Alan Steele Milward, (19 January 1935 – 28 September 2010) was a British economic historian. One of the most influential historians of the second half of the twentieth century, Milward's work was well known in Britain, across Europe and beyond. He derived that reputation not from the writing of popular histories or media appearances but from his abilities as a linguist, economic historian, archival researcher, historical narrator and political scientist. He made an essential contribution to the understanding of modern European history and integration: the elements that went to shape contemporary Europe. Although he is usually seen as an economic historian, he worked in many other fields, including economic theory and policy, economic and political history, contemporary economic and political studies. He was a very rigorous modern political economist. Early life Milward was born and raised in Stoke-on-Trent, where his father was an employee of the Post Office, and attended a grammar school there. He studied medieval and modern history at University College London from 1953 to 1956, gaining a First Class BA degree and then achieved his PhD at the London School of Economics in 1960, with a thesis written under supervision of W. Norton Medlicott on the armaments industry in the German economy during the Second World War. Career His first academic placement was the teaching of Indian Archaeology at the School of Oriental and African Studies. In 1960, he was given the position of assistant lecturer and subsequently lecturer in Economic History at Edinburgh University. In 1965, he advanced to become lecturer and later senior lecturer at the School of Social Studies, University of East Anglia. He then moved to the United States to become an associate professor of economics at Stanford University, returning after three years to become Professor of European Studies at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology between 1971 and 1983. He was then a professor at the European University Institute in Florence for two terms, between 1983 and 1986 and between 1996 and 2002. From 1986 to 1996, he was Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics. In 1993, he was given the position of official historian at the Cabinet Office, and he produced the first volume of the Government Official History of the United Kingdom and the European Community, The Rise and Fall of a National Strategy 1945–1963, published in 2002. He was elected a fellow