parasitism on the mainland. The Royal Horticultural Society notes that pesticides are unlikely to be effective against P. ilicis because the thick and glossy holly leaf prevents sprays from penetrating into the leaf. It highlights that P. ilicis has little impact on the health of the Ilex plant, but that leaves could be manually removed on smaller plants. References External links Image of adult female Phytomyza ilicis ilicis Diptera of Europe Diptera of North America Insects described in 1846 Leaf miners Taxa named by John Curtis