Heinrich Joseph Floß, or Floss (29 July 1819–4 May 1881), was a church historian and moral theologian in the 19th century. As a professor of theology at the University of Bonn, he edited a collection of the work of John Duns Scotus, the Franciscan theologian. During the Kulturkampf, Floss was constrained by the anti-Catholic legislation. Education He was born in the village of Wormersdorf on 29 July 1819. At the Gymnasium Munstereifel, he received excellent marks, following which he began his studies in Catholic theology and history at the University of Bonn. He was ordained as a priest in 1842 and served as chaplain in his first years as a priest, in Bilk, near Düsseldorf. Here, under the tutelage of the pastor, a man named Binterim, he broadened his studies. He went to the University of Bonn and in 1846 wrote his dissertation in church history. Before he undertook his larger research project, he traveled to Rome and Naples. On his return journey, he also visited Vienna, Prague, Munich and Berlin. Career He received his doctorate of philosophy from the University of Bonn in 1846, and in November 1847 he began work as an adjunct professor (German: privatdozent) there, and as a lecturer in the Theological Seminary. On 14 March 1854, he was promoted to associate professor, and on 19 October 1858 to full professor of moral theology. He dedicated himself with great zeal to his instructional duties and understood the dependence and lives of his many students, to whom he was both fatherly friend and adviser. Initially, his scholarship delved into the early Christian writings, such as his edited epistles of Macarii Aegyptii epistolæ, homiliarum loci, preces, ad fidem Vaticani, Vindobonensium, Berolinensis, which was published in 1853, and translated into several languages (Modern Greek, Latin, French He was also interested in the emerging Marian phenomenon, and his study of the appearances of Mary, published in 1850, explored the 14th-century manuscripts at the Klosterneuburg (German: Neuburg Priory), near Vienna. He edited documents relating to Ottonian Germany and the papal election of Leo as Pope Leo VIII before the death of Pope John XII in Die Papstwahl unter den Ottonen With this, he began a long interest in religious conflict in the lower Rhineland, resulting in several publications relating to the region's religious turmoil, such as the Cologne War and the religious strife in the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. By German