of the British Academy in 1987 and fellow of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters in 1994. He gained a reputation for his ability to articulate and sustain his theses, which differed considerably from the received wisdom, and to refute arguments against his position. His interpretations caused widespread debate and discussion. An example was his minimalist contention that the Marshall Plan had been less crucial than often supposed in stimulating postwar European reconstruction or persuading former antagonists to work together. In his book The European Rescue of the Nation State (1992), he also challenged the eurosceptic doctrine that the European Union would involve an integration of nation-states that would undermine sovereignty and lead to a federalist superstate. He influenced many historians and political scientists, not least Andrew Moravcsik's Choice for Europe. He had a gift for languages, becoming fluent in Norwegian, German, Italian and French. As well as several monographs, Milward wrote reviews of a vast number of books which bore some relation to his fields of expertise, collected in Alan S. Milward and Contemporary European History: Collected Academic Reviews, eds. F. Guirao and F. Lynch (Routledge, 2015). He died on 28 September 2010 after a three year illness and was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery. His life's work was reviewed in depth in Alan S. Milward and a Century of European Change, eds. F. Guirao, F. Lynch, & S. M. R. Perez (Routledge, 2012). Personal life His second marriage was to Frances MB Lynch, a historian of the economies of France and Europe. Works The German Economy at War (1965) The New Order and the French Economy (1970) The Economic Effects of the Two World Wars on Britain (booklet) (1971; revised and republished 1984) The Fascist Economy in Norway (1972) War, Economy and Society, 1939–1945 (1977, republished 1987; originally published as Krieg, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Munich, 1976) The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51 (1984; republished 1987) The European Rescue of the Nation-State (1992) The Frontier of National Sovereignty: History and Theory, 1945–92 with Ruggero Ranieri and Frances M.B. Lynch (1994) Britain's Place in the World: A Historical Enquiry into Import Controls 1945–60 (Routledge Explorations in Economic History) with George Brennan (1996) Politics and Economics in the History of the European Union (The Graz Schumpeter Lectures) (2005, reprinted 2012) The Rise and Fall of a National Strategy: The UK and The European Community: Volume 1