(from Kebab, a popular Middle Eastern dish) is one of the most famous examples of a multiethnolect, spoken in urban regions of Oslo with a large immigrant population. The languages most influential on Kebabnorsk are Kurdish, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Urdu, Tamil, Polish, and Chilean Spanish, as well as numerous other languages. The dialect began to develop in the 1970s when immigrants from Turkey, Morocco, and Pakistan started moving to Oslo, followed in the 1980s by refugees from countries including Iran, Chile, Sri Lanka, and Yugoslavia. Kebabnorsk may also be considered a sociolect, and is spoken more than ever now in Oslo. See also Kanaksprak Rinkebysvenska Perkerdansk Multicultural London English Multicultural Toronto English Madras Bashai Creole language Ethnolect Sociolinguistics Sources Cheshire, Jenny, Nortier, Jacomine, and Adger, David. 2015. Emerging Multiethnolects in Europe. Queen Mary's Occasional Papers in Advancing Linguistics. 33: 1-27. Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Sue, and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 151-196. Clyne, Michael. 2000. Lingua franca and ethnolects in Europe and beyond. Sociolinguistica 14: 83–89. Freywald, Ulrike, Mayr, Katharina, Özçelik, Tiner, Wiese, Heike. Kiezdeutsch as a multiethnolect. In Kern, Friederike & Selting, Margret (eds.). Panethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Cities. Quist, Pia (2000). Ny københavnsk 'multietnolekt'. Om sprogbrug blandt unge i sprogligt og kulturelt heterogene miljøer. [New Copenhagen Multiethnolect. Language Use among Young Young Speakers in linguistically and culturally heterogeneous neighborhoods]. Danske Talesprog, (1), 143-211. Quist, Pia (2008). Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: language variety and stylistic practice. International Journal of Bilingualism, 12(1-2), 43-61. Wiese, Heike. 2006. “Ich mach dich Messer”: Grammatische Produktivität in Kiez-Sprache. Linguistische Berichte 207. 245-273. Wiese, Heike. 2009. Grammatical innovation in multiethnic urban Europe: New linguistic practices among adolescents. Lingua 119: 782–806. References Language German dialects Dialects of English Swedish dialects