suggests that Lakshmikarna advanced up to as far as Birbhum district. The Siyan stone slab inscription from Nayapala's reign states that Lakshmikarna was defeated. According to Tibetan accounts, the Buddhist monk Atisha engineered a peace treaty between Nayapala and the "king of Karnya of the West". Historian R. C. Majumdar identifies the second king as Lakshmikarna. The 12th century Jain author Hemachandra states that Lakshmikarna defeated