product and/or reactant peaks, it has the drawback of requiring a homogeneous system amenable to reaction in an NMR tube. While NMR observation may allow for the identification of a reaction intermediates, the presence of any given species over the course of the reaction does not necessarily implicate it in a productive process. Reaction progress NMR may, however, often be run at variable temperature, allowing the rate of reaction to be adjusted to a level convenient for observation. Examples of utilization of reaction progress NMR abound, with notable examples including investigation of Buchwald–Hartwig amination (One might note that considerable debate surrounded the best approach to mechanistic development of the Buchwald-Hartwig amination as indicated by a number of contradictory and competing reports published over a short period of time. See the designated article and references therein.) In situ FT-IR In situ infrared spectroscopy may be used to monitor the course of a reaction, provided a reagent or product shows distinctive absorbance in the IR spectral region. The rate of reactant consumption and/or product formation may be abstracted from the change of absorbance over time (by application of Beers' Law). Even when reactant and product spectra display some degree of overlap, modern instrumentation software is generally able to accurately deconvolute the relative contributions provided there is a dramatic change in the absolute absorbance of the peak of interest over time. In situ IR may be classified as an integral technique as the primary data collected are proportional to concentration vs. time. From these data, the starting material or product concentration over time may be obtained by simply taking the integral of a polynomial fit to the experimental curve. With increases in the availability of spectrometers with in situ monitoring capabilities, FT-IR has seen increasing use in recent years. Examples of note include mechanistic analysis of the amido-thiourea catalyzed asymmetric Strecker synthesis of unnatural amino acids and of the Lewis base catalyzed halolactonization and cycloetherification. In situ UV-vis Analogously to the in situ IR experiments described above, in situ UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy may be used to monitor the course of a reaction, provided a reagent or product shows distinctive absorbance in the UV spectral region. The rate of reactant consumption and/or product formation may be abstracted from the change of absorbance over time (by application of Beer's Law), again leading to classification as an integral technique. Due to the spectral region utilized, UV-vis