introduction of above-ground, multi-roomed masonry dwellings, more efficient stone tools, garments made of cotton or turkey feathers, and the introduction of the ceremonial kiva. Landscape and climate Throughout the Ancestral Puebloan cultural eras the most important resource was water. In the lowlands the climate was an arid land of juniper and sage. At about in elevation the climate was a moister land of pinyon trees. Cultural groups and periods The cultural groups of this period include: Ancestral Puebloans – southern Utah, southern Colorado, northern Arizona and northern and central New Mexico. Hohokam – southern Arizona. Mogollon – southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Patayan – western Arizona, California and Baja California. References Further reading Cassells, E. Steve. (1997) [1983] The Archaeology of Colorado. Boulder: Johnson Press. . Plog, Stephen. (1997) Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. London: Thames and Hudson. . Stiger, Mark. (2001) Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology of the Colorado High Country. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. . Time-Life Book Editors. (1993) [1992] The First Americans. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. . Morris, Ann Axtell 1978 "Digging in the Southwest" Archaeology of the United States Archaeological cultures of North America Native American history of Arizona Native American history of Colorado Native American history of Nevada Native American history of New Mexico Native American history of Utah Oasisamerica cultures Prehistoric cultures in Colorado Pueblo history Puebloan peoples Southwest tribes 5th-century disestablishments 16th-century BC establishments