Alnus alnobetula is a common tree widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America. Many sources refer to it as Alnus viridis, the green alder, but botanically this is considered an illegitimate name synonymous with Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa. Description It is a large shrub or small tree tall with smooth grey bark even in old age. The leaves are shiny green with light green undersurfaces, ovoid, long and 2–6 cm broad. The flowers are catkins, appearing late in spring after the leaves emerge (unlike other alders which flower before leafing out); the male catkins are pendulous, 4–8 cm long, the female catkins 1 cm long and 0.7 cm broad when mature in late autumn, in clusters of 3–10 on a branched stem. The seeds are small, long, light brown with a narrow encircling wing. The roots of Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata have nitrogen-fixing nodules. A study in Alaska showed that Sitka alder seedlings were able to invade coal mine spoils and can be used for revegetation and stripmine reclamation. Distribution There are four to six subspecies, some treated as separate species by some authors: Alnus viridis subsp. viridis – Central Europe Alnus viridis subsp. suaveolens – Corsica (endemic) Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa – Northeast Europe, northern Asia, northwestern North America Alnus viridis subsp. maximowiczii (A. maximowiczii) – Japan Alnus viridis subsp. crispa (A. crispa, mountain alder) – northeastern North America, Greenland Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (A. sinuata, Sitka alder or slide alder) – western North America, far northeastern Siberia Alnus viridis is classed as an environmental weed in New Zealand. Ecology Alnus viridis has a shallow root system, and is marked not only by vigorous production of stump suckers, but also by root suckers. Alnus viridis is a light-demanding, fast-growing shrub that grows well on poorer soils. In many areas, it is a highly characteristic colonist of avalanche chutes in mountains, where potentially competing larger trees are killed by regular avalanche damage. A. viridis survives the avalanches through its ability to re-grow from the roots and broken stumps. Unlike some other alders, it does require moist soil, and is a colonist of screes and shallow stony slopes. It also commonly grows on subarctic river gravels, particularly in northern Siberia, Alaska and Canada, occupying areas similarly disrupted by ice floes during spring river ice breakup; in this habitat it commonly occurs mixed with shrubby willows. Uses It is sometimes