Additionally, no existing neuroticism scales measure self-esteem. Furthermore, measures of neuroticism include only descriptive questions and do not contain an evaluative component. Positive/negative affectivity (PA/NA) Affective disposition, the tendency to primarily experience either positive or negative emotional states, has frequently been studied as a correlate of job satisfaction. Although affective disposition does influence job satisfaction, a measure of positive or negative affectivity does not explain unique variance in job satisfaction beyond that explained by the individual core self-evaluations of self-esteem and neuroticism. In fact, measures of core self-evaluations explain significant variance in job and life satisfaction not explained by the PA/NA scales. Measurement Previously, attempts to measure the CSE trait were indirect, requiring the trait to be extracted from the four scales that measured each individual trait. However, a direct core self-evaluation scale, the CSES, has recently been developed and proven both reliable and valid. Although some researchers still favor using the individual trait scales to measure core self-evaluations, the use of the direct measure is growing more popular in recent literature. There are several reasons the previous indirect measurement of the CSE trait was considered a limitation of CSE research: Length: Direct scales are able to measure the underlying trait in a fewer number of items. Validity: Direct scales are likely to be more valid because they are designed to measure the underlying trait itself rather than indicators of the trait. Consistency: Most traits in contemporary personality research are measured with relatively short, direct scales. The core self-evaluations scale (CSES) The CSES consists of 12 items, and uses a five-point Likert scale (i.e., strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) to score responses. Sample items are below: "I am confident I get the success I deserve in life." "Sometimes I feel depressed." "Sometimes when I fail I feel worthless." "I am filled with doubts about my competence. "I determine what will happen in my life." Outcomes Job satisfaction One of the more consistent and significant relationships that has been examined in the literature is the relationship between core self-evaluations and job satisfaction. In fact, when Judge et al. (1997) developed the construct of core self-evaluations, they did so in an effort to identify a valid dispositional predictor of job satisfaction. Since the creation of this construct in the Judge et al. (1997) study, research has continued to support the relationship between core self-evaluations and job satisfaction, which suggests that