to recover Kandahar. Role of environment and climate The tribes of the region of the Hindu Kush were often rebellious and had to be constantly pacified, disciplined, or eliminated. Their raids of Mughal supply lines and advance parties were disastrous for the army. At times these groups of fighters were independent, and at other times, they worked in coordination with the Uzbeks. Acquiring cash for the army was intensely difficult due to the differences in the monetary infrastructures between Mughal India and Afghanistan, hence the army was forced to lug bullion and cash across the steep passes and narrow defiles of the Hindu Kush mountains. Further, the terrain and climate of the Hindu Kush and beyond is infamously debilitating. Neither raiding areas nor acquiring land revenue from the conquered areas was by any means extravagantly rewarding to the soldiers, due to the moderate agricultural production of the area. There was no equivalent of the Indian local grain-carriers, the Banjaras. There was also very little scope for foraging with the constant raids from Uzbek troops and resident tribal groups. The ferocity of the Afghan winter further added to these woes. Winter months meant a severe severance of transport across the Hindu Kush, something which was instrumental in the failure of several Mughal campaigns against the Safavids in Central Asia. See also Juriaen Ambdis Mughal-Safavid War (1622–1623) Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire Notes Sources Battles involving the Mughal Empire Conflicts in 1649 Conflicts in 1650 Conflicts in 1651 Conflicts in 1652 Conflicts in 1653 Wars involving Safavid Iran Wars involving Afghanistan History of Kandahar 1640s in Asia 1650s in Asia 1649 in Asia 1653 in Asia Invasions by India Wars involving the Mughal Empire