with the College of Physicians of London in 1649, Chamberlen moved to Essex, outside the college's jurisdiction, in 1652. His unconventional views became more marked. He debated in 1654 with William Kiffin, a Particular Baptist, on "imposition of hands". In 1659 he debated Sabbatarianism with Jeremiah Ives, a General Baptist radical, at the Stone Chapel near St Paul's Cathedral. Speaking of his political views of the mid=1650s, Toon classes Chamberlen as a Fifth Monarchist, in agreement with Christopher Feake and Nathaniel Rich. At the time, Abiezer Coppe the Ranter was used as a comparison. Later life With the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Chamberlen pointed out to Charles II that he was the only surviving royal physician from before the Commonwealth; and 1661 he was reappointed Physician in ordinary to the King. The appointment may have only had a formal status, however. Chamberlen's biographer John Hobson Aveling wrote that his "religious exaltation" of later life verged on mental illness. He died in 1683 at Woodham Mortimer Hall, Essex. Works A Voice in Rhama, or, The Crie of Women and Children (1647) was Chamberlen's work of advocacy for the professionalisation of midwives, along lines pushed by older members of his family. At this period, the Church of England licensed them. Obstetrics was the subject of demarcation, under which surgeons, rather than physicians, dealt with difficult deliveries. A generation earlier, in 1616. midwives had asked the College of Physicians for permission to organise themselves, a petition forwarded and possible prompted by Peter Chamberlen the younger. His son had suggested himself, in 1634, as governor of a midwifery college, but lost the support of the midwives themselves. His 1647 effort was opposed by the College of Physicians, and was no more successful than the two previous attempts to bring the licensing and control of midwifery under the Chamberlens. The issue continued to be raised. Nicholas Culpeper published a Directory for Midwives in 1651, prompting a rival manual of 1656, in which a member of the Chamberlen family had a hand. The 1687 effort of Elizabeth Cellier to found a "royal college" of midwives may have had the Culpepers' covert backing. Chamberlen wrote on a wide variety of topics, and some overlapped with the concerns of the Hartlib Circle, such as poor relief on which his pamphlet The Poore Man's Advocate, or England's Samaritan pouring Oyle and Wyne into the Wounds of the