cultural techniques have been used with varying degrees of success. Biological pest control through introduction of tachinid flies from Africa and the Caribbean has been attempted, but those flies have failed to become established. Another fly, Sturmiopsis inferens, is a naturally occurring parasitoid of this moth in India and it has been successfully used as a biological control agent. Trichogramma species have also been released experimentally but the results have been variable and inconsistent. Other integrated pest control methods that have met with success include spraying the crop with granulosis virus, releasing Trichogramma chilonis, releasing Cotesia flavipes and mechanical control with removal and destruction of egg masses. By these means the incidence of the pest can be reduced to a low level. Intercropping can be part of an integrated pest management plan, with the sugarcane pest's natural enemies being attracted by the planting of such crops as buckwheat, the flowers of which provide nectar to the adult parasitic insects and increase their fitness to breed. Good results have been obtained from intercropping sugarcane with soybean, okra, coriander and green beans, all of which proved attractive to the egg parasitoids and reduced prevalence of C. infuscatellus. Arvinth et al 2010 insert Cry1Ab along with a very constitutive promoter – the maize polyubiquitin promoter – to protect against C. infuscatellus. They use both the Arencibia et al 1988 Agrobacterium technique and a gene gun process. Both techniques produced effective protection against the pest but the Agrobacterium transformants were superior. References Chiloini Moths described in 1890 Taxa named by Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven Insect pests of millets