Orange Marine (formerly France Télécom Marine) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Orange S.A. It is a major actor in the laying of new submarine communications cables and the maintenance of existing cables across the world's oceans. The company is active in all areas of these activities, including the study (survey) and the shore ends. Orange Marine took control of Elettra (previously owned by Telecom Italia) on October 1, 2010, and now operates six cable ships - i.e. 15% of the world fleet. The CEO of Orange Marine and Elettra is Raynald Leconte, Chief Engineer of Mines. Installation and maintenance activities Orange Marine lays new submarine cables and repairs broken links without any interruption of traffic. Orange Marine and Elettra fleets perform an average of 40 operations a year. Orange Marine has laid more than of submarine cable in all oceans, of which were buried with its ploughs. From 2001 through 2011, cable ships carried out nearly 300 repairs, some of which were at a depth of . Orange Marine has completed the laying and maintenance of cables in West Africa in Senegal, Cameroon, Benin, Angola, Nigeria and South Africa, as well as in East Africa, Reunion Island, Madagascar and Mauritius, Asia and Indonesia. The company also laid a new cable in the Caribbean sea, linking U.S. Virgin Islands, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica. Cable ships fleet The fleet covers all of the world's oceans, divided into four regions of operation: ACMA (Atlantic and Northern Europe), MECMA with Elettra (Mediterranean, Black Sea, Red Sea), Southern Hemisphere (West, South and East Africa) and the Indian Ocean. Submarine cables laid in the same area are covered by a maintenance agreement. Orange Marine and Elettra own a fleet of six cable ships and a complete range of submarine engines, shipping from its marine bases or foreign harbours: Cable ship (C/S) Raymond Croze, based in la Seyne-sur-Mer at the MMB (Mediterranean Marine Base), performs the repairs on cables in the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Red Sea. C/S Leon Thevenin, based in Brest at the AMB (Atlantic Marine Base), repairs the cables in the Atlantic zone and in Northern Europe. C/S Chamarel, based in Cape Town (South Africa), operates in the Southern Hemisphere. C/S René Descartes is dedicated to the installation of submarine cables on a worldwide range. C/S Certamen works with the Raymond Croze on cable maintenance in the Mediterranean, Black and