of the dentistry of Arsinoea by Seiffert et al. led them to consider that Arsinoea may or may not be a parapithecid, although certainly parapithecoidal, and suggest that Arsinoea kallimos be treated as 'incertae sedis' within parapithecoidea. They separate the genus Qatrania into two, Abuqatrania for Qatrania basiodontos and Qatrania for the remaining species, and offer some support for Simons 2001 suggestion that Qatrania/Abuqatrania basiodontos may be ancestral to all other Parapithecidae, in particular noting that the fossils are 1 million years older than the next oldest parapithecid, Qatrania wingi. Kay and Williams (2013, edited by Feagle and Kay), look at possible hypotheses about Parapithecidae: - that they and Propliopithecidae are closely related, with their common ancestor being related to Oligopithecus and the common ancestor of all three being related to the platyrrhines with more recent catarrhines (i.e. Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea) being descended from the Propliopithecidae; - or that Parapithecidae and Propliopithecidae are closely related but their common ancestor is closely related to the platyrrhines and the common ancestor of all three being related to Oligopithecus with more recent catarrhines again being descended from the Propliopithecidae; - or that Propliopithecidae and Oligopithecus are closely related, and Parapithecicae are related to the common ancestor of both and the common ancestor of all three is related to the platyrrhines, with Cercopithecoidea being descended from the Parapithecidae and Hominoidea being descended from Propliopithecidae. Kay and Williams recognise two subfamilies within Parapithecidae - Parapithcinae (Apidium, Parapithecus and Simonsius), which have dental features that indicate they are related, and Qatraniinae (Arsinoea, Qatrania, Serapia), which also share similar dental features to each other, but they are more primitive and the similarity may be because of shared lineage rather than being closely related. Genera †Apidium Osborn, 1908 †Arsinoea Simons, 1992 †Biretia Bonis et al., 1988 †Parapithecus Schlosser, 1910 †Qatrania (including Abuqatrania) Simons & Kay, 1983 †Ucayalipithecus Seiffert et al., 2020 †Serapia Simons, 1992 †Simonsius Gingerich, 1978 References External links biolib.cz encyclopedia.com Prehistoric primates Primate families Eocene first appearances Oligocene extinctions Prehistoric mammal families