of composite indicators is offered by Paul-Marie Boulanger, who sees these measures at the intersection of three movements: the democratisation of expertise, the concept that more knowledge is needed to tackle societal and environmental issues that can be provided by the sole experts – this line of thought connects to the concept of extended peer community developed by post-normal science the impulse to the creation of a new public through a process of social discovery, which can be reconnected to the work of pragmatists such as John Dewey the semiotic of Charles Sanders Peirce; Thus a CI is not just a sign or a number, but suggests an action or a behaviour. A subsequent work by Boulanger analyses composite indicators in light of the social system theories of Niklas Luhmann to investigate how different measurements of progress are or are not taken up. See also Index (economics) Scale (social sciences) References Quantitative research Statistical indicators