contribution to Indonesian literature. The novel met with mixed reviews after its publication in Poedjangga Baroe, and was widely criticised on two grounds: that the storyline was highly improbable since the characters acted differently from normal people; and that the story was immoral. The plot, a love triangle between a doctor, his wife and his mistress, was considered new and very shocking to many Indonesians, particularly so since the novel stops short of assigning blame. But the novel was also considered revolutionary in the way that Pane explored the feelings of his characters. Pane applied the technique of interior monologue and used elliptical dots and dashes following incomplete sentences to indicate the doubts and uncertainties assailing a modern educated Indonesian man. Due to both the style and content the novel is regarded as a milestone in Indonesian literature. His early short stories had a similar focus. Barang Tidak Berharga (A Worthless Thing), published in 1935, was similar in subject matter and in tone, while Tudjuan Hidup (Life's Purpose), also written in 1935, is about a young woman's search for the courage to face a lonely future. His later works, written after 1942, are considered by some to be quite different in character. A. Teeuw notes that many of the plays written during this period differ from Pane's earlier works in their idealism and the lack of the confusion and inner problems demonstrated by the characters. He also wrote a number of plays, and was one of the main authors who continued to do so during the Japanese occupation. He has been credited with helping to lay the groundwork for the so-called "Generation of '45", but he was not part of that generation and in the post-revolutionary period made important contributions to Indonesian literature in other ways. During the 1950s he helped establish several cultural institutions and organisations, and also published a history of the Chinese since the nineteenth century, and a book on the development of the Indonesian language. Selected list of works Plays Lukisan Masa, Jakarta: Poedjangga Baroe, 1937 Setahun di Bedahulu, Jakarta, 1938 Nyai Lenggang Kencana, Jakarta: Poedjangga Baroe, 1939 Kami, Perempuan, Jakarta, 1943 Antara Bumi dan Langit, Jakarta, 1944 Di Tepi Pancuran, Jakarta 1944 Melihat Bapak Mataku Buta, Jajarta 1944 Jembatan Garuda, Jakarta 1944 Kisah Antara Manusia, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1953 Jinak-Jinak Merpati, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1953 Novels Belenggu (Shackles), Jakarta: Dian Rakyat, 1940 Poetry Jiwa Berjiwa,