the Central District of California in 2011 against the United States, the FBI, and several FBI agents involved in Operation Flex. The plaintiffs alleged that they were subject to unconstitutional law enforcement surveillance under eleven causes of action, including FISA, First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendment rights, and other laws related to the use of mass surveillance and religious profiling. They also sought class certification. The American Civil Liberties Union was the lead counsel for the plaintiffs; the Council on American-Islamic Relations was also involved. Monteilh also provided more information on his role as an informant to the plaintiffs. Eric Holder, the Attorney General at the time (under the Obama administration), helped defend the FBI's actions leading up to Fazaga. The government moved to dismiss the case, invoking the state secret privilege of FISA and arguing that further litigation of the case would risk national security. U.S. District Judge Cormac J. Carney agreed, stating that the FBI could not defend itself without "relying on privileged material", and in August 2012, dismissed the class-action suit. Judge Carney did allow FISA-related portions of the suit against the specific FBI agents to continue. The plaintiffs appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In 2019, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling in part and reversed in part. The Ninth Circuit found that the District Court erred in application of FISA's state secret privilege outlined in Section 1806(f), as the conditions of the three members of ICOI met the requirements of Section 1806(f): that they were an "aggrieved person" that had sought to "discover or obtain" the information the FBI had obtained on them. Along with other reversals of the District Court's dismissal, the Ninth Circuit decision allowed the class-action suit to proceed. The Ninth Circuit denied to rehear the case en banc in July 2020. Supreme Court The FBI filed a petition for a writ of certiorari that asked the Supreme Court to review the Ninth Circuit's ruling and resolve the question regarding FISA Section 1806(f). The FBI stated that the specific FISA section only applied when the case dealt with charging a specific individual, and did not apply to a general challenge to their surveillance methods. The Supreme Court granted certiorari in June 2021, agreeing to hear the case during its 2021–22 term. The Court ruled unaminiously on March 4, 2022, reversing the Ninth Circuit and remanding the