Between July 1956 to around November 1961, the National Telefilm Associates (NTA) operated the NTA Film Network, an early television network and syndication service that operated in the United States and Canada. The organization had syndicated television programs to individual stations since the early 1950s. The film network effort was an attempt to launch a viable "fourth television network" that would compete directly with CBS, NBC, and ABC, the three largest television networks in the United States. Although the program service was intended to attract independent television stations, many CBS, NBC, and ABC affiliates also aired NTA programs. Between 1956 and 1961, NTA offered dozens of programs to affiliated stations. Some popular television series, such as How to Marry a Millionaire, Premiere Performance, Sheriff of Cochise, and The Third Man, each aired on over 100 local television stations. Other NTA programs were never widely seen; for example, after its first few months on the air, Alex in Wonderland aired on just one TV station. Station managers were free to choose which programs they would air, and no television station aired NTA's complete program line-up. Even NTA's three owned-and-operated stations (O&Os), WNTA-TV in New York, KMSP-TV in Minneapolis, and WDAF-TV in Kansas City, "cherry-picked" programs. As a way of assuring widespread viewership of its programs, NTA sold series to any television station that would air them. This angered station managers who had already signed affiliation agreements with the NTA Film Network, and led to NTA programs being aired on several television stations in the same city. NTA also purposely double-booked or triple-booked some programs to guarantee higher ratings. For example, in New York City, How to Marry a Millionaire aired on three different area stations at the same time. This distribution method led to large numbers of stations airing some NTA offerings — by one estimate 370 stations in 1957. Many NTA Film Network series were filmed in Hollywood or England; some later NTA programs were videotaped in New York. The film or tape medium of the recordings allowed local station owners to fill in empty spots in their schedules using NTA programs, and allowed the company to re-run its programs years after program production had ceased. NTA attempted to establish a standardized network schedule in 1958, but only 17 local stations agreed to air NTA programs in pattern (during the set time). Although NTA announced provisional plans to telecast sporting