thoroughly permeated the nomenclature of the eyewitness literature that the terms are now commonly used without attribution to their source. Bayesian statistics Wells introduced the idea of using Bayesian statistics to describe eyewitness performance in eyewitness identification experiments (Wells, 2015). Wells has further developed these Bayesian methods to show how the amount of information (about guilt) gained from eyewitness identification evidence can be quite small and is highly dependent on other (non-witness) evidence. Laboratory and field research Wells, along with Steven D. Penrod, also wrote a chapter on "Eyewitness identification research: Strengths and weaknesses of alternative methods" for Research Methods in Forensic Psychology. In this chapter, Wells and Penrod evaluate alternative research methods for eyewitness testimony, including laboratory and field experiments (Wells & Penrod, 2011). Wells and his colleagues collected field experiment data from four police departments and published the data showing that roughly 1/3rd of all identifications made by eyewitnesses resulted in the selection of an innocent stand-in lineup member (Wells, Steblay, & Dysart, 2015). Real world implications Wells' 35+ years of research on eyewitness misidentification and work performed with law enforcement and prosecutors has made substantial contributions to court and legal procedures. His involvement with the Innocence Project and appearances he has made with Jennifer Thompson have helped to inform the legal system about why 75% of all DNA exonerations of innocent people who were convicted by juries in the United States are cases involving mistaken eyewitness identification testimony. Proper procedures for constructing and eyewitness identification procedures Wells worked with many states, starting with New Jersey in 2002 and North Carolina in 2003, to implement state-wide reform of their eyewitness identification procedures. Other states later followed in making reforms to eyewitness identification procedures based on the early models that Wells developed. Most states now require double-blind administration of lineups, pre-lineup instructions to witnesses warning that the culprit might not be in the lineup, the use of lineup fillers so that the suspect does not stand out, and the collection of a confidence statement from the eyewitness at the time of any identification. These same reforms have now been adopted by the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Court procedures for evaluating eyewitness evidence Wells was the first to call into question the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Neil versus Biggers (1973) and its later reaffirmation in Manson versus Braithwaite (1977) about how to assess the reliability of eyewitness