in Executive Order Section 9(a). Unlike other suits brought in United States district courts across the United States challenging Executive Order 13769, this suit is the first one to challenge Executive Order 13768 on the basis of the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. On February 3, 2017, Santa Clara County, California filed a separate lawsuit challenging the order on the same grounds. For reasons of "judicial efficiency," both cases were assigned to District Court Judge William Orrick III. The State of California, represented by California Attorney General Xavier Becerra, filed an amicus brief in support of the two counties' challenge. Judge Orrick issued a preliminary injunction with nationwide effect halting implementation of the order on April 25, 2017, ruling that the plaintiffs were likely to succeed on the merits of their challenge. On November 20, 2017, Judge Orrick issued a summary judgment that ruled Section 9(a) of the Executive Order was unconstitutional on its face and issued a permanent nationwide injunction against its implementation. The judgment concluded: The city of Richmond, California filed a similar lawsuit on March 21, 2017. This lawsuit was also assigned to Judge Orrick. City of Chelsea v. Trump On February 8, 2017, the cities of Chelsea, Massachusetts and Lawrence, Massachusetts filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court in Boston, challenging the validity of the executive order. The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Economic Justice and the law firm Goodwin Procter are representing the cities pro bono in the suit. The civil suit alleges eight causes of action: (1) declaratory relief that the City of Chelsea complies with ; (2) declaratory relief that the City of Lawrence complies with ; (3) the Section 9(A) of the executive order (the "enforcement directive") is unconstitutionally coercive under the Tenth Amendment; (4) the executive order is facially unconstitutional under the Tenth Amendment; (5) the executive order is unconstitutional under the Tenth Amendment as applied to plaintiff cities, (6) (a) is unconstitutional under the Tenth Amendment; (7) the executive order violates the separation of powers recognized by the United States Constitution, and (8) the executive order as unconstitutionally vague in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Gonzalez v. ICE While the EO had been ruled unconstitutional in 2017, ICE established the practice of arresting immigrants while they were at courthouses via the 2018 directive, "Directive Number 11072.1, Civil Immigration Enforcement Actions Inside