been stated that reformation lay with the parliamentarians and legislators. Structural reforms are to be brought about by amendments to legislation, while operational reforms can only be brought about by "a change in mindset". Absolute liability One of the controversies in Indian tort law concerns the rule on absolute liability. The extremely strict approach, where even acts of God are not recognised as a defence is severely criticised especially since it disregarded the "generally accepted parameter of minimum competence and reasonable care". The implementation of such a rule endangers the growth of science and technical industries, as investors have to take the risk of liability given that there is no defence to the rule. Constitutional torts and public interest litigation In hearing public interest litigation and creating constitutional torts, the Indian judiciary has been criticised for being overly activist and overstepping its jurisdiction. By creating constitutional torts, they are accused of usurping both legislative and administrative functions. Controversy further arose when judges began to read such obligations of the state into Article 21 of the Indian Constitution to impose vicarious liability on the state. However, proponents of public interest litigation and constitutional torts argue that their impact has been to facilitate "social and distributive justice". References Notes See also Judiciary of India Indian Penal Code Tort law Common law Negligence Medical negligence Contributory negligence Law of India Further reading Cases Lata Wadhwa & Ors v State of Bihar & Ors [2001] 3 LRI 1112 : 2001 ALL SCR 501 Jacob Mathew v State of Punjab [2005] S.C. 0547. Articles Marc Galanter, "Part I Courts, Institutions, and Access to Justice: 'To the Listed Field …': The Myth of Litigious India" (2009) 1 Jindal Global Law Review . 65 Books P.S. Atchuthen Pillai (1987). Law of Tort, India: Eastern Book Company. . B.L. Babel (2009). " Apkritya Vidhi (Law of Torts in Hindi)अपक्रत्य विद्यि " . . Tort Liability for Environment Claims in India : A Comparative View ( 1st ) Author Name: Charu Sharma External links Free online Indian Law guide for law students Legal Information Institute of India (LIIofIndia) Law of India Tort law