of hemoglobin in sickle cell patients has severe implications on those who carry the mutation. The hemoglobin proteins, present in those with sickle cell disease, cannot carry oxygen to the organs and other tissues of the human body. This results in pain crises and the disease results in an abbreviated life expectancy of 40–60 years. Ernest W. Smith and Torbert were integral in the discovery of Hopkins Hemoglobin-2, in addition to many other hematologic mutations and conditions. The two scientists worked together at Hopkins to identify the N-Baltimore mutation of Hemoglobin in 1958. Also referred to as the Hopkins-I, Jenkins, N-Memphis, or Kenwood mutation, the N-Baltimore mutation is a point mutation in which a glycine codon is replaced with an adenosine codon. The N-Baltimore mutation is associated with the C and S mutations of hemoglobin. Smith conducted extensive research in conjunction with Locklard Conley, one of Smith's bosses at the time of the Hopkins Hemoglobin-2 variant discovery. Lockard Conley, commonly referred to as "Lock," was a Johns Hopkins undergraduate and Columbia trained doctor. In 1947, Conley became the first director of the Hematology Department at Hopkins and remained in the position for 33 years. While there, he studied blood-related diseases, such as blood coagulation and sickle cell anemia, and invented machinery to analyze molecular species. Specifically, he and Smith created a device that allowed for the separation of hemoglobin variants from standard hemoglobin molecules. Conley's impact on hematology, therefore, was not only scientific discovery; but, also, technological discovery that allowed the hematologic field to expand. Conley remained a doctor and professor at Johns Hopkins Hospital until his death in 2010. Although a significant amount of hematologic research was completed during the 1950s and 1960s, scientists questioned whether more research could be completed without the development of more advanced technology. Ultimately, this doubt resulted in fewer scientists pursuing research in hematology in the mid twentieth century. Despite the scarcity of researchers, new discoveries surrounding genetics and hemoglobin were made. However, research continued in major medical laboratories, like Hopkins. In the mid and late twentieth century, both doctors George J. Dover and Samuel Charache studied sickle cell anemia's pathology at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Together, they implemented treatment of the disease through the use of a cancer drug, hydroxyurea; the drug was successful in alleviating some of the painful spurts associated with sickle cell anemia, in addition to pulmonary symptoms associated with the