be pronounced [b] in word initial position. /t/ and /k/ can be voiced [d] intervocalically. /j/ can be pronounced also [l] by certain speakers. Society The Kwoma refer to clans women from their generation as "true sisters." The refer to kinsman of their first generation as "true fathers." Marriage is prohibited between a wide range of relatives, which ensures that marriages are created between clans and villages. There is a common practice where an individual's first marriage is arranged. Divorce is vehemently discouraged during the early years of the marriage. If a divorce does happen, part of the bride's payment is returned. Marriages may be legitimately ended due to the following factors: personal incompatibility, a man taking an additional wife without the first wife's approval, or abandonment by a spouse. If a woman dies soon after she marries, her clansmen may provide a sister to replace her. When a man passes away, his widow is encouraged to marry again. Younger women prefer to have a monogamous marriage. These people take on the ancient custom of marrying relative's widows. This is a safe way for the women to be cared for in a non-sexual marriage. This provides security to the otherwise, perhaps, abandoned widow. In this collectivistic culture, when a male in the family plans to marry, he builds onto the parents' home. Socialization The responsibility of raising children and socializing them to the values of the culture rests on parents and any older siblings. Values of strength and independence are inculcated into all relationships while also an understanding of the other's rights. Modeling is a very important social construct in this culture. Young girls are taught how to take care of the home and young boys are taught responsibilities of masculine nature. Men being skilled hunters and people who can participate in warfare is important in this culture. Men are expected to offer women financial incentives such as shell valuables in exchange for marriage opportunities. Death and Afterlife The people of Kwoma have no concept of the afterlife. Therefore, they do not think of actions as good or bad or as being punished or rewarded for deeds and doings. They believe the ghosts of the dead linger in the forest or with prominent men of the village. See also Kwoma-Manambu Pidgin External links There are a number of collections in Paradisec with Kwoma materials, notably Renée Lambert-Brétière's open access collections