Marie Gertrude Rand Ferree (October 29, 1886 – June 30, 1970) was an American research scientist who is known for her extensive body of work about color perception. Her work included "mapping the retina for its perceptional abilities", "developing new instruments and lamps for ophthalmologists", and "detection and measurement of color blindness". Rand, with LeGrand H. Hardy and M. Catherine Rittler, developed the HRR pseudoisochromatic color test. While working at Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, she acquired patents for lighting devices and instruments, and worked on the lighting of the Holland Tunnel between New York and New Jersey. In 1912, Rand received the Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship from the Association of Collegiate Alumnae which became the American Association of University Women. She was the first female fellow of the Illuminating Engineering Society and received a Gold Medal award from that society in 1963. In 1959, she became the first woman to receive the Optical Society of America's Edgar D. Tillyer Medal. Early life and education Rand was born on October 29, 1886 in Brooklyn, New York. Her father, Lyman Fiske Rand, was the manager of a manufacturing company. Rand graduated from the Educated Girls High School in Brooklyn in 1904 and received her undergraduate B.A. degree in experimental psychology from Cornell University in 1908. She went on to receive her MA and PhD in psychology in 1911 from Bryn Mawr College. Her dissertation, under the supervision of the experimental psychologist Clarence E. Ferree, was titled “The factors that influence the sensitivity of the retina to color: A quantitative study and methods of standardizing.” Rand married her former supervisor, Ferree, in 1918, but retained her maiden name professionally. They worked together until his death in 1943. Career and research After receiving her degree, Rand continued at Bryn Mawr as a postdoctoral fellow. In 1912, she became a Sarah Berliner Research Fellow from the Associate of Collegiate Alumni, now the American Association of University Women. From 1913 till 1927, she worked in experimental psychology at Bryn Mawr, where she was a professor and researcher. At Bryn Mawr, Rand's research focused on developing techniques for measuring the light sensitivity and color discrimination of different parts of the retina. She and her husband Ferree created a map of the retina known as the Ferree-Rand perimeter. From 1924 to 1927, Rand served on the National Research Council's Committee on Industrial