school under Henri de Tourville. Modern Ziya Gökalp and Pan-Turkism In the wake of the Young Turk Revolution several Turkish intellectuals were searching for a path forward. Many of the key players in the Pan-Turkish movement drew on French social thought. For instance, Yusuf Akçura (1876–1935) was exiled from Istanbul to Tripoli in 1896, but fled to Paris in 1899 where he studied under French historian Albert Sorel and the sociologist and political scientist Emile Boutmy. Ziya Gökalp (1875-1924) is considered by some to be the real founder of Turkish sociology, as he established novel lines of theory, rather than just translate or interpret foreign sociology. Much of his work is based on that of Durkheim and he translated into Turkish the work of mostly French thinkers, which included, in addition to Durkheim, Lucien Levy-Bruhl, Paul Fauconnet, and Marcel Mauss. The first chair of sociology in Turkey was established at the University of Istanbul (known as Darulfunun until 1933) specifically for Gökalp, where he first began teaching sociology in 1912. In 1915, he established a sociological research institute (Içtimaiyyat Darul-Mesaisi) and Turkey's first Journal of Sociology (Iimaiyat Mecmuasi). As Niyazi Berkes argues, "In reality, all Turkish sociologists of recent times [1936] are direct or indirect disciples of Gökalp." Gökalp was struggling with the main issue of his time - how to proceed from the decline of the Ottoman Empire - and his answer was a distinctly "nationalist sociology." He contended that ""traditions" are ways of behavior imposed on individuals by the common elements of their civilization." In this case, civilization was the empire which brought diverse groups together. Culture, on the other hand, was composed of the "mores" of a particular national/ethnic group, and were largely sentimental. "Social problems" emerged when there were conflicts between "traditions" and "mores". Thus, "When the "traditions" of a particular civilization are in accord with the "mores" of a particular nation, they become incorporated in "institutions"; otherwise they remain mere "fossils."" He argued that "nations" are first "ethnic groups", and begin to feel their uniqueness once again as the imperial state dissolves, although their identity loses much of its originality and character while under the subjugation of civilization. He argued for a break from Ottoman and Western ideologies, but also the Islamic ideology of the Arab empires. Instead he concluded that Pan-Turkism was the appropriate basis of the new nation-state and those elements of Western