is now known as the United Farmworkers. Chavez and Huerta organized grape strikes, non-violent protests, hunger strikes, as well as organized marches to improve the working conditions of migrant Mexican, and Mexican-American farm-workers. Reies Lopez Tijerina later organized the Alianza Federal de Mercedes, a group which emphasized Chicano history and campaigned to restore land to those who lost it during the Mexican–American War. Rudolfo Gonzales became known for the Crusade for Justice, a movement that shifted focus from rural to urban areas and to Chicano youth in an effort to resist assimilation and help Chicano youth accept and embrace their heritage and culture. Masculine The Chicano movement of the 1960s was a masculine one. In many ways, women were excluded and it even "tended to reflectively reproduce the subordination of women." The Plan Espiritual de Aztlán (1969), which was the manifesto of the Chicano movement, was ripe with words like "brotherhood, brothers, mestizo, etc. Women were not included in the vernacular of the document. The Chicana Feminist movement was sparked in part by the Denver Youth Conference of 1969 in which it was stated that, "It was the consensus of the group that the Chicana woman does not want to be liberated". Chicana feminism A Chicana is an American woman, or girl, of Mexican ancestry. Feminism is a movement concentrated on the belief in the equality of men and women in the societal, economical, and political sense. "While it is true that the unity of La Raza is the basic foundation of the Chicano movement, when Chicano men talk about maintaining La Familia and the 'cultural heritage' of La Raza, they are in fact talking about maintaining the age-old concept of keeping the woman barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen. On the basis of the subordination of women, there can be no real unity ... The only real unity between men and women is the unity forged in the course of struggle against their oppression. And it is by supporting, rather than opposing, the struggles of women, that Chicanos and Chicanas can genuinely unite." – Mirta Vidal, The Unity of "La Raza". According to the New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, "There are many definitions of feminism, and many scholars now assert that the word should be used in its plural form to encompass women's various social locations," and there are four ways Chicana feminism can be distinguished from