a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla (A) Evening grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator (A) Gray-crowned rosy-finch, Leucosticte tephrocotis (A) House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus (native to the southwestern U.S.; introduced in the east) Purple finch, Haemorhous purpureus Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea Hoary redpoll, Acanthis pinus (C) Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera Pine siskin, Spinus pinus Lesser goldfinch, Spinus psaltria (A) American goldfinch, Spinus tristis Longspurs and snow buntings Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calcariidae The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that were traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis New world sparrows Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns. Bachman's sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis (Ex) Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus (C) Lark bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys (A) Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina Clay-colored sparrow, Spizella pallida Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla Brewer's sparrow, Spizella breweri (A) Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca American tree sparrow, Spizelloides arborea Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys Golden-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia atricapilla (A) Harris's sparrow, Zonotrichia querula (C) White-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus LeConte's sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii (C) Seaside sparrow, Ammospiza maritima (A) Nelson's sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni Saltmarsh sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta (A) Henslow's sparrow, Centronyx henslowii Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii Swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana Green-tailed towhee, Pipilo chlorurus (A) Spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus (A) Eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus Yellow-breasted chat Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteriidae This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017. Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens Troupials and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteridae The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have