|- |} Note that the classifier for humans (first column) changes from ča̰ː- to ʔeɬa- after 3 (although ča̰ː- is occasionally used for 3 people); the classifier for one animal is la̰ʔa- and for more than one animal is tan (column 2). Numbers between 10 and 20 are formed by combining the numeral bases for 1–9 with the base for 10, -kaʍ: ʔeɬakaʍtin ‘11 (people)’, ʔeɬakaʍtṵ ‘eleven (people)’, etc. Numbers higher than 20 are used without classificatory prefixes by many speakers. Like many Mesoamerican languages, Upper Necaxa uses a vigesimal numbering system based on multiples of pṵʃam ‘20’, the odd decades being formed by adding kaʍ ‘10’: {| |- |20 pṵʃam || 30 pṵʃamakaʍ |- | 40 tṵpṵʃam || 50 tṵpṵʃamakaʍ |- | 60 tṵtupṵʃam || 70 tṵtupṵʃamakaʍ |- | 80 ta̰ːtḭpṵʃam || 90 ta̰ːtḭpṵʃamakaʍ |- |} As the 11–19, numerals between decades are formed by simple compounding: pṵʃamatin ‘21’, pṵʃamakaʍtin ‘31’, etc. Numbers from 100 up are generally in Spanish. Notes References Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2003). Classifiers: A typology of noun categorization devices. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beck, David. (2006). "Control of agreement in multi-object constructions in Upper Necaxa Totonac." In Atsushi Fujimori & Maria Amelia Reis Silva (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas. Vancouver: UBC Working Papers in Linguistics. Beck, David. (2008b). "Variable ordering of affixes in Upper Necaxa Totonac." In Seok Koon Chin and Hude Fusheini (eds.), Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas, 29–38. Vancouver: UBC Working Papers in Linguistics. Beck, David. (2011b). "Lexical, quasi-inflectional, and inflectional compounding in Upper Necaxa Totonac." In Alexandra Aikhenvald & Pieter Muysken (eds.), Multi-verb Constructions: A view from the Americas, 63–106. Leiden: Brill. Langacker, R. W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, vol. II. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Varela, Vianey, & Ryan Klint. (2006). "The ribbon sits on the candle’s shin: The acquisition of Basic Locative Constructions in Upper Necaxa Totonac. In Atsushi Fujimori & Maria Amelia Reis Silva (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas. Vancouver: UBC Press. External links Upper Necaxa Totonac Project OBJ:object 1OBJ:first person, object 2OBJ:second person, object 3OBJ:third person, object Indigenous languages of Mexico Totonacan languages Mesoamerican languages Articles citing ISO change requests