Grahas ("Su" for Sun, "Ma" for Mars, "Me" for Mercury, "Ju" for Jupiter, "Sa" for Saturn). Use this abbreviation of the Grahas to find the index of the 1/8th part of each Kālavelā in the daytime and nighttime tables above. If the intention is to calculate Kāla, use "Su" (Sun) in the tables above, if Gulika, use "Sa" (Saturn) to identify the index of the part sought. The calculation steps below involve calculating units of time. In the Indian classics Ancient Indian units of time (kāla vyavahāra) were used, but modern units (24-hour day) can be used as well. Identify the Diurnal and Nocturnal duration If the birth occurred before sunrise, find the time of sunset on the previous day. Find the duration of the time between that previous day's sunset and this day's sunrise. This duration is called ratrimāna. If the birth occurred after sunrise, during daytime (before sunset), find the time of sunrise the same day. Find the duration of the time between that sunrise and sunset. This duration is called dinamāna. If the birth occurred after sunset, find the time of sunrise the next day. Find the duration of the time between sunset of this day and sunrise the next day. This duration is called ratrimāna. Division of Diurnal and Nocturnal duration If the birth occurred before sunrise, use the nighttime table for the previous day. If the birth occurred between sunrise and sunset, use the daytime table for the same day If the birth occurred after sunset, use the nighttime table for the same day Divide the duration (dinamāna or ratrimāna) by 8. Multiply the 1/8th sum with the number of the part where the corresponding Graha is. The Position of the Kālavelā If the birth occurred before sunrise, add the results from above to the time of sunset the day before. If the birth occurred between sunrise and sunset on the same day, add the results from above to the time of same day sunrise. If the birth occurred after sunset on the same day, add the results from above to the time of same day sunset. The Ascendant (rising degree) of the resulting time will be the degree of the Kālavelā. Rising time of Upagrahas Māndi’s rising is got by firstly finding out the duration of day and night; if the duration is equal i.e. of thirty ghatis each (one ghati=24 minutes), Māndi would