and to develop a philosophy of "generative ethics" or "subservience of the interest of the individual to that of the species." Schallmayer's treatise also stated that the decline of Ancient Rome and Greece was due to the decline in marriages and raising children; in contrast, China had an old-age civilization based on strong kinship bonds and an aristocracy of talent rather than birth. In 1903, Schallmayer received widespread recognition and review when his treatise, Vererbung und Auslese, won first place in the competition. However, Schallmayer received criticism from social anthropologists because his treatise rejected Aryan race ideologies and the race theories of Arthur de Gobineau. Schallmayer wrote that by Chinese standards, civilization was late to develop in Europe, and even by European standards, it was the Mediterranean civilizations that developed before the German civilizations; Schallmayer went as far to write that: "at the time of Tacitus and Caesar even the Iroquois were more culturally advanced than the Germans." Schallmayer feared that linking eugenics with race theory would discredit and "guide the eugenics movement in a direction that lead nowhere or nowhere good." Sheila Weiss wrote that Schallmayer believed race differences between races were less significant than genetic differences within the same race. Unlike Alfred Ploetz, Schallmayer did not believe in promoting the Nordic race above others. The early German eugenics movement was ideologically divided along Schallmayer and Ploetz lines, but with the rise of Nazi Germany, Ploetz's views became national policy. In 1939, Leonard Darwin wrote, in the Eugenics Review, that both Schallmayer and Ploetz are the pioneers of German eugenics, but it is up to Germany to decide who had the greater influence in bringing Germany in the right direction. Diane Paul wrote in the journal of Medical History, that finding out Schallmayer and some other important eugenicists were non-racist is an unexpected and important finding, but more research needs to be done to determine if their views represented Wilhelmine eugenics as a whole. Weiss wrote that the motivation behind Wilhelmine eugenics was to boost national efficiency through the management of the reproductive capacities of the population. Political views Schallmayer believed the state had the duty to protect and develop the biological capacity of its people. He praised the Social Democratic Party for their support of science education and collective ownership but criticized the Marxist for their preoccupation and belief in economic equality for all. Schallmayer believed that the