The Junkers T 23 was a two-seat, single-engined experimental training aircraft, built in Germany in the early 1920s. It could be configured either as a parasol winged monoplane or as a biplane to compare handling characteristics. 4 were constructed. Design and development The Junkers T 23 was one of a small group of aircraft that could be configured as a monoplane or a biplane. The monoplane form, designated T 23E (E for Eindecker), was a parasol winged aircraft; the biplane, T 23D (Doppeldecker), was a sesquiplane. It was a larger, two-seat development of the purely parasol Junkers T 19. It had an experimental role, as well as being an attempt to enter the light aircraft market, which was to compare the handling characteristics of the monoplane with those of the biplane with its lower wing loading to see if the former could provide the forgiving behaviour required of a training aircraft. In monoplane form the T 23 had much in common with the T 19 and was built mostly from duralumin with a tubular-membered frame covered by corrugated sheet. It had a wing of similar form to the T 19, with a centre section with a constant chord centre section and outboard taper on both edges plus ailerons with extended curved trailing edges. Its span, though, was increased by 2.50 m. The forward V cabane struts joining the centre section to upper fuselage longerons were similar to those of the T 19, but the T 23 had a pair of single rear struts more like those of the T 21. The parasol wing was a typically Junkers cantilever structure requiring no outboard struts on the T 2E, but on the T 23D the lower wing was mounted below the fuselage and braced to the upper one by a pair of vertical V struts near the lower wing tips. The lower wing had a span only 77% that of the upper one, increasing the total wing area by 57% and adding 75 kg to the structural weight. The tapered fuselage was flat sided, with the pilot's cockpit placed under the leading edge with a second cockpit immediately behind and under the wing. The latter was accessed via starboard side door. The tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and carried horn balanced elevators. The fin was triangular, carrying a flat topped rudder which extended down to the bottom of the