internationally harmonised recommendations on the subject, including instructions for Civil Aviation Authorities on the passenger and cabin crew brace positions. At its April 2016 meeting, the ICSG heard from subject-matter experts on the passenger and cabin crew brace positions from Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as from a cabin-safety expert from Korea and a human-factors and evidence-based medicine expert from Canada. An ad hoc group of the ICSG was formed and committee members met through a series of telephone consultations. Certain common elements of a safe brace position for forwards-facing passenger seats in Economy class were identified and discussed. On 26 September 2016, the ad hoc group became the Brace Position Sub-Group of the ICAO Cabin Safety Group (ICSG), known hereinafter as the ICSG Sub-Group, under the leadership of Mr. Martin Maurino MEng, Safety, Efficiency and Operations Officer, ICAO Air Navigation Bureau. Continuing review of the evidence and further discussions led the ICSG Sub-Group to determine that there was no single, completely evidence-based and internationally agreed passenger brace position to reduce an aircraft occupant’s risk of injury during an aircraft crash sequence. However, because of the lack of agreement on the best evidence, the ICSG Sub-Group was unable to recommend to the ICSG one single brace position for passengers seated in forward-facing Economy class seats. Some elements of the brace position were not agreed, in as much as they were considered to be: Clearly dangerous, as determined by all the reputable research, or Not agreed by the relevant researchers. The specific elements requiring further investigation are: The leg position; whether the legs should be bent at the knees, with the lower legs inclined backwards, or whether the legs should be kept straight and extended forwards, with the feet under the seat ahead (if present); The question of whether, or not, the forearms and hands should rest on the seat in front with the head resting on the crossed forearms, whether the forearms should wrap around the head, or whether the forearms should hang down by the legs. The ICSG Sub-Group continued to meet by telephone until 21 November 2016, when an in-person and web-based meeting was held in England, at the Royal College of Physicians, London. One of the goals of the meeting was to determine how to plan and undertake further research in order to produce the necessary evidence upon which recommendations about the